Timing, accumulation, and the black/white disability gap in later life: Atest of weathering

Research on Aging

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 226-250

  Taylor, Miles G ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cumulative disadvantage; Disability; Inequality; Race; Trajectories

Indexed keywords

EID: 38749104266     PISSN: 01640275     EISSN: 15527573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0164027507311838     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Albert, P.S. and J.H. Shih. 2003. "Modeling Tumor Growth with Random Onset. " Biometrics 59: 897 - 906.
2. Allison, P.D. 1995. Survival Analysis Using the SAS System: A Practical Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
3. Beckett, L.A., D.B. Brock, J.H. Lemke, C. F. Mendes de Leon, J.M. Guralnik, G.G. Fillenbaum, L.G. Branch, T.T. Wetle, and D.A. Evans. 1996. " Analysis of Change in Self-Reported Physical Function Among Older Persons in Four Population Studies " American Journal of Epidemiology 143: 766 - 78.
4. Blustein, J. 1995. "Medicare Coverage, Supplemental Health Insurance, and the Use of Mammography in Older Women. " New England Journal of Medicine 332: 1138 - 43.
5. Bolen, J.C., L. Rhodes, E.E. Powell-Griner, S.D. Bland, and D. Holtzman. 2000. " State-Specific Prevalence of Selected Health Behaviors, by Race and Ethnicity - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1997 " Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 49: 1 - 58.
6. Clark, D.O. 1997. "U. S. Trends in Disability and Institutionalization Among Older Blacks and Whites. " American Journal of Public Health 87: 438 - 42.
7. Clark, D.O. and G.L. Maddox. 1992. "Racial and Social Correlates of Age-Related Changes in Functioning. " Journal of Gerontology 47: S222 - 32.
8. Crimmins, E.M. 2004. "Trends in the Health of the Elder ly" Annual Review of Public Health 25: 79 - 98.
9. Crimmins, E.M. and Y. Saito. 1993. "Getting Better and Getting Worse: Transitions in Functional Status Among Older Americans. " Journal of Aging and Health 5: 3 - 36.
10. Crystal, S. and D. Shea. 1990. "Cumulative Advantage, Cumulative Disadvantage, and Inequality Among Elderly People. " The Gerontologist 10: 437 - 43.
11. Dannefer, D. 1987. "Aging as an Intracohort Differentiation: Accentuation, the Matthew Effect, and the Life Course. " Sociological Forum 2: 211 - 37.
12. ______. 2003. "Cumulative/Disadvantage and the Life Course: Cross-Fertilization Age and Social Science Theory. " Journal of Gerontology 58B: S327 - 37.
13. DiPrete, T.A. and G.M. Eirich. 2006. "Cumulative Advantage as a Mechanism for Inequality: A Review of Theoretical and Empirical Developments. " Annual Review of Sociology 32: 271 - 297.
14. Dowd, J.J. and V.L. Bengston. 1978. "Aging in Minority Populations. An Examination of the Double Jeopardy Hypothesis. " Journal of Gerontology 33: 427 - 36.
15. Dupre, M.E. 2007. " Educational Differences in Age-Related Patterns of Disease: Reconsidering Cumulative Disadvantage and Age-as-Leveler " Journal of Health and Social Behavior 48: 1 - 15.
16. Fang, J. and M.H. Alderman. 2004. "Does Supplemental Health Insurance Affect Care of Medicare Recipients Hospitalized for Myocardial Infarction ? " American Journal of Public Health 94: 778 - 82.
17. Ferraro, K.F. and M.M. Farmer. 1996. "Double Jeopardy, Aging as Leveler, or Persistent Health Inequality? A Longitudinal Analysis of White and Black Americans. " Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 51B: S319 - 28.
18. Ferraro, K.F. and J.A. Kelley-Moore. 2003. "Cumulative Disadvantage and Health: Long-Term Consequences of Obesity ? " American Sociological Review 68 (5). 707 - 29.
19. Ferraro, K.F., R.J. Thorpe Jr., G.P. McCabe, J.A. Kelley-Moore, and Z. Jiang. 2006. " The Color of Hospitalization Over the Adult Life Course: Cumulative Disadvantage in Black and White? " Journal of Gerontology 61B: S299 - 306.
20. Freedman,V.A., L.G. Martin, and R.F. Scheoni. 2004. " Disability in America." Population Bulletin 59: 3 - 32.
21. Freeman, H.E., R.J. Blendon, L.H. Aiken, S. Sudman, C.F. Mullinix, and C.R. Corey. 1987. " Americans Report on Their Access to Health Care." Health Affairs 6 (1). 7 - 18.
22. Fries, J. 1980. "Aging, Natural Death and the Compression of Morbidity. " New England Journal of Medicine 303: 130 - 5.
23. George, L.K. and S.M. Lynch. 2003. "Race Differences in Depressive Symptoms: A Dynamic Perspective on Stress Exposure and Vulnerability. " Journal of Health and Social Behavior 44: 353 - 69.
24. Geronimus, A.T. 2001. "Understanding and Eliminating Racial Inequalities in Women's Health in the United States: The Role of the Weathering Conceptual Framework. " Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 56: 133 - 6.
25. Geronimus, A., J. Bound, T.A. Waidmann, C.G. Colen, and D. Steffick. 2001. " Inequality in Life Expectancy, Functional Status, and Active Life Expectancy across Selected Black and White Populations in the United States." Demography 38: 227 - 51.
26. Geronimus, A., M. Hicken, D. Keene, and J. Bound. 2006. "'Weathering' and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States. " American Journal of Public Health 96: 826 - 33.
27. Guralnik, J.M., K.C. Land, D. Blazer, G.G. Fillenbaum, and L.G. Branch. 1993. " Educational Status and Active Life Expectancy Among Older Blacks and Whites " New England Journal of Medicine 329: 110 - 16.
28. Hayward, M.D. and M. Heron. 1999. "Racial Inequality in Active Life Among Adult Americans. " Demography 36: 77 - 91.
29. Hodge, R.W., P.M. Siegel, and P. Rossi. 1964. "Occupational Prestige in the United States, 1925-1963. " American Journal of Sociology 70: 286 - 302.
30. House, J.S., P.M. Lantz, and P. Herd. 2005. "Continuity and Change in the Social Stratification of Aging and Health over the Life Course. " Journal of Gerontology 60B: 15 - 26.
31. Hummer, R.A. 1996. "Black-White Differences in Health and Mortality: A Review and Conceptual Model. " The Sociological Quarterly 37: 105 - 25.
32. Jackson, P. 2005. "Health Inequalities Among Minority Populations." Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 60B: 63 - 7.
33. James, S., N. Keenan, D. Strogatz, S. Browning, and J. Garrett. 1992. "Socioeconomic Status, John Henryism, and Blood Pressure in Black Adults: The Pitt County Study. " American Journal of Epidemiology 135: 59 - 67.
34. Johnson, N.E. 2000. The Racial Crossover in Comorbidity, Disability, and Mortality. Demography 37: 267 - 83.
35. Kahn, J.R. and E.M. Fazio. 2005. "Economic Status Over the Life Course and Racial Disparities in Health. Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 60B: 76 - 84.
36. Katz, S., A.B. Ford, R.W. Moskowitz, B.A. Jackson, and M.W. Jaffe. 1963. " Studies of Illness in the Aged." Journal of the American Medical Association 185: 914 - 9.
37. Kaufman, J.S., R.S. Cooper, and D.L. McGee. 1997. "Socioeconomic Status and Health in Blacks and Whites: The Problem of Residual Confounding and the Resiliency of Race. " Epidemiology 8: 621 - 8.
38. Kelley-Moore, J.A. and K.F. Ferraro. 2004. "The Black/White Disability Gap: Persistent Inequality in Later Life ? " Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 59B: S34 - 43.
39. Kempen, G.I.J.M., W. Scaf-Klomp, A.V. Ranchor, R. Sanderman, and J. Ormel. 2001. " Social Predictors of Recovery in Late Middle Aged and Older Persons After the Injury to the Extremities: A Prospective Study." Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 56B: S229 - 36.
40. Kessler, R.C., K.D. Mickelson, and D.R. Williams. 1999. " The Prevalence, Distribution, and Mental Health: Correlates of Perceived Discrimination in the United States " Journal of Health and Social Behavior 40: 208 - 230.
41. Kitagawa, E.M. and P.M. Hauser. 1973. Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study of Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
42. Krieger, N. 1987. "Shades of Difference: Theoretical Underpinnings of the Medical Controversy on Black/White Differences in the United States 1830-1870. " International Journal of Health Services 17: 259 - 78.
43. Lawton, M.P. and E.M. Brody. 1969. " Assessment of Older People: Self Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living." The Gerontologist 9: 179 - 86.
44. Leveille, S.G., B.W. Pennix, D. Melzer, G. Izmirlian, and J.M. Guralnik. 2000. "Sex Differences in the Prevalence of Mobility Disability in Old Age: The Dynamics of Incidence, Recovery, and Mortality." Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 55B: S41 - 50.
45. Levine, R.S., J.E. Foster, R.E. Fullilove, M.T. Fullilove, N.C. Briggs, P.A. Hull, B.A. Husaini, and C.H. Hennekens. 2001. " Black-White Inequalities in Mortality and Life Expectancy, 1993-1999: Implications for Healthy People 2010 " Public Health Reports 116: 474 - 83.
46. Li, F., T.E. Duncan, E. McAuley, P. Harmer, and K. Smolkowski. 2000. "A Didactic Example of Latent Curve Analysis Applicable to the Study of Aging. " Journal of Aging and Health 12: 388 - 425.
47. Liao, Y., D.L. McGee, G. Cao, and R.S. Cooper. 1999. "Black-White Differences in Disability and Morbidity in the Last Years of Life. " American Journal of Epidemiology 149: 1097 - 103.
48. Light, K.C., K.A. Brownley, J.R. Turner, A.L. Hinderliter, S.S. Girdler, A. Sherwood, and N.B. Anderson. 1995. " Job Status and High-Effort Coping Influence Work Blood Pressure in Women and Blacks " Hypertension 25: 554 - 9.
49. Link, B.G. and J. Phelan. 1995. "Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease. " Journal of Health and Social Behavior Extra Issue 35: 80 - 94.
50. Lurie, N. 2002. " Measuring Disparities in Access to Care " in Guidance for the National Disparities Report. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Science.
51. Lynch, S.M. 2003. "Cohort and Life-Course Patterns in the Relationship Between Education and Health: A Hierarchical Approach. " Demography 40: 309 - 31.
52. Maddox, G.L. and D.O. Clark. 1992. "Trajectories of Functional Impairment in Later Life. " Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33: 114 - 25.
53. Maddox, G.L., D.O. Clark, and K. Steinhauser. 1994. "Dynamics of Functional Impairment in Late Adulthood. " Social Science and Medicine 38: 925 - 36.
54. Manton, K.G. 1988. "A Longitudinal Study of Functional Change and Mortality in the United States." Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 43: S153 - 61.
55. Manton, K.G. and X. Gu. 2001. " Changes in the Prevalence of Chronic Disability in the United States Black and Nonblack Population Above Age 65 From 1982 to 1999 " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98: 6354 - 59.
56. Manton, K.G., C.H. Patrick, and K.W. Johnson. 1987. " Health Differentials Between Blacks and Whites: Recent Trends in Mortality and Morbidity." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 65 (Suppl. 1). 129 - 99.
57. Masyn, K.E. 2005. " Discrete-Time Survival Analysis using Latent Variables " Available at http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/mplus/seminars/ DiscreteTimeSurvival/default.htm
58. Melzer, D., G. Izmirlian, S.G. Leveille, and J.M. Guralnik. 2001. Educational Differences in the Prevalence of Mobility Disability in Old Age: The Dynamics of Incidence, Mortality, and Recovery. Journal of Gerontology 56: S294 - S301.
59. Mendes de Leon, C.F., L.A. Beckett, G.G. Fillenbaum, D.D. Brock, L.G. Branch, D.A. Evans, and L.F. Berkman. 1997. " Black-White Differences in Risk of Becoming Disabled and Recovering From Disability in Old Age: A Longitudinal Analysis " American Journal of Epidemiology 145: 488 - 97.
60. Mendes de Leon, C.F., T.A. Glass, L.A. Beckett, T.E. Seeman, D.A. Evans, and L.F. Berkman. 1999. " Social Networks and Disability Transitions Across Eight Intervals of Yearly Data in the New Haven EPESE " Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 54B: S162 - 72.
61. Merton, R.K. 1968. " The Matthew Effect in Science: The Reward and Communication System of Science." Science 159: 56 - 63.
62. Mutchler, J.E. and Burr, J.A. 1991. "Racial Differences in Health and Health Care Service Utilization: The Effect of Socioeconomic Status. " Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32: 342 - 56.
63. Muthn, B. 1996. " Growth Modeling with Binary Responses " Pp. 37 - 54 in Categorical Variables in Developmental Research: Methods of Analysis, edited by A. V. Eye and C. Clogg. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
64. Muthn, B. and K. Masyn. 2005. " Discrete-Time Survival Mixture Analysis." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 30: 27 - 58.
65. O'Rand, A.M. 1996. "The Precious and the Precocious: Understanding Cumulative Disadvantage and Cumulative Advantage Over the Life Course. " The Gerontologist 36: 230 - 8.
66. Pallas, A.M. 2003. " Educational Transitions, Trajectories, and Pathways " Pp. 165 - 84 in Handbook of the Life Course, edited by J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
67. Rosenbaum, R.A. 1979. "Tournament Mobility: Career Patterns in a Corporation. " Administrative Science Quarterly 24: 220 - 41.
68. Ross, C.E. and C. Wu. 1996. "Education, Age, and the Cumulative Advantage in Health. " Journal of Health and Social Behavior 37: 104 - 20.
69. Schoeni, R.F., V.A. Freedman, and R. Wallace. 2002. "Late-Life Disability Trajectories and Socioeconomic Status. " Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics 22: 184 - 206.
70. Spector, W.D. and J.A. Fleishman. 1998. "Combining Activities of Daily Living With Instrumental Activities of Daily Living to Measure Functional Disability." Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 53B: S46 - S57.
71. Spillman, B.C. 2004. "Changes in Elderly Disability Rates and the Implications for Health Care Utilization and Cost. " The Milbank Quarterly 82: 157 - 94.
72. Taylor, M.G. 2005 a. " Disentangling the Life Course Process of Disability in Later Life: The Role of Socioeconomic Status." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Orlando, FL, November.
73. ______. 2005 b. Disaggregating Disability Trajectories: Exploring Differences in the Disability Experience of Older Adults in the United States. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Duke University, Durham, NC.
74. Taylor, M.G. and S.M. Lynch. 2004. "Trajectories of Impairment, Social Support, and Depressive Symptoms in Later Life." Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 59B: S238 - 46.
75. Uhlenberg, P. 1992. "Population Aging and Social Policy. " Annual Review of Sociology 18: 449 - 74.
76. Verbrugge, L.M., J.M. Reoma, and A.L. Gruber-Baldini. 1994. "Short-Term Dynamics of Disability and Well Being. " Journal of Health and Social Behavior 35: 97 - 117.
77. Weinick, R.M., S.H. Zuvekas, and J.W. Cohen. 2000. " Racial and Ethnic Differences in Access to the Use of Health Care Services, 1977 to 1996." Medical Care Research and Review 57: 36 - 54.
78. Williams, D.R. 2004. Racism and Health. Pp. 69 - 80 in Closing the Gap: Improving the Health of Minority Elders in the New Millenium, edited by K. E. Whitfield. Washington DC: Gerontological Society of America.
79. ______. 2005. "The Health of U. S. Racial and Ethnic Populations." Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences 60B: 53 - 62.
80. Williams, D.R. and C. Collins. 1995. "U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations. " Annual Review of Sociology 21: 349 - 86.
81. Williams, D., Y. Yu, J. Jackson, and N. Anderson. 1997. " Racial Differences in Physical and Mental Health: Socioeconomic Status, Stress, and Discrimination " Journal of Health Psychology 2: 335 - 51.
82. Winship, Christopher and Larry Radbill. 1994. "Sampling Rates and Regression Analysis. " Sociological Methods and Research 23: 230 - 57.
83. Zimmer, Z. and J.S. House. 2003. Education, Income, and Functional Limitation Transitions Among American Adults: Contrasting Onset and Progression. International Journal of Epidemiology 32: 1089 - 97.