Reliability-based optimization of civil and aerospace structural systems

Engineering Design Reliability Handbook

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 24-1-24-32

  Frangopol, Dan M ^a   Maute, Kurt ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 38849182204     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (137)

1. Lin, K.-Y. and Frangopol, D.M., Reliability-based optimum design of reinforced concrete girders, Structural Safety, 18(2/3), 239–258, 1996.
2. Frangopol, D.M., Lin, K.-Y., and Estes, A.C., Life-cycle cost design of deteriorating structures, J. Structural Eng., 123(10), 1390–1401, 1997.
3. Estes, A.C. and Frangopol, D.M., Repair optimization of highway bridges using system reliability approach, ASCE J. Structural Eng., 125(7), 766–775, 1999.
4. Yang, S.-I., Frangopol, D.M., and Neves, L.C., Service life prediction of structural systems using lifetime functions with emphasis on bridges, Reliability Eng. System Safety, 86(1), 39–51, 2004.
5. Schmit, L.A., Structural design by systematic synthesis, in Proceedings of Second Conference on Electronic Computation, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1960, pp. 105–122.
6. Arora, J.S., Ed., ASCE Manual on Engineering Practice No. 90: Guide to Structural Optimization, ASCE, Reston, VA, 1997.
7. Schmit, L.A., Structural optimization — some key ideas and insights, in New Directions in Optimum Structural Design, Vol. 19, Atrek, E. et al., Eds., Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K., 1984, pp. 1–45.
8. Frangopol, D.M., Reliability-based structural design, in Probabilistic Structural Mechanics Handbook, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995, pp. 352–387.
9. Burns, S.A., Ed., Recent Advances in Optimal Structural Design, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2002.
10. Frangopol, D.M. and Maute, K., Life-cycle reliability-based optimization of civil and aerospace structures, Comput. Struct., 81, 397–410, 2003.
11. Frangopol, D.M., Probabilistic structural optimization, Progr. Structural Eng. Mater., 1(2), 223–230, 1998.
12. Frangopol, D.M. and Moses, F., Reliability-based structural optimization, in Advances in Design Optimization, Chapman & Hall, London, 1994, pp. 492–570.
13. Chang, S.E. and Shinozuka, M., Life-cycle cost analysis with natural hazard risk, ASCE J. Infrastructure Syst., 1(3), 118–126, 1996.
14. Rosenblueth, E., Optimum reliabilities and optimum design, Structural Safety, 3(1), 69–83, 1986.
15. Kirsch, U., Structural Optimization: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 1993.
16. Moses, F., Design for reliability-optimum concepts and applications, in Optimum Structural Design, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973, pp. 241–265.
17. Frangopol, D.M., Structural optimization using reliability concepts, ASCE J. Structural Eng., 111(11), 2288–2301, 1985.
18. Thoft-Christensen, P., On reliability-based structural optimization, Lecture Notes Eng., 61, 387–402, 1991.
19. Liu, P.-L. and Der Kiureghian, A., Optimization algorithms for structural reliability, Structural Safety, 9, 161–177, 1991.
20. Katsuki, S. and Frangopol, D.M., Hyperspace division method for structural reliability, ASCE J. Eng. Mech., 120(11), 2405–2427, 1994.
21. Tu, J., Choi, K.K., and Park, Y.H., A new study on reliability based design optimization, ASME J. Mech. Design, 121(4), 557–564, 1999.
22. Lee, J.-O., Yang, Y.-S., and Ruy, W.-S., A comparative study on reliability index and target performance-based probabilistic structural design, Comput. Struct., 80, 257–269, 2002.
23. Newman, J.C., Anderson, W.K., and Whitfield, D.L., Multidisciplinary Sensitivity Derivatives Using Complex Variables, technical report, MSSU-COE-ERC-98-08, Mississippi State University, 1998.
24. Haug, E.J., Choi, K.K., and Komkov, V., Design Sensitivity Analysis of Structural Systems, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1986.
25. Kleiber, M., Antúnez, H., Hien, T.D., and Kowalczyk, P., Parameter Sensitivity in Nonlinear Mechanics: Theory and Finite Element Computations, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K., 1997.
26. Barthelemy, B., Chon, C.T., and Haftka, R.T., Accuracy problems associated with semianalytical derivatives of static response, Finite Elements Analysis Design, 4, 249–265, 1988.
27. Mlejnek, H.-P., Accuracy of semianalytical sensitivities and its improvements by the “natural method,” Structural Optimization, 4, 128–131, 1992.
28. de Boer, H. and van Keulen, F., Error analysis of refined semianalytical design sensitivities, Structural Optimization, 14, 242–247, 1997.
29. Hohenbichler, M. and Rackwitz, R., Sensitivities and importance measures in structural reliability, Civil Eng. Syst., 3, 203–209, 1986.
30. Karamchandani, A. and Cornell, C., Sensitivity estimation within first and second order reliability methods, Structural Safety, 11(2), 95–107, 1992.
31. Kharmanda, G., Mohamed, A., and Lemaire, M., Efficient reliability-based design optimization using a hybrid space with applications to finite element analysis, Struct. Multidisc. Optim., 24, 233–245, 2002.
32. Gill, P.E., Murray, W., and Wright, M.H., Practical Optimization, Academic Press, London, 1981.
33. Luenberger, D.G., Linear and Nonlinear Programming, Addison-Wesley, Reading, PA, 1984.
34. Arora, J. S., Introduction to Optimum Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.
35. Miller, R.E., Optimization: Foundations and Applications, Wiley, New York, 2000.
36. Zoutendijk, G., Methods of Feasible Directions, Elsevier, New York, 1960.
37. Svanberg, K., The method of moving asymptotes — a new method for structural optimization, Int. J. Numerical Meth. Eng., 24, 359–373, 1987.
38. Schittkowski, K., Zillober, C., and Zotemantel, R., Numerical comparison on nonlinear programming algorithms for structural optimization, Structural Optimization, 7, 1–28, 1994.
39. Schittkowski, K., NLPQL: a FORTRAN subroutine for solving constrained nonlinear programming problems, Ann. Operations Res., 5, 485–500, 1985.
40. Gill, P.E., Saunders, M.A., and Murray, W., SNOPT: an SQP Algorithm for Large-Scale Constrained Optimization, Report NA 97-2m, Department of Mathematics, University of California, San Diego, 1997.
41. Hasofer, A. and Lind, N., Exact and invariant second-moment code format, J. Eng. Mech., 100, 111–121, 1974.
42. Rackwitz, R. and Fiessler, B., Structural reliability under combined load sequences, Comput. Struct., 9, 484–494, 1978.
43. Frangopol, D.M., Multicriteria reliability-based structural optimization, Structural Safety, 3(1), 23–28, 1985.
44. Frangopol, D.M. and Fu, G., Optimization of structural systems under reserve and residual reliability requirements, in Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems, Thoft-Christensen, P., Ed., Springer, Berlin, 1989, pp. 135–145.
45. Fu, G. and Frangopol, D.M., Reliability-based vector optimization of structural systems, ASCE J. Struct. Eng., 116(8), 2143–2161, 1990.
46. Fu, G. and Frangopol, D.M., Balancing weight, system reliability and redundancy in a multiobjective optimization framework, Structural Safety, 7(2–4), 165–175, 1990.
47. Osyczka, A., Multicriteria Optimization in Engineering, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 1984.
48. Duckstein, L., Multiobjective optimization in structural design: the model choice problem, in New Directions in Optimum Structural Design, Atrek, E. et al., Eds., Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K., 1984, pp. 459–481.
49. Koski, J., Multicriterion optimization in structural design, in New Directions in Optimum Structural Design, Atrek, A. et al., Eds., Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K., 1984, pp. 483–503.
50. Frangopol, D.M. and Iizuka, M., Pareto optimum solutions for nondeterministic systems, in Proceedings of ICASP6, Sixth International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, Vol. 2, Esteva, L. and Ruiz, S.E., Eds., Mexico City, Mexico, 1991, Vol. 2. 1068–1075.
51. Frangopol, D.M. and Iizuka, M., Multiobjective decision support spaces for optimum design of nondeterministic systems, in Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, Vol. 2, Apostolakis, G., Ed., Elsevier, New York, 1991, pp. 977–982.
52. Frangopol, D.M. and Iizuka, M., Probability-based structural system design using multicriteria optimization, in Proceedings of Fourth Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA 92-4788-CP, AIAA/USAF/NASA/OAI, Part 2, Cleveland, Ohio, 1992, pp. 794–798.
53. Parimi, S.R. and Cohn, M.Z., Optimum solutions in probabilistic structural design, J. Appl. Mech., 2(1), 47–92, 1978.
54. Hendawi, S. and Frangopol, D.M., Design of composite hybrid plate girder bridges based on reliability and optimization, Structural Safety, 15(1/2), 149–165, 1994.
55. Kim, S.H. and Wen, Y.K., Optimization of structures under stochastic loading, Structural Safety, 7(2–4), 177–190, 1990.
56. Thoft-Christensen, P. and Sørensen, J.D., Optimal strategy for inspection and repair of structural systems, Civil Eng. Syst., 4, 94–100, 1987.
57. Liu, Y. and Moses, F., Bridge design with reserve and residual reliability constraints, Structural Safety, 11, 29–42, 1991.
58. Furuta, H., Fundamental Study on Geometrical Configuration and Reliability of Framed Structures Used for Bridges, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan, 1980.
59. Murotsu, Y. and Shao, S., Optimum shape design of truss structures based on reliability, Structural Optimization, 2(2), 65–76, 1990.
60. Shao, S., Reliability-Based Shape Optimization of Structural and Material Systems, Ph.D. thesis, Division of Engineering, University of Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan, 1991.
61. Murotsu, Y., Miki, M., and Shao, S., Optimal configuration for fiber reinforced composites under uncertainties of material properties and loadings, in Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural and Geotechnical Reliability, Lin, Y.K., Ed., ASCE, Reston, VA, 1992, pp. 547–550.
62. Augusti, G., Ciampoli, M., and Frangopol, D.M., Optimal planning of retrofitting interventions on bridges in a highway network, Eng. Struct., 20(11), 933–939, 1998.
63. Frangopol, D.M., Advances in life-cycle reliability-based technology for design and maintenance of structural systems, in Computational Mechanics for the Twenty-First Century, Topping, B.H.V., Ed., Saxe-Coburg Publ., Edinburgh, 2000, pp. 311–328.
64. Frangopol, D.M., Gharaibeh, E.S., Kong, J.S., and Miyake, M., Optimal network-level bridge maintenance planning based on minimum expected cost, J. Transport. Res. Board, Transportation Res. Rec., 1696(2), 26–33, 2000.
65. Frangopol, D.M. and Guedes Soares, C., Eds., Reliability oriented optimal structural design, Reliability Eng. Syst. Safety, 73(3), 195–306, 2001.
66. Frangopol, D.M. and Furuta, H., Eds., Life-Cycle Cost Analysis and Design of Civil Infrastructure Systems, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2001.
67. Frangopol, D.M., Miyake, M., Kong, J.S., Gharaibeh, E.S., and Estes, A.C., Reliability-and costoriented optimal bridge maintenance planning, in Recent Advances in Optimal Structural Design, Burns, S., Ed., ASCE, Reston, VA, 2002, pp. 257–270.
68. Frangopol, D.M., Brühwiler, E., Faber, M.H., and Adey, B., Eds., Life-Cycle Performance of Deteriorating Structures: Assessment, Design and Management, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2004.
69. Estes, A.C. and Frangopol, D.M., Minimum expected cost-oriented optimal maintenance planning for deteriorating structures: application to concrete bridge decks, Reliability Eng. System Safety, 73(3), 281–291, 2001.
70. Kong, J.S. and Frangopol, D.M., Life-cycle reliability-based maintenance cost optimization of deteriorating structures with emphasis on bridges, ASCE J. Structural Eng., 129(6), 818–828, 2003.
71. AASHTO, ASSHTO Standard Specification for Highways Bridges, 14th ed., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1992.
72. Yang, S.-I., Predicting Lifetime Reliability of Deteriorating Systems with and without Maintenance, Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 2002.
73. Maunsell Ltd., Serviceable Life of Highway Structures and Their Components — Final Report, Highways Agency, Birmingham, U.K., 1999.
74. Yang, L. and Ma, Z.K., Optimum design based on reliability for composite laminate layup, Comput. Struct., 31(3), 377–383, 1989.
75. Miki, M., Murotsu, Y., and Shao, S., Optimum fiber orientation angle of multiaxially laminated composites based on reliability, AIAA J., 31(5), 919–920, 1993.
76. Miki, M., Murotsu, Y., Tanaka, T., and Shao, S., Reliability-based optimization of fibrous laminated composites, Reliability Eng. System Safety, 56(5), 285–290, 1997.
77. Thanedar, P.B. and Chamis, C.C., Reliability considerations in composite laminate tailoring, Comput. Struct., 54(1), 131–139, 1995.
78. Chao, L.-P., Multiobjective optimization design methodology for incorporating manufacturing uncertainties in advanced composite structures, Eng. Optimization, 25(4), 309–323, 1996.
79. Mahadevan, S. and Liu, X., Probabilistic optimum design of composite laminates, J. Composite Mater., 32(1), 68–82, 1998.
80. Antonio, C.A.C., Marques, A.T., and Goncalves, J.F., Reliability based design with a degradation model of laminated composite structures, Structural Optimization, 12(1), 16–28, 1996.
81. Su, B., Rais-Rohani, M., and Singh, M., Reliability-based optimization of anisotropic cylindrical shells with response surface approximations of buckling instability, in Proceedings of 43rd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference Proceedings, AIAA 2002-1386, AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2002.
82. Qu, X., Venkataraman, S., Haftka, R.T., and Johnson, T.F., Deterministic and reliability-based optimization of composite laminates for cryogenic environments, in Proceedings of 8th Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA 2000-4760, AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2000.
83. Huyse, L. and Lewis, M., Aerodynamic Shape Optimization of Two-Dimensional Airfoils under Uncertain Conditions, NASA/CR-2001-210648, ICASE Report No. 2001-1, ICASE NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, 2001.
84. Li, W., Huyse, L., and Padula, S., Robust Airfoil Optimization to Achieve Drag Reduction over a Range of Mach Numbers, technical report, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, 2001.
85. Putko, M.M., Newman, P.A., Taylor, A.C., and Green, L.L., Approach for uncertainty propagation and robust design in CFD using sensitivity derivatives, in Proceedings of 15th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, AIAA 2001-2528, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2001.
86. Haftka, R.T., Structural optimization with aeroelastic constraints — a survey of U.S. applications, Int. J. Vehicle Design, 7, 381–392, 1986.
87. Bowman, K.B., Grandhi, R.V., and Eastep, F.E., Structural optimization of lifting surfaces with divergence and control reversal constraints, Structural Optimization, 1, 153–161, 1989.
88. Friedmann, P.P., Helicopter vibration reduction using structural optimization with aeroelastic/multidisciplinary constraints — a survey, AIAA J. Aircraft, 28, 8–21, 1991.
89. Barthelemy, J.-F., Wrenn, G.A., Dovi, A.R., and Hall, L.E., Supersonic transport wing minimum design integrating aerodynamics and structures, AIAA J. Aircraft, 31, 330–338, 1994.
90. Møller, H. and Lund, E., Shape sensitivity analysis of strongly coupled fluid–structure interaction problems, in Proceedings of Eighth Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA 2000-4823, AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2000.
91. Hou, G.J.-W. and Satyanarayana, A., Analytical sensitivity analysis of a statical aeroelastic wing, in Proceedings of Eighth Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA 2000–4824, AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2000.
92. Maute, K., Nikbay, M., and Farhat, C., Coupled analytical sensitivity analysis and optimization of three-dimensional nonlinear aeroelastic systems, AIAA J., 39(11), 2051–2061, 2001.
93. Martins, J.R.R.A. and Alonso, J.J., High-fidelity aero-structural design optimization of a supersonic business jet, in Proceedings of 43rd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA 2002-1483, AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2002.
94. Pettit, C.L., Canfield, R.A., and Ghanem, R., Stochastic analysis of an aeroelastic system, in 15th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conference Proceedings, ASCE, Reston, VA, 2002.
95. Lindsley, N.J., Beran, P.S., and Pettit, C.L., Effects of uncertainties on nonlinear plate response in supersonic flow, in Proceedings of 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA 2002-5600, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2002.
96. Rao, S.S., Automated optimum design of wing structures: a probabilistic approach, Comput. Struct., 24, 799–808, 1986.
97. Yang, J.S., Nikolaidis, E., and Haftka, R.T., Design of aircraft wings subjected to gust loads: a system reliability approach, Comput. Struct., 36(6), 1057–1066, 1990.
98. Yang, J.S. and Nikolaidis, E., Design of aircraft wings subjected to gust loads: a safety index based approach, AIAA J., 29(5), 804–812, 1991.
99. Pettit, C. and Grandhi, R., Reliability optimization of aerospace structures for gust response and aileron effectiveness, in Proceedings of Eighth International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability, 2001.
100. Kuttenkeuler, J. and Ringertz, U., Aeroelastic tailoring considering uncertainties in material properties, Structural Optimization, 15(3–4), 157–162, 1998.
101. Stroud, W., Krishnamurthy, T., Mason, B., Smith, S., and Naser, A., Probabilistic design of a platelike wing to meet flutter and strength requirements, in Proceedings of 43rd Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, AIAA 2002-1464, AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2002.
102. Luo, X. and Grandhi, R.V., ASTROS for reliability-based multidisciplinary structural analysis and optimization, Comput. Struct., 62, 737–745, 1997.
103. Zink, P., Mavris, D., Love, M., and Karpel, M., Robust design for aeroelastically tailored/active aeroelastic wing, in Proceedings of Seventh Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA 98-4781, AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1998.
104. Zink, P., Raveh, D., and Mavris, D., Robust structural design for active aeroelastic wing with aerodynamic uncertainties, in Proceedings of 41st Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit, AIAA 2000-1439, AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2000.
105. Gumbert, C.R., Newman, P.A., and Hou, G.J.-W., Effect of random geometric uncertainty on the computational design of a 3-D flexible wing, in AIAA 20th Applied Aerodynamics Conference Proceedings, AIAA 2002-2806, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2002.
106. Gumbert, C.R., Hou, G.J.-W., and Newman, P.A., Reliability assessment of a robust design under uncertainty for a 3-D flexible wing, in 16th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference Proceedings, AIAA 2003-4094, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2003.
107. Allen, M. and Maute, K., Reliability based optimization of aeroelastic structures, in Proceedings of 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA 2002-5560, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2002.
108. Allen, M. and Maute, K., Shape optimization of aeroelastic structures under uncertainties, in Proceedings of 16th AIAA Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, AIAA 2003-3430, AIAA, Reston, VA, 2003.
109. Du, X. and Chen, W., Methodology of managing the effect of uncertainty in simulation-based design, AIAA J., 38(8), 1471–1478, 2000.
110. Oakley, D.R., Sues, R.H., and Rhodes, G.S., Performance optimization of multidisciplinary mechanical systems subject to uncertainties, Prob. Eng. Mech., 13(1), 15–26, 1998.
111. Mavris, D.N., Bandte, O., and Schrage, D.P., Application of probabilistic methods for the determination of an economically robust HSCT configuration, in Proceedings of Sixth Int. Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA/NASA/USAF/ISSMO, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1996.
112. Mavris, D.N., DeLaurentis, D.A., Bandte, O., and Hale, M.A., A stochastic approach to multidisciplinary aircraft analysis and design, in 36th Aerospace Science Meeting and Exhibit Proceedings, AIAA 98-0912, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1998.
113. Mavris, D.N. and DeLaurentis, D., A stochastic design approach for aircraft affordability, in Proceedings of 21st Congress of International Council on the Aeronautical Sciences, ICAS, 1998.
114. Ye, W., Mukherjee, S., and MacDonald, N.C., Optimal shape design of an electrostatic comb drive in micro-electromechanical systems, J. Micro Electromechanical Syst., 7, 16–27, 1998.
115. Ye, W. and Mukherjee, S., Optimal three-dimensional analysis and design of electrostatic comb drives using boundary element method, Int. J. Numerical Meth. Eng., 45, 175–194, 1999.
116. Eggert, H., Guth, H., Jakob, W., Meinzer, S., Sieber, I., and Suess, W., Design optimization of microsystems, in Technical Proceedings 1998 International Conference on Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems, MSM 98, 1998.
117. Schneider, P., Huck, E., Reitz, S., Parodat, S., Schneider, A., and Schwarz, P., A modular approach for simulation-based optimization of MEMS, in Proceedings of Conference on Design Modeling and Simulation in Microelectronics, 2000, pp. 71–82.
118. Morris, C.J. and Forster, F.K., Optimization of a circular piezoelectric bimorph for a micro-pump driver, J. Micromechanics Microengineering, 10, 459–465, 2000.
119. Allen, M., Raulli, M., Maute, K., and Frangopol, D.M., Reliability-Based Analysis and Design Optimization of Electrostatically Actuated MEMS, Comput. Struct., 2003. Vol. 82, 1007–1020, 2004.
120. Rozvany, G.I.N., Bendsøe, M.P., and Kirsch, U., Layout optimization of structures, Appl. Mech. Rev., 48, 41–119, 1995.
121. Bendsøe, M.P., Optimization of Structural Topology, Shape, and Material, Springer, Berlin, 1995.
122. Bendsøe, M.P., Variable-Topology Optimization: Status and Challenges, technical report, Department of Mathematics, Tech. Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, 1999.
123. Eschenauer, H.A. and Olhoff, N., Topology optimization of continuum structures: a review, Appl. Mech. Rev., 54(4), 331–389, 2001.
124. Soto, C.A., Applications of structural topology optimization in the automotive industry: past, present and future, in Proceedings of Fifth World Congress on Computational Mechanics (WCCM V), Mang, H.A., Rammerstorfer, F.G., and Eberhardsteiner, J., Eds., Vienna University of Technology, Austria, 2002.
125. Ananthasuresh, G.K., Kota, S., and Kikuchi, N., Strategies for systematic synthesis of compliance MEMS, in Proceedings of 1994 ASME Winter Annual Meeting, ASME, New York, 1994, pp. 677–686.
126. Sigmund, O., On the design of compliant mechanisms, Mech. Struct. Mach., 25, 493–524, 1997.
127. Frecker, M.I., Ananthasuresh, G.K., Nishiwaki, G.K., Kikuchi, N., and Kota, S., Topological synthesis of compliant mechanisms using multi-criteria optimization, ASME J. Mech. Des., 119, 238–245, 1997.
128. Nishiwaki, S., Frecker, M., Min, S., and Kikuchi, N., Topology optimization of compliant mechanisms using homogenization method, Int. J. Numerical Meth. Eng., 42, 535–559, 1998.
129. Bruns, T.E. and Tortorelli, D.A., Topology optimization of geometrically nonlinear structures and compliant mechanisms, in Proceedings of 7th AIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, AIAA, Reston, VA, 1998, pp. 1874–1882.
130. Hetrick, J.A. and Kota, S., Topological and geometric synthesis of compliant mechanisms, in Proceedings of 2000 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences, DETC2000/MECH-14140, ASME, 2000.
131. Pedersen, C.B.W., Buhl, T., and Sigmund, O., Topology optimization of large displacement compliant mechanism, Int. J. Numerical Meth. Eng., 50, 2683–2705, 2001.
132. Saxena, A. and Ananthasuresh, G.K., Topology synthesis of compliant mechanisms for nonlinear force-deflection and curved path specifications, ASME J. Mech. Des., 123, 33–42, 2001.
133. Silva, E.C.N., Fonseca, J.S.O., and Kikuchi, N., Optimal design of piezoelectric microstructures, Computational Mechanics, 19, 397–410, 1997.
134. Li, Y., Xin, X., Kikuchi, N., and Saitou, K., Optimal shape and location of piezoelectric materials for topology optimization of flextensional actuators, in Proceedings of 2001 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2000), 2001, pp. 1085–1089.
135. Sigmund, O., Design of multiphysics actuators using topology optimization — Part I: one-material structures, Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 190(49–50), 6577–6604, 2001.
136. Sigmund, O., Design of multiphysics actuators using topology optimization — Part II: two–material structures, Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., 190(49–50), 6605–6627, 2001.
137. Maute, K. and Frangopol, D.M., Reliability-based design of MEMS mechanisms by topology optimization, Comput. Struct., 81, 813–824, 2003.