Iron and thrombosis

Annals of Hematology

Volumn 87, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 167-173

  Franchini, Massimo ^a,c   Targher, Giovanni ^b   Montagnana, Martina ^b   Lippi, Giuseppe ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^c OSPEDALE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anemia; Iron; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

3 NITROTYROSINE; DEFEROXAMINE; ERYTHROPOIETIN; FERRITIN; IRON; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; THROMBOPOIETIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GENETIC MARKER; HUMAN; IRON BLOOD LEVEL; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; IRON DEPLETION; IRON OVERLOAD; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS; THROMBOCYTOSIS; THROMBOGENESIS; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; ANIMALS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; GENETIC MARKERS; HUMANS; IRON; IRON OVERLOAD; THROMBOSIS;

EID: 38649142122     PISSN: 09395555     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00277-007-0416-1     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Gillum RF, Sempos CT, Makuc DM, Looker AC, Chien CY, Ingram DD (1996) Serum transferrin saturation, stroke incidence, and mortality in women and men. The NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 144:59-68
2. Keung YK, Owen J (2004) Iron deficiency and thrombosis: Literature review. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 10:387-391
3. Kirkham FJ (2003) Stroke and cerebrovascular disease in childhood. Curr Open Pediatr 13:350-359
4. Dame C, Sutor AH (2003) Primary and secondary thrombocytosis in childhood. Br J Haematol 129:165-177
5. Chan AK, Deveber G, Monagle P, Brooker LA, Massicotte PM (2003) Venous thrombosis in children. J Thromb Haemost 1:1443-1455
6. Ma J, Stampfer MJ (2002) Body iron stores and coronary heart disease. Clin Chem 48:601-603
7. Sempos CT (2002) Do body iron stores increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease? Am J Clin Nutr 76:501-503
8. Schloesser LL, Kipp MA, Wenzel FJ (1965) Thrombocytosis in iron-deficiency anemia. J Lab Clin Med 66:107-114
9. Ready WK, Lowry NJ (1989) Anemia causing cerebral infarction in a child. CMAJ 140:303-304
10. Belman AL, Roque CT, Ancona R, Anand AK, Davis RP (1990) Cerebral venous thrombosis in a child with iron deficiency anemia and thrombocytosis. Stroke 21:488-493
11. Bruggers CS, Ware R, Altman AJ, Rourk MH, Vedanarayanan V, Chaffee S (1990) Reversible focal neurologic deficits in severe iron deficiency anemia. J Pediatr 117:430-432
12. Matsuoka Y, Hayasaka S, Yamada K (1996) Incomplete occlusion of central retinal artery in a girl with iron deficiency anemia. Ophthalmologica 210:358-360
13. Hartfield DS, Lowry NJ, Keene DL, Yager JY (1997) Iron deficiency: A cause of stroke in infants and children. Pediatr Neurol 16:50-53
14. Swann IL, Kendra JR (2000) Severe iron deficiency anaemia and stroke. Clin Lab Haematol 22:221-223
15. Meena AK, Naidu KS, Murthy JM (2000) Cortical sinovenous thrombosis in a child with nephrotic syndrome and iron deficiency anaemia. Neurol India 48:292-294
16. Kirkham TH, Wrigley PF, Holt JM (1971) Central retinal vein occlusion complicating iron deficiency anaemia. Br J Ophthalmol 55:777-780
17. Knizley H Jr, Noyes WD (1972) Iron deficiency anemia, papilledema, thrombocytosis, and transient hemiparesis. Arch Intern Med 129:483-486
18. Alexander MB (1983) Iron deficiency anemia, thrombocytosis, and cerebrovascular accident. South Med J 76:662-663
19. Heller DS, Pervez NK, Kleinerman J (1988) Fatal cerebrovascular thrombosis in a young woman: An unusual complication associated with hypochromic anemia and thrombocytosis following surgery. Mt Sinai J Med 55:318-320
20. Aoki N, Sakai T (1989) Cerebral sinus thrombosis in patients with severe iron deficiency anaemia due to myoma uteri. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 97:131-134
21. Stehle G, Buss J, Heene DL (1991) Noninfectious thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus in a patient with iron deficiency anemia. Stroke 22:414
22. Saxena VK, Brands C, Crols R, Moens E, Marien P, de Deyn PP (1993) Multiple cerebral infarctions in a young patient with secondary thrombocythemia due to iron deficiency anemia. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 15:297-302
23. Akins PT, Glenn S, Nemeth PM, Derdeyn CP (1996) Carotid artery thrombus associated with severe iron-deficiency anemia and thrombocytosis. Stroke 27:1002-1005
24. Kacer B, Hattenbach LO, Horle S, Scharrer I, Kroll P, Koch F (2001) Central retinal vein occlusion and nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy in 2 patients with mild iron deficiency anemia. Ophthalmologica 215:128-131
25. Benedict SL, Bonkowsky JL, Thompson JA, Van Orman CB, Boyer RS, Bale JF Jr, Filloux FM (2004) Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children: another reason to treat iron deficiency anemia. J Child Neurol 19:526-531
26. Kinoshita Y, Taniura S, Shishido H, Nojima T, Kamitani H, Watanebe T (2006) Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with iron deficiency: two case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 46:589-593
27. Dan K (2005) Thrombocytosis in iron deficiency anemia. Intern Med 44:1025-1026
28. Dickeroff R, von Ruecker A (1991) Thrombozytose im Kindesalter. Differentialdiagnose und klinische Bedeutung. Paediatrische Praxis 41:25-28
29. Nagai T, Komatsu N, Sakata Y, Miura Y, Ozawa K (2005) Iron deficiency anemia with marked thrombocytosis complicated by central retinal vein occlusion. Intern Med 44:1090-1092
30. Stolz E, Valdueza JM, Grebe M, Schlachetzki F, Schmitt E, Madlener K, Rahimi A, Kempkes-Matthes B, Blaes F, Gerriets T, Kaps M (2007) Anemia as a risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis? An old hypothesis revisited: Results of a prospective study. J Neurol 254:729-734
31. Karpatkin S, Garg S, Freedman M (1974) Role of iron as a regulator of thrombopoiesis. Am J Med 57:521-525
32. Beguin Y (1999) Erythropoietin and platelet production. Haematologica 84:541-547
33. Akan H, Guven N, Aydogdu I, Arat M, Beksac M, Dalva K (2000) Thrombopoietic cytokines in patients with iron deficiency anemia with or without thrombocytosis. Acta Haematol 103:152-156
34. Bilic E, Bilic E (2003) Amino acid sequence homology of thrombopoietin and erythropoietin may explain thrombocytosis in children with iron deficiency anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25:675-676
35. Racke F (2003) EPO and TPO sequences do not explain thrombocytosis in iron deficiency anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25:919
36. Geddis AE, Kaushansky K (2003) Cross-reactivity between erythropoietin and thrombopoietin at the level of Mpl does not account for the thrombocytosis seen in iron deficiency. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25:919-920
37. Tekin D, Yavuzer S, Tekin M, Akar N, Cin S (2001) Possible effects of antioxidant status on increased platelet aggregation in childhood iron-deficiency anemia. Pediatr Int 43:74-77
38. Balci K, Utku U, Asil T, Buyukkoyuncu N (2007) Deep cerebral vein thrombosis associated with iron deficiency anaemia in adults. J Clin Neurosci 14:181-184
39. Young RS, Rannels DE, Hilmo A, Gerson JM, Goodrich D (1983) Severe anemia in childhood presenting as transient ischemic attacks. Stroke 14:622-623
40. Hart RG, Kanter MG (1990) Hematologic disorders and ischemic stroke. A selective review. Stroke 21:1111-1121
41. Day SM, Duquaine D, Mundada LV, Menon RG, Khan BV, Rajagopalan S, Fay WP (2003) Chronic iron administration increases vascular oxidative stress and accelerates arterial thrombosis. Circulation 107:2601-2606
42. Zweier JL, Broderick R, Kuppusamy P, Thompson-Gorman S, Lutty GA (1994) Determination of the mechanism of free radical generation in human aortic endothelial cells exposed to anoxia and reoxygenation. J Biol Chem 26:24156-24162
43. Araujo JA, Romano EL, Brito BE, Parthe V, Romano M, Bracho M, Montano RF, Cardier J (1995) Iron overload augments the development of atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15:1172-1180
44. Lee TS, Shiao MS, Pan CC, Chau LY (1999) Iron-deficient diet reduces atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice. Circulation 99:1222-1229
45. Sullivan JL (1981) Iron and the sex difference in heart disease risk. Lancet 1:1293-1294
46. Sullivan JL (1989) The iron paradigm of ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J 117:1177-1188
47. Sullivan JL (2003) Are menstruating women protected from heart disease because of, or in spite of, estrogen? Relevance to the iron hypothesis. Am Heart J 145:190-194
48. Meyers DG (2000) The iron hypothesis: Does iron play a role in atherosclerosis? Transfusion 40:1023-1029
49. Meyers DG, Strickland D, Maloley PA, Seburg JK, Wilson JE, McManus BF (1997) Possible association of a reduction in cardiovascular events with blood donation. Heart 78:188-193
50. Meyers DG, Jensen KC, Menitove JE (2002) A historical cohort study of the effect of lowering body iron through blood donation on incident cardiac events. Transfusion 42:1135-1139
51. Tuomainen TP, Salonen R, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT (1997) Cohort study of relation between donating blood and risk of myocardial infarction in 2682 men in eastern Finland. BMJ 314:793-794
52. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ (2001) Blood donations and risk of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation 103:52-57
53. Salonen JT, Tuomainen TP, Salonen R, Lakka TA, Nyyssonen K (1998) Donation of blood is associated with reduced risk of myocardial infarction. The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Am J Epidemiol 148:445-451
54. Zheng H, Cable R, Spencer B, Votto N, Katz SD (2005) Iron stores and vascular function in voluntary blood donors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:1577-1583
55. Duffy SJ, Biegelsen ES, Holbrook M, Russell JD, Gokce N, Keaney JF Jr, Vita JA (2001) Iron chelation improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 103:2799-2804
56. Zacharski LR, Chow BK, Howes PS, Shamayeva G, Baron JA, Dalman RL, Malenka DJ, Ozaki CK, Lavori PW (2007) Reduction of iron stores and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 297:603-610
57. Sempos CT, Looker AC, Gillum RE, McGee DL, Vuong CV, Johnson CL (2000) Serum ferritin and death from all causes and cardiovascular disease: The NHANES II Mortality Study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Study. Ann Epidemiol 10:441-448
58. van der A DL, Peeters PH, Grobbee DE, Marx JJ, van der Schouw YT (2005) Dietary haem iron and coronary heart disease in women. Eur Heart J 26:257-262
59. Ramakrishna G, Rooke TW, Cooper LT (2003) Iron and peripheral arterial disease: Revisiting the iron hypothesis in a different light. Vasc Med 8:203-210
60. Haidari M, Javadi E, Sanati A, Hajilooi M, Ghanbili J (2001) Association of increased ferritin with premature coronary stenosis in men. Clin Chem 47:1666-1672
61. Bozzini C, Girelli D, Tinazzi E, Olivieri O, Stranieri C, Bassi A, Trabetti E, Faccini G, Pignatti PF, Corrocher R (2002) Biochemical and genetic markers of iron status and the risk of coronary artery disease: an angiography-based study. Clin Chem 48:622-628
62. Salonen JT, Nyyssonen K, Korpela H, Tuomilehto J, Seppanen R, Salonen R (1992) High stored iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation 86:803-811
63. Salonen JT, Nyyssonen K, Salonen R (1994) Body iron stores and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 331:1159
64. Kiechl S, Willeit J, Egger G, Poewe W, Oberhollenzer F (1997) Body iron stores and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis: Prospective results from the Bruneck study. Circulation 96:3300-3307
65. Morrison HI, Semenciw RM, Mao Y, Wigle DT (1994) Serum iron and risk of fatal acute myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 5:243-246
66. Gillum RF (1997) Body iron stores and atherosclerosis. Circulation 96:3261-3263
67. de Valk B, Marx JJ (1999) Iron, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Arch Intern Med 159:1542-1548
68. Niederau C (2000) Iron overload and atherosclerosis. Hepatology 32:672-674
69. Danesh J, Appleby P (1999) Coronary heart disease and iron status: meta-analyses of prospective studies. Circulation 99:852-854
70. Sempos CT, Looker AC, Gillum RF, Makuc DM (1994) Body iron stores and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 330:1119-1124
71. Wolff B, Volzke H, Ludemann J, Robinson D, Vogelgesang D, Staudt A, Kessler C, Dahm JB, John U, Felix SB (2004) Association between high serum ferritin levels and carotid atherosclerosis in the study of health in Pomerania (SHIP). Stroke 35:453-457
72. Auer J, Rammer M, Berent R, Weber T, Lassnig E, Eber B (2002) Body iron stores and coronary atherosclerosis assessed by coronary angiography. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 12:285-290
73. Hu FB (2007) The iron-heart hypothesis. JAMA 297:639-641
74. Sullivan JL (1999) Iron and the genetics of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 100:1260-1263
75. Tuomainen TP, Kontula K, Nyyssonen K, Lakka TA, Helio T, Salonen JT (1999) Increased risk of acute myocardial infarction in carriers of the hemochromatosis gene Cys282Tyr mutation: A prospective cohort study in men in eastern Finland. Circulation 100:1274-1279
76. Roest M, van der Schouw YT, de Valk B, Marx JJ, Tempelman MJ, de Groot PG, Sixma JJ, Banga JD (1999) Heterozygosity for a hereditary hemochromatosis gene is associated with cardiovascular death in women. Circulation 100:1268-1273
77. Rasmussen ML, Folsom AR, Catellier DJ, Tsai MY, Garg U, Eckfeldt JH (2001) A prospective study of coronary heart disease and the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) C282Y mutation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Atherosclerosis 154:739-746
78. Gaenzer H, Marschang P, Sturm W, Neumayr G, Vogel W, Patsch J, Weiss G (2002) Association between increased iron stores and impaired endothelial function in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. JACC 40:2189-2194
79. Ellervik C, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Grande P, Appleyard M, Nordestgaard BG (2005) Hereditary hemochromatosis and risk of ischemic heart disease: A prospective study and a case-control study. Circulation 112:185-193
80. Rossi E, McQuillan BM, Hung J, Thompson PL, Kuek C, Beilby JP (2000) Serum ferritin and C282Y mutation of the hemochromatosis gene as predictors of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis in a community population. Stroke 31:3015-3020
81. Franco RF, Zago MA, Trip MD, ten Cate H, van den Ende A, Prins MH, Kastelein JJ, Reitsma PH (1998) Prevalence of hereditary haemochromatosis in premature atherosclerotic vascular disease. Br J Haematol 102:1172-1175
82. Battiloro E, Ombres D, Pascale E, D, 'Ambrosio E, Verna R, Arca M (2000) Haemochromatosis gene mutations and risk of coronary artery disease. Eur J Hum Genet 8:389-392
83. Hetet G, Elbaz A, Gariepy J, Nicaud V, Arveiler D, Morrison C, Kee F, Evans A, Simon A, Amarenco P, Cambien F, Grandchamp B (2001) Association studies between haemochromatosis gene mutations and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Clin Investig 31:382-388
84. Claeys D, Walting M, Julmy F, Wuillemin WA, Meyer BJ (2002) Haemochromatosis mutations and ferritin in myocardial infarction: A case-control study. Eur J Clin Investig 32(Suppl. 1):3-8
85. Nassar BA, Zayed EM, Title LM, O,'Neill BJ, Bata IR, Kirkland SA, Dunn J, Dempsey GI, Tan MH, Johnstone DE (1998) Relation of HFE gene mutations, high iron stores and early onset coronary artery disease. Can J Cardiol 14:215-220
86. Gunn IR, Maxwell FK, Gaffney D, McMahon AD, Packard CJ (2004) Haemochromatosis gene mutations and risk of coronary heart disease: A west of Scotland coronary prevention study (WOSCOPS) substudy. Heart 90:304-306
87. Surber R, Sigusch HH, Kuehnert H, Figulla HR (2003) Haemochromatosis (HFE) gene C282Y mutation and the risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction: A study in 1279 patients undergoing coronary angiography. J Med Genet 40: E58
88. Campbell S, George DK, Robb SD, Spooner R, McDonagh TA, Dargie HJ, Mills PR (2003) The prevalence of haemochromatosis gene mutations in the West of Scotland and their relation to ischaemic heart disease. Heart 89:1023-1026
89. Yunker LM, Parboosingh JS, Conradson HE, Faris P, Bridge PJ, Buithieu J, Title LM, Charbonneau F, Verma S, Lonn EM, Anderson TJ (2006) The effect of iron status on vascular health. Vasc Med 11:85-91
90. Mahon NG, Coonar AS, Jeffery S, Coccolo F, Akiyu J, Zal B, Houlston R, Levin GE, Baboonian C, McKenna WJ (2000) Haemochromatosis gene mutations in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Heart 84:541-547
91. Hannuksela J, Leppilampi M, Peuhkurinen K, Karkkainen S, Saastamoinen E, Helio T, Kaartinen M, Nieminen MS, Nieminen P, Parkkila S (2005) Hereditary hemochromatosis gene (HFE) mutations C282Y, H63D and S65C in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail 7:103-108
92. Hetet G, Grandchamp B, Bouchier C, Nicaud V, Tiret L, Roizes G, Desnos M, Schwartz K, Dorent R, Komajda M (2001) Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: Lack of association with haemochromatosis gene in the CARDIGENE study. CARDIGENE Group Heart 86:702-703
93. Njajou OT, Hollander M, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM, van Duijn CM (2002) Mutations in the hemochromatosis gene (HFE) and stroke. Stroke 23:2363-2366
94. Hruskovicova H, Milanez T, Kobal J, Potisk KP, Petrovic D, Peterlin B (2005) Hemochromatosis-causing mutations C282Y and H63D are not risk factors for atherothrombotic cerebral infarction. Med Sci Monit 11: BR248-BR252
95. MacLean RM, Feeney GP, Bowley SJ, Bowen DJ, Worwood M, Collins PW (1999) Factor V Leiden and the common haemochromatosis mutation HFE C282Y: Is there an association in familial venous thromboembolic disease? Br J Haematol 107:210-212