Black-white differences in health and mortality: A review and conceptual model

Sociological Quarterly

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 105-125

  Hummer, Robert A ^a  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030551615     PISSN: 00380253     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1996.tb02333.x     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Adler, Nancy, Thomas Boyce, Margaret Chesney, Sheldon Cohen, Susan Folkman, Robert Kahn, and Leonard Syme. 1994. "Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Challenge of the Gradient." American Psychologist 49:15-24.
2. Antonovsky, Aaron. 1967. "Social Class, Life Expectancy, and Overall Mortality." Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 45:31-73.
3. Aral, S., and King Holmes. 1990. "Epidemiology of Sexual Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Diseases." Pp. 19-36 in Sexually Transmitted Diseases, edited by K. Holmes, et al. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4. Armstead, C., K. Lawler, G. Gorden, J. Cross, and J. Gibbons. 1989. "Relationship of Racial Stressors to Blood Pressure Responses and Anger Expression in Black College Students." Health Psychology 8:541-556.
5. Berkman, Lisa and Lester Breslow. 1983. Health and Ways of Living. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Blendon, Robert, Linda Aiken, Howard Freeman, and Christopher Corey. 1989 "Access to Medical Care for Black and White Americans." Journal of the American Medical Association 261:278-281.
7. Brewster, Karen. 1994. "Race Differences in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent Women: The Role of Neighborhood Characteristics." American Sociological Review 59:408-424.
8. Bullard, Robert. 1983. "Solid Waste Sites and the Black Houston Community." Sociological Inquiry 53:273-288.
9. Cabral, H., L. Fried, S. Levenson, H. Amaro, and B. Zuckerman. 1990. "Foreign-Born and U.S.-Born Black Women: Differences in Health Behaviors and Birth Outcomes." American Journal of Public Health 80:70-72.
10. Collins, James, and Richard David. 1990. "The Differential Effect of Traditional Risk Factors on Infant Birth Weight among Blacks and Whites in Chicago." American Journal of Public Health 80:679-681.
11. Cooper, Richard. 1984. "A Note on the Biologic Concept of Race and Its Application in Epidemiological Research." American Heart Journal 108:715-723.
12. Cooper, Richard. 1994. "A Case Study in the Use of Race and Ethnicity in Public Health Surveillance." Public Health Reports 109:46-52.
13. Cooper, Richard, and Brian Simmons. 1985. "Cigarette Smoking and Ill Health among Black Americans." New York State Journal of Medicine: (July):344-349.
14. Cottington, E., B. Brock, J. House, and V. Hawthorne. 1985. "Psychosocial Factors and Blood Pressure in the Michigan Statewide Blood Pressure Survey." American Journal of Epidemiology 121:515-529.
15. Cox, D., A. Taylor, G. Nowacek, P. Holley-Wilcox, S. Pohl, and E. Guthrow. 1984. "The Relationship Between Psychological Stress and Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Blood Glucose Control: Preliminary Investigations." Health Psychology 3:63-75.
16. David, Richard, and James Collins. 1991. "Bad Outcomes in Black Babies: Race or Racism?" Ethnicity and Disease 1:236-244.
17. Davis, Ronald. 1987. "Current Trends in Cigarette Advertising and Marketing." The New England Journal of Medicine 316:725-732.
18. Dodge, D. and W. Martin. 1979. Social Stress and Chronic Illness. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
19. Dohrenwend, Barbara, and Bruce Dohrenwend. 1970. "Class and Race as Status-Related Sources of Stress." Pp. 111-140 in Social Stress, edited by S. Levine and N. Scotch. Chicago: Aldine.
20. Dressler, William. 1991. "Social Class, Skin Color, and Arterial Blood Pressure in Two Societies." Ethnicity and Disease 1:60-77.
21. Dressler, William. 1993a. "Health in the African-American Community: Accounting for Health Differentials." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 7:325-345.
22. Dressler, William. 1993b. "Social and Cultural Dimensions of Hypertension in Blacks: Underlying Mechanisms." Pp. 69-89 in Pathophysiology of Hypertension in Blacks, edited by J. Douglas and J. Fray. New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Duelberg, Sonja. 1992. "Preventive Health Behavior among Black and White Women in Urban and Rural Areas." Social Science and Medicine 34: 191-198.
24. Eberstadt, Nicholas. 1991. "America's Infant Mortality Puzzle." Public Interest 105:30-47.
25. Eberstein, Isaac. 1989. "Demographic Research on Infant Mortality." Sociological Forum 4:409-422.
26. Eberstein, Isaac. 1995. "Social Background, Risk, and Racial/Ethnic Differentials in Infant Mortality." Forthcoming in U.S. Race Relations, edited by G. Thomas. 2nd ed. New York: Taylor and Francis Publishers.
27. Essed, P. 1991. Everyday Racism. Claremont, CA: Hunter House.
28. Farley, Reynolds, and Walter Allen. 1988. The Color Line and the Quality of Life in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
29. Feagin, Joe. 1991. "The Continuing Significance of Race: Antiblack Discrimination in Public Places." American Sociological Review 56:101-116.
30. Frisbie, Parker, and Frank Bean. 1978. "Some Issues in the Demographic Study of Racial and Ethnic Populations." Pp. 1-11 in The Demography of Racial and Ethnic Groups, edited by F. Bean and P. Frisbie. New York: Academic Press.
31. Geronimus, Arline. 1992. "The Weathering Hypothesis and the Health of African American Women and Infants." Ethnicity and Disease 2:207-221.
32. Geronimus, Arline, Frank Andersen, and John Bound. 1991. "Differences in Hypertension Prevalence among U.S. Black and White Women of Childbearing Age." Public Health Reports 106:393-399.
33. Geronimus, Arline, and John Bound. 1990. "Black/White Differences in Women's Reproductive-Related Health Status: Evidence from Vital Statistics." Demography 27:457-466.
34. Geronimus, Arline, and Marianne Hillemeier. 1992. "Patterns of Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Black and White Women of Childbearing Age." Ethnicity and Disease 2:222-231.
35. Geronimus, Arline, Lisa Neidert, and John Bound. 1993. "Age Patterns of Smoking in U.S. Black and White Women of Childbearing Age." American Journal of Public Health 83:1258-1264.
36. Gershman, Kenneth, and Robert Rolfs. 1991. "Diverging Gonorrhea and Syphilis Trends in the 1980s: Are They Real?" American Journal of Public Health 81:1263-1267.
37. Gove, Walter. 1973. "Sex, Marital Status, and Mortality." American Journal of Sociology 79:45-67.
38. Hansell, Mary Jo. 1991. "Sociodemographic Factors and the Quality of Prenatal Care." American Journal of Public Health 81:1023-1028.
39. Hobel, Cal. 1991. "Social and Psychological Effects on the Physiology of Pregnancy." Paper presented at the National Institute for Child Health and Human Development Workshop on Infant Mortality and Low Birth Weight, Bethesda, MD.
40. Hogue, Carol, and Martha Hargraves. 1993. "Class, Race, and Infant Mortality in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 83:9-13.
41. Hope, R. 1992. "Child Survival and Health Care among Low-Income African American Families in the United States." Health Transition Review 2:151-163.
42. House, James, Karl Landis, and Debra Umberson. 1988. "Social Relationships and Health." Science 241:540-545.
43. Hughes, Michael, and Bradley Hertel. 1990. "The Significance of Color Remains: A Study of Life Chances, Mate Selection, and Ethnic Consciousness among Black Americans." Social Forces 68:1105-1120.
44. Hummer, Robert. 1993a. Race and Infant Mortality in the United States: A Comprehensive Examination of Individual-Level Mediating Factors. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Services.
45. Hummer, Robert. 1993b. "Racial Differentials in Infant Mortality in the U.S.: An Examination of Social and Health Determinants." Social Forces 70: 529-554.
46. Istvan, Joseph. 1986. "Stress, Anxiety, and Birth Outcomes: A Critical Review of the Evidence." Psychological Bulletin 100:331-348.
47. James, Sherman. 1993. "Racial and Ethnic Differences in Infant Mortality and Low Birth Weight: A Psychosocial Critique." Annual Epidemiology 3:130-136.
48. Joyce, Theodore. 1990. "The Dramatic Increase in the Rate of Low Birth Weight in New York City: An Aggregate Time-Series Analysis." American Journal of Public Health 80:682-684.
49. Kallan, Jeffrey. 1993. "Race, Intervening Variables, and Two Forms of Low Birth Weight." Demography 30:489-506.
50. Keil, Julian, Susan Sutherland, Rebecca Knapp, and Herman Tyroler. 1992. "Does Equal Socioeconomic Status in Black and White Men Mean Equal Risk of Mortality?" American Journal of Public Health 82:1133-1136.
51. Keith, Verna, and Cedric Herring. 1991. "Skin Tone and Stratification in the Black Community." American Journal of Sociology 97:760-778.
52. Kessler, Ronald. 1979. "Stress, Social Status, and Psychological Distress." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 20:259-272.
53. Kessler, Ronald, and Harold Neighbors. 1986. "A New Perspective on the Relationships among Race, Social Class, and Psychological Distress." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 27:107-115.
54. Kitagawa, Evelyn and Philip Hauser. 1973. Differential Mortality in the United States: A Study in Socioeconomic Epidemiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
55. Kleinman, Joel, Lois Fingerhut, and Kate Prager. 1991. "Differences in Infant Mortality by Race, Nativity Status, and Other Maternal Characteristics." American Journal of Diseases of Children 145:194-199.
56. Kleinman, Joel, Mitchell Pierre, Jennifer Madans, Garland Land, and Wayne Schramm. 1988. "The Effects of Maternal Smoking on Fetal and Infant Mortality." American Journal of Epidemiology 127: 274-282.
57. Kochanek, Kenneth, Jeffrey Maurer, and Harry Rosenberg. 1994. "Why Did Black Life Expectacny Decline From 1984 Through 1989 in the U.S.?" American Journal of Public Health 84:938-944.
58. Koontz, A. 1984. "Pregnancy and Infant Health: Progress Toward the 1990 Objectives." Public Health Reports 99:194.
59. Kreiger, Nancy. 1990. "Racial and Gender Discrimination: Risk Factors for High Blood Pressure?" Social Science and Medicine 30:1273-1281.
60. Krieger, Nancy, and Elizabeth Fee. 1994. "Social Class: The Missing Link in U.S. Health Data." International Journal of Health Services 24:25-44.
61. LaVeist, Thomas. 1989. "Linking Residential Segregation to the Infant Mortality Race Disparity." Sociology and Social Research 73:90-94.
62. LaVeist, Thomas. 1992. "The Political Empowerment and Health Status of African Americans: Mapping a New Territory." American Journal of Sociology 97:1080-1095.
63. LaVeist, Thomas. 1993. "Segregation, Poverty, and Empowerment: Health Consequences for African Americans." The Milbank Quarterly 71:41-64.
64. Mangold, William, and Eve Powell-Griner. 1991. "Race of Parents and Infant Birth Weight in the United States." Social Biology 38:13-27.
65. Manton, Kenneth, C. Patrick, and K. Johnson. 1987. "Health Differentials Between Blacks and Whites: Recent Trends in Mortality and Morbidity." The Milbank Quarterly 65:129-199.
66. Massey, Douglas, and Nancy Denton. 1989. "Hypersegregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Black and Hispanic Segregation along Five Dimensions." Demography 26:373-392.
67. Massey, Douglas, and Nancy Denton. 1993. American Apartheid. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
68. McCord, Colin, and Harold Freeman. 1994. "Excess Mortality in Harlem." Pp. 35-42 in The Sociology of Health and Illness, edited by P. Conrad and R. Kern. New York: St. Martin's.
69. Montagu, Ashley. 1974. Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race, 5th ed. London: Oxford University Press.
70. Mosley, Henry, and Lincoln Chen. 1984. "An Analytic Framework for the Study of Child Survival in Developing Countries." Population Development and Review 10(suppl.):25-45.
71. Mutchler, Jan, and Jeffrey Burr. 1991. "Racial Differences in Health and Health Care Service Utilization in Later Life: The Effect of Socioeconomic Status." The Journal of Health and Social Behavior 32:342-356.
72. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). 1993. Health, United States, 1992. Hyattsville, Md: U.S. Public Health Service.
73. National Research Council (NRC). 1989. A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
74. Navarro, Vincente. 1990. "Race or Class Versus Race and Class: Mortality Differentials in the United States." Lancet 336:1238-1240.
75. Navarro, Vincente. 1991. "Class and Race: Life and Death Situations." Monthly Review 16:1-13.
76. Partin, Melissa, and Alberto Palloni. 1994. "Accounting for the Recent Increases in Low Birth Weight among African Americans." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Miami, FL.
77. Polednak, Anthony. 1991. "Black-White Differences in Infant Mortality in 38 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas." American Journal of Public Health 81:1480-1482.
78. Potter, Lloyd. 1991. "Socioeconomic Determinants of White and Black Males' Life Expectancy Differentials, 1980." Demography 28:303-321.
79. Rice, Roselyn, Pacita Roberts, Hunter Handsfield, and King Holmes. 1991. "Sociodemographic Distribution of Gonorrhea Incidence: Implications for Prevention and Behavioral Research." American Journal of Public Health 81:1252-1258.
80. Rogers, Richard. 1991. "Marital Status and Mortality." Population Program Working Paper Number WP-91-2. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado.
81. Rogers, Richard. 1992. "Living and Dying in the U.S.A.: Sociodemographic Determinants of Death Among Blacks and Whites." Demography 29:287-303.
82. Rogers, Richard. 1994. "Mortality Differentials in a Diverse Society." Population Program Working Paper Number WP-94-9. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado.
83. Rogers, Richard, Robert Hummer, Charles Nam, and Kimberly Peters. 1996. Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Behavioral Factors Affecting Ethnic Mortality by Cause. Social Forces (Forthcoming).
84. Rumbaut, Ruben, and John Weeks. 1989. "Infant Health Among Indochinese Refugees: Patterns of Infant Mortality, Birth Weight, and Prenatal Care in Comparative Perspective." Research in the Sociology of Health Care 8:137-196.
85. Rushing, Beth, Christian Ritter, and Russell Burton. 1992. "Race Differences in the Effects of Multiple Roles on Health: Longitudinal Evidence from a National Sample of Older Men." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33:126-139.
86. Ryan, William. 1971. Blaming the Victim. New York: Random House.
87. Samuels, Barbara. 1986. "Infant Mortality and Low Birth Weight Among Minority Groups in the United States: A Review of the Literature." Pp. 33-85 in Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Black and Minority Health, Vol 6. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Government Printing Office.
88. Schoendorf, Kenneth, Carol Hogue, Joel Kleinman, and Diane Rowley. 1992. "Mortality among Infants of Black as Compared with White College-Educated Parents." The New England Journal of Medicine 326:1522-1526.
89. Scribner, R. and J. Dwyer. 1989. "Acculturation and Low Birthweight among Latinos in the Hispanic HANES." American Journal of Public Health 79:1263-1267.
90. Shiono, Patricia, Mark Klebanoff, and George Rhoads. 1986. "Smoking and Drinking During Pregnancy: Their Effects on Preterm Birth." Journal of the American Medical Association 255:82-84.
91. Singh, Harmeet. 1990. "Stork Reality: Why America's Infants are Dying." Policy Review (spring):56-63.
92. Sorlie, Paul, Eugene Rogot, Roger Anderson, Norman Johnson, and Eric Backlund. 1992. "Black-White Mortality Differences by Family Income." The Lancet 340:346-350.
93. Stack, Carol. 1974. All Our Kin. New York: Harper and Row.
94. Starfield, Barbara. 1991. "Race, Family Income, and Low Birth Weight." American Journal of Epidemiology 134:1167-1174.
95. Summers, Gene. 1991. "Minorities in Rural Society." Rural Sociology 56:177-188.
96. Susser, M., W. Watson, and K. Hopper. 1985. Sociology in Medicine. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
97. Syme, Leonard, Nancy Moss, and Nancy Krieger. 1994. "Measuring Social Inequalities in Health." Recommendations of a conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, Annapolis, MD.
98. Wallace, Steven. 1990. "Race Versus Class in the Health Care of African American Elderly." Social Problems 37:517-534.
99. Williams, David. 1990. "Socioeconomic Differentials in Health: A Review and Redirection." Social Psychology Quarterly 53:81-99.
100. Williams, David. 1992. "Black-White Differences in Blood Pressure: The Role of Social Factors." Ethnicity and Disease 2:126-141.
101. Williams, David, Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, and Rueben Warren. 1994. "The Concept of Race and Health Status in America." Public Health Reports 109:26-42.
102. Williams, Ronald, Nancy Binkin, and Elizabeth Clingman. 1986. "Pregnancy Outcomes among Spanish-Surname Women in California." American Journal of Public Health 76:387-391.
103. Wilson, William. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
104. Wise, Paul. 1993. "Confronting Racial Disparities in Infant Mortality: Reconciling Science and Politics." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9(suppl.):7-16.