Dispersal, demography and spatial population models for conservation and control management

Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics

Volumn 9, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 153-170

  Jongejans, Eelke ^a   Skarpaas, Olav ^b   Shea, Katriona ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Demography; Seed dispersal; Spatial population models; Species management

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; DEMOGRAPHY; DISPERSAL; ENDANGERED SPECIES; INVASIVE SPECIES; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION MODELING;

EID: 38849096479     PISSN: 14338319     EISSN: 16180437     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ppees.2007.09.005     Document Type: Article

References (161)

1. Allen M., and Shea K. Spatial segregation of congeneric invaders in Pennsylvania, USA. Biol. Invasions 8 (2006) 509-521
2. Andersen M.C. Mechanistic models for the seed shadows of wind-dispersed plants. Am. Nat. 137 (1991) 476-497
3. Andersen M.C. Diaspore morphology and seed dispersal in several wind-dispersed Asteraceae. Am. J. Bot. 80 (1993) 487-492
4. Austerlitz F., Dick C.W., Dutech C., Klein E.K., Oddou-Muratorio S., Smouse P.E., and Sork V.L. Using genetic markers to estimate the pollen dispersal curve. Mol. Ecol. 13 (2004) 937-954
5. Begon M., Mortimer M., and Thompson D.J. Population Ecology: A Unified Study of Animals and Plants (1996), Blackwell, Oxford
6. Buckley Y.M., Brockerhoff E., Langer L., Ledgard N., North H., and Rees M. Slowing down a pine invasion despite uncertainty in demography and dispersal. J. Appl. Ecol. 42 (2005) 1020-1030
7. Buckley Y.M., Anderson S., Catterall C.P., Corlett R.T., Engel T., Gosper C.R., Nathan R., Richardson D.M., Setter M., Spiegel O., Vivian-Smith G., Voigt F.A., Weir J.E.S., and Westcott D.A. Management of plant invasions mediated by frugivore interactions. J. Appl. Ecol. 43 (2006) 848-857
8. Bullock J.M., and Clarke R.T. Long distance seed dispersal by wind: measuring and modelling the tail of the curve. Oecologia 124 (2000) 506-521
9. Bullock J.M., Moy I.L., Pywell R.F., Coulson S.J., Nolan A.M., and Caswell H. Plant dispersal and colonization processes at local and landscape scales. In: Bullock J.M., Kenward R.E., and Hails R.S. (Eds). Dispersal Ecology (2002), Blackwell, Oxford 279-302
10. Bullock J.M., Moy I.L., Coulson S.J., and Clarke R.T. Habitat-specific dispersal: environmental effects on the mechanisms and patterns of seed movement in a grassland herb Rhinanthus minor. Ecography 26 (2003) 692-704
11. Bullock J.M., Shea K., and Skarpaas O. Measuring plant dispersal: an introduction to field methods and experimental design. Plant Ecol. 186 (2006) 217-234
12. Burrows F.M. Calculations of the primary trajectories of plumes seeds in steady winds with variable convection. New Phytol. 72 (1973) 647-664
13. Cain M.L., Damman H., and Muir A. Seed dispersal and the holocene migration of woodland herbs. Ecol. Monogr. 68 (1998) 325-347
14. Caswell H. Matrix Population Models. Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation. second ed (2001), Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland
15. Caswell H., Lensink R., and Neubert M.G. Demography and dispersal: life table response experiments for invasion speed. Ecology 84 (2003) 1968-1978
16. Childs D.Z., Rees M., Rose K.E., Grubb P.J., and Ellner S.P. Evolution of complex flowering strategies: an age- and size-structured integral projection model. Proc. R. Soc. B 270 (2003) 1829-1838
17. Clark J.S. Why trees migrate so fast: confronting theory with dispersal biology and the paleorecord. Am. Nat. 152 (1998) 204-224
18. Clark J.S., Silman M., Kern R., Macklin E., and HilleRisLambers J. Seed dispersal near and far: patterns across temperate and tropical forests. Ecology 80 (1999) 1475-1494
19. Clark J.S., Lewis M., and Horvath L. Invasion by extremes: population spread with variation in dispersal and reproduction. Am. Nat. 157 (2001) 537-554
20. Clark J.S., Lewis M., McLachlan J.S., and HilleRisLambers J. Estimating population spread: what can we forecast and how well?. Ecology 84 (2003) 1979-1988
21. Congleton W.R., Pearce B.R., and Beal B.F. A C++ implementation of an individual/landscape model. Ecol. Model. 103 (1997) 1-17
22. Coulson S.J., Bullock J.M., Stevenson M.J., and Pywell R.F. Colonization of grassland by sown species: dispersal versus microsite limitation in responses to management. J. Appl. Ecol. 38 (2001) 204-216
23. Dauer J.T., Mortensen D.A., and Humston R. Controlled experiments to predict horseweed (Conyza canadensis) dispersal distances. Weed Sci. 54 (2006) 484-489
24. DeAngelis D.L., and Gross L.J. Individual-based Models and Approaches in Ecology: Populations, Communities and Ecosystems (1992), Chapman & Hall, New York
25. In: Dieckmann U., Law R., and Metz J.A.J. (Eds). The Geometry of Ecological Interactions: Simplifying Spatial Complexity (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
26. Easterling M.R., Ellner S.P., and Dixon P.M. Size-specific sensitivity: applying a new structured population model. Ecology 81 (2000) 694-708
27. Edelstein-Keshet L. Mathematical Models in Biology (1988), McGraw-Hill, Boston
28. Ellner S.P., and Rees M. Integral projection models for species with complex demography. Am. Nat. 167 (2006) 410-428
29. Enright N.J., Franco M., and Silvertown J. Comparing plant life histories using elasticity analysis: the importance of life span and the number of life-cycle stages. Oecologia 104 (1995) 79-84
30. Etienne R.S. On optimal choices in increase of patch area and reduction of interpatch distance for metapopulation persistence. Ecol. Model. 179 (2004) 77-90
31. Evans M., Hastings N., and Peacock B. Statistical Distributions (2000), Wiley, New York
32. Fagan W.F., Lewis M.A., Neubert M.G., and van den Driessche P. Invasion theory and biological control. Ecol. Lett. 5 (2002) 148-157
33. Fagan W.F., Lewis M., Neubert M.G., Aumann C., Apple J.L., and Bishop J.G. When can herbivores slow or reverse the spread of an invading plant? A test case from Mount St. Helens. Am. Nat. 166 (2005) 669-685
34. Fisher R.A. The wave of advance of advantageous genes. Ann. Eugenics 7 (1937) 355-369
35. García C., Arroyo J.M., Godoy J.A., and Jordano P. Mating patterns, pollen dispersal, and the ecological maternal neighbourhood in a Prunus mahaleb L. population. Mol. Ecol. 14 (2005) 1821-1830
36. Gaylord B., Reed D.C., Raimondi P.T., Washburn L., and McLean S.R. A physically based model of macroalgal spore dispersal in the wave and current-dominated nearshore. Ecology 83 (2002) 1239-1251
37. Goslee S.C., Peters D.P.C., and Beck K.G. Spatial prediction of invasion success across heterogeneous landscapes using an individual-based model. Biol. Invasions 8 (2006) 193-200
38. Gotelli N.J. A Primer of Ecology. third ed (2001), Sinauer, Sunderland
39. Goudriaan J. Crop Micrometeorology: A Simulation Study (1977), Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen
40. Greene D.F., and Calogeropoulos C. Measuring and modelling seed dispersal of terrestrial plants. In: Bullock J.M., Kenward R.E., and Hails R.S. (Eds). Dispersal Ecology (2002), Blackwell, Oxford 3-23
41. Greene D.F., and Johnson E.A. A model of wind dispersal of winged or plumed seeds. Ecology 70 (1989) 339-347
42. Greene D.F., and Johnson E.A. Long-distance wind dispersal of tree seeds. Can. J. Bot. 73 (1995) 1036-1045
43. Greene D.F., and Johnson E.A. Secondary dispersal of tree seeds on snow. J. Ecol. 85 (1997) 329-340
44. Grimm V., and Railsback S.F. Individual-based Modeling and Ecology (2005), Princeton University Press, Princeton
45. In: Haines-Young R., Green D.R., and Cousins S. (Eds). Landscape Ecology and Geographic Information Systems (1993), Taylor & Francis, London
46. Hanski I. A practical model of metapopulation dynamics. J. Anim. Ecol. 63 (1994) 151-162
47. Hanski I., and Gaggiotti O.E. Ecology, Genetics, and Evolutions of Metapopulations (2004), Elsevier, Amsterdam
48. Hanski I., and Ovaskainen O. The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented landscape. Nature 404 (2000) 755-758
49. Hanski I., Moilanen A., Pakkala T., and Kuussaari M. The quantitative incidence function model and persistence of an endangered butterfly metapopulation. Conserv. Biol. 10 (1996) 578-590
50. Herben T., Münzbergová Z., Mildén M., Ehrlén J., Cousins S.A.O., and Eriksson O. Long-term spatial dynamics of Succisa pratensis in a changing rural landscape: linking dynamical modelling with historical maps. J. Ecol. 94 (2006) 131-143
51. Higgins S.I., and Cain M.L. Spatially realistic plant metapopulation models and the colonization-competition trade-off. J. Ecol. 90 (2002) 616-626
52. Higgins S.I., and Richardson D.M. A review of models of alien plant spread. Ecol. Model. 87 (1996) 249-265
53. Higgins S.I., Nathan R., and Cain M.L. Are long-distance dispersal events in plants usually caused by nonstandard means of dispersal?. Ecology 84 (2003) 1945-1956
54. Hodder K.H., and Bullock J.M. Translocations of native species in the UK: implications for biodiversity. J. Appl. Ecol. 34 (1997) 547-565
55. Horvitz C.C., and Schemske D.W. Seed dispersal of a neotropical myrmecochore: variation in removal rates and dispersal distance. Biotropica 18 (1986) 319-323
56. Hüls, J., 2005. Populationsbiologische Untersuchung von Heracleum mantegazzianum Somm. & Lev. in Subpopulationen unterschiedlicher Individuendichte. Ph.D. Thesis, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen.
57. Hunter C.M., and Caswell H. The use of the vec-permutation matrix in spatial matrix population models. Ecol. Model. 188 (2005) 15-21
58. In: Hutchings M.J., John E.A., and Stewart A.J.A. (Eds). The Ecological Consequences of Environmental Heterogeneity (2000), Blackwell, Oxford
59. Hyatt L.A., Rosenberg M.S., Howard T.G., Bole G., Fang W., Anastasia J., Brown K., Grella R., Hinman K., Kurdziel J.P., and Gurevitch J. The distance dependence prediction of the Janzen-Connell hypothesis: a meta-analysis. Oikos 103 (2003) 590-602
60. Isard S.A., Gage S.H., Comtois P., and Russo J.M. Principles of the atmospheric pathway for invasive species applied to soybean rust. Bioscience 55 (2005) 851-861
61. Jacquemyn H., Brys R., and Neubert M.G. Fire increases invasive spread of Molinia caerulea mainly through changes in demographic parameters. Ecol. Appl. 15 (2005) 2097-2108
62. Jakobsson A., and Eriksson O. Trade-offs between dispersal and competitive ability: a comparative study of wind-dispersed Asteraceae forbs. Evol. Ecol. 17 (2003) 233-246
63. James M.K., Armsworth P.R., Mason L.B., and Bode L. The structure of reef fish metapopulations: modelling larval dispersal and retention patterns. Proc. R. Soc. B 269 (2002) 2079-2086
64. Jansen P.A., Bongers F., and Hemerik L. Seed mass and mast seeding enhance dispersal by a neotropical scatter-hoarding rodent. Ecol. Monogr. 74 (2004) 569-589
65. Janzen D.H. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat. 104 (1970) 501-528
66. Jeltsch F., Moloney K.A., Schurr F.M., Köchy M., and Schwager M. The state of plant population modelling in light of environmental change. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 9 (2008) 171-190
67. Johansson M.E., and Nilsson C. Hydrochory, population-dynamics and distribution of the clonal aquatic plant Ranunculus lingua. J. Ecol. 81 (1993) 81-91
68. Jongejans E., and de Kroon H. Space versus time variation in the population dynamics of three co-occurring perennial herbs. J. Ecol. 93 (2005) 681-692
69. Jongejans E., and Schippers P. Modeling seed dispersal by wind in herbaceous species. Oikos 87 (1999) 362-372
70. Jongejans E., and Telenius A. Field experiments on seed dispersal by wind in ten umbelliferous species (Apiaceae). Plant Ecol. 152 (2001) 67-78
71. Jongejans E., de Kroon H., and Berendse F. The interplay between shifts in biomass allocation and costs of reproduction in four grassland perennials under simulated successional change. Oecologia 147 (2006) 369-378
72. Jongejans E., Pedatella N.M., Shea K., Skarpaas O., and Auhl R. Seed release by invasive thistles: the impact of plant and environmental factors. Proc. R. Soc. B 274 (2007) 2457-2464
73. Jongejans E., Skarpaas O., Tipping P.W., and Shea K. Establishment and spread of founding populations of an invasive thistle: the role of competition and seed limitation. Biol. Invasions 9 (2007) 317-325
74. Jordano P., García C., Godoy J.A., and García-Castaño J.L. Differential contribution of frugivores to complex seed dispersal patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 3278-3282
75. Katul G.G., Porporato A., Nathan R., Siqueira M., Soons M.B., Poggi D., Horn H.S., and Levin S.A. Mechanistic analytical models for long-distance seed dispersal by wind. Am. Nat. 166 (2005) 368-381
76. Kawasaki K., Takasu F., Caswell H., and Shigesada N. How does stochasticity in colonization accelerate the speed of invasion in a cellular automaton model?. Ecol. Res. 21 (2006) 334-345
77. Kindvall O. Comparative precision of three spatially realistic simulation models of metapopulation dynamics. Ecol. Bull. 48 (2000) 101-110
78. Klein E.K., Lavigne C., Foueillassar X., Gouyon P.H., and Laredo C. Corn pollen dispersal: quasi-mechanistic models and field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 73 (2003) 131-150
79. Klein E.K., Lavigne C., Picault H., Michel R., and Gouyon P.H. Pollen dispersal of oilseed rape: estimation of the dispersal function and effects of field dimension. J. Appl. Ecol. 43 (2006) 141-151
80. Kot M., Lewis M.A., and van den Driessche P. Dispersal data and the spread of invading organisms. Ecology 77 (1996) 2027-2042
81. Kuparinen A. Mechanistic models for wind dispersal. Trends Plant Sci. 11 (2006) 296-301
82. Le Corff J., and Horvitz C.C. Population growth versus population spread of an ant-dispersed neotropical herb with a mixed reproductive strategy. Ecol. Model. 188 (2005) 41-51
83. Lefkovitch L.P. The study of population growth in organisms grouped by stages. Biometrics 21 (1965) 1-18
84. Leslie P.H. On the use of matrices in certain population mathematics. Biometrika 33 (1945) 183-212
85. Levin S.A., Muller-Landau H.C., Nathan R., and Chave J. The ecology and evolution of seed dispersal: a theoretical perspective. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34 (2003) 575-604
86. Lewis M.A., Neubert M.G., Caswell H., Clark J.S., and Shea K. A guide to calculating discrete-time invasion rates from data. In: Cadotte M.W., MacMahon S.M., and Fukami T. (Eds). Conceptual Ecology and Invasion Biology: Reciprocal Approaches to Nature (2006), Springer, Dordrecht 169-192
87. Lindborg R., and Eriksson O. Historical landscape connectivity affects present plant species diversity. Ecology 85 (2004) 1840-1845
88. Matlack G.R. Secondary dispersal of seed across snow in Betula lenta, a gap-colonizing tree species. J. Ecol. 77 (1989) 853-869
89. Metcalf J.C., Rose K.E., and Rees M. Evolutionary demography of monocarpic perennials. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18 (2003) 471-480
90. Mildén M., Münzbergová Z., Herben T., and Ehrlén J. Metapopulation dynamics of a perennial plant, Succisa pratenesis, in an agricultural landscape. Ecol. Model. 199 (2006) 464-475
91. Mix C., Pico F.X., van Groenendael J.M., and Ouborg N.J. Inbreeding and soil conditions affect dispersal and components of performance of two plant species in fragmented landscapes. Basic Appl. Ecol. 7 (2006) 59-69
92. Moilanen A. Patch occupancy models of metapopulation dynamics: efficient parameter estimation using implicit statistical inference. Ecology 80 (1999) 1031-1043
93. Moilanen A. The equilibrium assumption in estimating the parameters of metapopulation models. J. Anim. Ecol. 69 (2000) 143-153
94. Morales J.M., and Carlo T.A. The effects of plant distribution and frugivore density on the scale and shape of dispersal kernels. Ecology 87 (2006) 1489-1496
95. Mouissie A.M., Lengkeek W., and van Diggelen R. Estimating adhesive seed-dispersal distances: field experiments and correlated random walks. Funct. Ecol. 19 (2005) 478-486
96. Müllerová J., Pyšek P., Jarošík V., and Pergl J. Aerial photographs as a tool for assessing the regional dynamics of the invasive plant species Heracleum mantegazzianum. J. Appl. Ecol. 42 (2005) 1042-1053
97. Nathan R. Long-distance dispersal of plants. Science 313 (2006) 786-788
98. Nathan R., and Muller-Landau H.C. Spatial patterns of seed dispersal, their determinants and consequences for recruitment. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15 (2000) 278-285
99. Nathan R., Safriel U.N., and Noy-Meir I. Field validation and sensitivity analysis of a mechanistic model for tree seed dispersal by wind. Ecology 82 (2001) 374-388
100. Nathan R., Katul G.G., Horn H.S., Thomas S.M., Oren R., Avissar R., Pacala S.W., and Levin S.A. Mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of seeds by wind. Nature 418 (2002) 409-413
101. Nathan R., Sapir N., Trakhtenbrot A., Katul G.G., Bohrer G., Otte M., Avissar R., Soons M.B., Horn H.S., Wikelski M., and Levin S.A. Long-distance biological transport processes through the air: can nature's complexity be unfolded in silico?. Divers. Distrib. 11 (2005) 131-137
102. Nehrbass N., and Winkler E. Is the Giant Hogweed still a threat? An individual-based modelling approach for local invasion dynamics of Heracleum mantegazzianum. Ecol. Model. 201 (2007) 377-384
103. Nehrbass N., Winkler E., Pergl J., Perglová I., and Pyšek P. Empirical and virtual investigation of the population dynamics of an alien plant under the constraints of local carrying capacity: Heracleum mantegazzianum in the Czech Republic. Perspect. Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 7 (2006) 253-262
104. Nehrbass N., Winkler E., Müllerová J., Pergl J., Pyšek P., and Perglová I. A simulation model of plant invasion: long-distance dispersal determines the pattern of spread. Biol. Invasions 9 (2007) 383-395
105. Neubert M.G., and Caswell H. Demography and dispersal: calculation and sensitivity analysis of invasion speed for structured populations. Ecology 81 (2000) 1613-1628
106. Neubert M.G., and Parker I.M. Projecting rates of spread for invasive species. Risk Anal. 24 (2004) 817-831
107. Nicholson E., Westphal M.I., Frank K., Rochester W.A., Pressey R.L., Lindenmayer D.B., and Possingham H.P. A new method for conservation planning for the persistence of multiple species. Ecol. Lett. 9 (2006) 1049-1060
108. In: Nielsen C., Ravn H.P., Nentwig W., and Wade M. (Eds). The Giant Hogweed Best Practice Manual. Guidelines for the Management and Control of An Invasive Weed in Europe (2005), Forest and Landscape Denmark, Hoersholm
109. Nurminiemi M., Tufto J., Nilsson N.O., and Rognli O.A. Spatial models of pollen dispersal in the forage grass meadow fescue. Evol. Ecol. 12 (1998) 487-502
110. Nuttle T., and Haefner J.W. Seed dispersal in heterogeneous environments: bridging the gap between mechanistic dispersal and forest dynamics models. Am. Nat. 165 (2005) 336-349
111. Okubo A., and Levin S.A. A theoretical framework for data analysis of wind dispersal of seeds and pollen. Ecology 70 (1989) 329-338
112. In: Okubo A., and Levin S.A. (Eds). Diffusion and Ecological Problems: Modern Perspectives (2001), Springer, New York
113. Ovaskainen O., and Cornell S.J. Space and stochasticity in population dynamics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103 (2006) 12781-12786
114. Pachepsky E., Lutscher F., Nisbet R.M., and Lewis M.A. Persistence, spread and the drift paradox. Theor. Popul. Biol. 67 (2005) 61-73
115. Parker I.M. Invasion dynamics of Cytisus scoparius: a matrix model approach. Ecol. Appl. 10 (2000) 726-743
116. Pauchard A., and Shea K. Integrating the study of non-native plant invasions across spatial scales. Biol. Invasions 8 (2006) 399-413
117. Pearson R.G., and Dawson T.P. Long-distance plant dispersal and habitat fragmentation: identifying conservation targets for spatial landscape planning under climate change. Biol. Conserv. 123 (2005) 389-401
118. Pfister C.A., and Stevens F.R. Individual variation and environmental stochasticity: implications for matrix model predictions. Ecology 84 (2003) 496-510
119. Pielaat A., Lewis M.A., Lele S., and de-Camino-Beck T. Sequential sampling designs for catching the tail of dispersal kernels. Ecol. Model. 190 (2006) 205-222
120. Quintana-Ascencio R.F., and Menges E.S. Inferring metapopulation dynamics from patch-level incidence of Florida scrub plants. Conserv. Biol. 10 (1996) 1210-1219
121. Redbo-Torstensson P., and Telenius A. Primary and secondary seed dispersal by wind and water in Spergularia salina. Ecography 18 (1995) 230-237
122. Rees M., and Rose K.E. Evolution of flowering strategies in Oenothera glazioviana: an integral projection model approach. Proc. R. Soc. B 269 (2002) 1509-1515
123. Ribbens E., Silander J.A., and Pacala S.W. Seedling recruitment in forests: calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersion. Ecology 75 (1994) 1794-1806
124. Roughgarden J. Primer of Ecological Theory (1998), Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
125. Ruckelshaus M., Hartway C., and Kareiva P. Assessing the data requirements of spatially explicit dispersal models. Conserv. Biol. 11 (1997) 1298-1306
126. Ruckelshaus M., Hartway C., and Kareiva P. Dispersal and landscape errors in spatially explicit population models: a reply. Conserv. Biol. 13 (1999) 1223-1224
127. Russo S.E., Portnoy S., and Augspurger C.K. Incorporating animal behavior into seed dispersal models: implications for seed shadows. Ecology 87 (2006) 3160-3174
128. Schippers P., and Jongejans E. Release thresholds strongly determine the range of seed dispersal by wind. Ecol. Model. 185 (2005) 93-103
129. Schurr F.M., Bond W.J., Midgley G.F., and Higgins S.I. A mechanistic model for secondary seed dispersal by wind and its experimental validation. J. Ecol. 93 (2005) 1017-1028
130. Shea K. Models for improving the targeting and implementation of biological control of weeds. Weed Technol. 18 (2004) 1578-1581
131. Shea K., Amarasekare P., Kareiva P., Mangel M., Moore J., Murdoch W.W., Noonburg E., Parma A.M., Pascual M.A., Possingham H.P., Wilcox C., and Yu D. Management of populations in conservation, harvesting and control. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13 (1998) 371-375
132. Shea K., Sheppard A., and Woodburn T. Seasonal life-history models for the integrated management of the invasive weed nodding thistle Carduus nutans in Australia. J. Appl. Ecol. 43 (2006) 517-526
133. Shigesada N., and Kawasaki K. Biological Invasions: Theory and Practice (1997), Oxford University Press, Oxford
134. Sjögren-Gulve P., and Hanski I. Metapopulation viability analysis using occupancy models. Ecol. Bull. 48 (2000) 53-72
135. Skarpaas O., and Shea K. Dispersal patterns, dispersal mechanisms and invasion wave speeds for invasive thistles. Am. Nat. 140 (2007) 421-430
136. Skarpaas O., Stabbetorp O.E., Rønning I., and Svennungsen T.O. How far can a hawk's beard fly? Measuring and modelling the dispersal of Crepis praemorsa. J. Ecol. 92 (2004) 747-757
137. Skarpaas O., Shea K., and Bullock J.M. Optimizing dispersal study design by Monte Carlo simulation. J. Appl. Ecol. 42 (2005) 731-739
138. Skarpaas O., Auhl R., and Shea K. Environmental variability and the initiation of dispersal: turbulence strongly increases seed release. Proc. R. Soc. B 273 (2006) 751-756
139. Skellam J.G. Random dispersal in theoretical populations. Biometrika 38 (1951) 433-435
140. Soons M.B., and Heil G.W. Reduced colonization capacity in fragmented populations of wind-dispersed grassland forbs. J. Ecol. 90 (2002) 1033-1043
141. Soons M.B., Heil G.W., Nathan R., and Katul G.G. Determinants of long-distance seed dispersal by wind in grasslands. Ecology 85 (2004) 3056-3068
142. Soons M.B., Messelink J.H., Jongejans E., and Heil G.W. Habitat fragmentation reduces grassland connectivity for both short-distance and long-distance wind-dispersed forbs. J. Ecol. 93 (2005) 1214-1225
143. South A. Dispersal in spatially explicit population models. Conserv. Biol. 13 (1999) 1039-1046
144. Stockmarr A. The distribution of particles in the plane dispersed by a simple 3-dimensional diffusion process. J. Math. Biol. 45 (2002) 461-469
145. Strykstra R.J., Pegtel D.M., and Bergsma A. Dispersal distance and achene quality of the rare anemochorous species Arnica montana L.: implications for conservation. Acta Bot. Neerl. 47 (1998) 45-56
146. Sun C., Ives A.R., Kraeuter H.J., and Moermond T.C. Effectiveness of three turacos as seed dispersers in a tropical montane forest. Oecologia 112 (1997) 94-103
147. Tackenberg O. Modeling long-distance dispersal of plant diaspores by wind. Ecol. Monogr. 73 (2003) 173-189
148. Tews J., Moloney K., and Jeltsch F. Modeling seed dispersal in a variable environment: a case study of the fleshy-fruited savanna shrub Grewia flava. Ecol. Model. 175 (2004) 65-76
149. Thrall P.H., and Burdon J.J. Evolution of gene-for-gene systems in metapopulations: the effect of spatial scale of host and pathogen dispersal. Plant Pathol. 51 (2002) 169-184
150. In: Tilman D., and Kareiva P. (Eds). Spatial Ecology: The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions vol. 30 (1997), Princeton University Press, Princeton
151. Trakhtenbrot A., Nathan R., Perry G., and Richardson D.M. The importance of long-distance dispersal in biodiversity conservation. Divers. Distrib. 11 (2005) 173-181
152. Travis J.M.J., and Dytham C. Dispersal evolution during invasions. Evol. Ecol. Res. 4 (2002) 1119-1129
153. Tufto J., Engen S., and Hindar K. Stochastic dispersal processes in plant populations. Theor. Popul. Biol. 52 (1997) 16-26
154. Turchin P. Quantitative Analysis of Movement: Measuring and Modeling Population Redistribution in Animals and Plants (1998), Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
155. van Dorp D., Schippers P., and van Groenendael J.M. Migration rates of grassland plants along corridors in fragmented landscapes assessed with a cellular automation model. Landsc. Ecol. 12 (1997) 39-50
156. van Mourik, T.A., Bianchi, F.J.J.A., van der Werf, W., Stomph T.J., in press. Long term management of the hemi-parasitic weed Striga hermonthica - strategy evaluation with a spatio-temporal population model. Weed Res.
157. Vellend M., Knight T.M., and Drake J.M. Antagonistic effects of seed dispersal and herbivory on plant migration. Ecol. Lett. 9 (2006) 316-323
158. Vergeer P., Rengelink R., Copal A., and Ouborg N.J. The interacting effects of genetic variation, habitat quality and population size on performance of Succisa pratensis. J. Ecol. 91 (2003) 18-26
159. Wadsworth R.A., Collingham Y.C., Willis S.G., Huntley B., and Hulme P.E. Simulating the spread and management of alien riparian weeds: are they out of control?. J. Appl. Ecol. 37 Suppl. 1 (2000) 28-38
160. Westphal M.I., Pickett M., Getz W.M., and Possingham H.P. The use of stochastic dynamic programming in optimal landscape reconstruction for metapopulations. Ecol. Appl. 13 (2003) 543-555
161. With K.A. The landscape ecology of invasive spread. Conserv. Biol. 16 (2002) 1192-1203