Medical students' gender awareness: Construction of the Nijmegen gender awareness in medicine scale (N-GAMS)

Sex Roles

Volumn 58, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 222-234

  Verdonk, Petra ^a,b   Benschop, Yvonne W M ^c   De Haes, Hanneke C J M ^d   Lagro Janssen, Toine L M ^b  

^a MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

^d ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Gender awareness; Medical education; Scale construction

Indexed keywords

EID: 38349190720     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9326-x     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Aksornkool, N. (2002). Gender sensitivity. A training manual for sensitizing educational managers, curriculum and material developers and media professionals to gender concerns. In C. Joerger & E. Taylor (Eds.). Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved May 3, 2007 from http://www.unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/ 001281/128166eb.pdf
2. Anderson, S. J., & Johnson, J. T. (2003). The who and when of "gender-blind" attitudes: predictors of gender-role egalitarianism in two different domains. Sex Roles, 49, 527-532.
3. Arouni, A. J., & Rich, E. C. (2003). Physician gender and patient care. Journal of Gender Specific Medicine, 6, 24-30.
4. Batenburg, V. (1997). Medical students' attitudes: attitude development in a medical school. Doctoral dissertation, University Medical Centre Utrecht.
5. Beagan, B. L. (2000). Neutralizing differences: producing neutral doctors for (almost) neutral patients. Social Science and Medicine, 51, 1253-1265.
6. Benrud, L. M., & Reddy, D. M. (1998). Differential explanations of illness in women and men. Sex Roles, 38, 375-386.
7. Bylund, C. L., & Makoul, G. (2002). Empathic communication and gender in the physician-patient encounter. Patient Education and Counseling, 48, 207-216.
8. Chiaramonte, G. R., & Friend, R. (2006). Medical students' and residents' gender bias in the diagnosis, treatment, and interpretation of coronary heart disease. Health Psychology, 25, 255-266.
9. Commonwealth Secretariat. (2002). Gender mainstreaming in the health sector. Experiences in Commonwealth Countries. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
10. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2004). When professionals become mothers, warmth doesn't cut the ice. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 701-718.
11. Cuelenaere, B., & Molenaar-Cox, P. (2001). Begeleiding van mannen en vrouwen in het eerste ziektejaar [Health care for men and women in the first year of sickness absence]. Amsterdam: Landelijk Instituut Sociale Verzekeringen.
12. de Jong, G. M., & Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2006). A glass ceiling within academic general practice in Western Europe: Career-inhibiting and -facilitating factors for female general practitioners. European Journal of General Practice, 12, 183-184.
13. de Jong, C. A. J., van den Brink, W., & Jansen, J. A. M. (1993). Sex role stereotypes and clinical judgement: how therapists view their alcoholic patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10, 383-389.
14. Deveugele, M., Derese, A., van den Brink-Muinen, A., Bensing, J., & de Maeseneer, J. (2002). Consultation length in general practice: Cross sectional study in six European countries. British Medical Journal, 325, 472-474.
15. Doyal, L. (1995). What makes women sick. Gender and the political economy of health. New Brunswick, New: Rutgers University Press.
16. Doyal, L. (2001). Sex, gender and health: The need for a new approach. British Medical Journal, 323, 1061-1063.
17. Doyal, L., Payne, S., & Cameron, A. (2003). Promoting gender equality in health. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission. Retrieved April 12, 2006 from http://www.eoc.org.uk/PDF/promoting_gender_equality_in_health.pdf.
18. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P. & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902.
19. Floyd, B. J. (1997). Problems in accurate medical diagnosis of depression in female patients. Social Science and Medicine, 44, 403-412.
20. Foss, C., & Sundby, J. (2003). The construction of the gendered patient: hospital staff's attitudes to female and male patients. Patient Education and Counseling, 49, 45-52.
21. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512.
22. Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Masser, B., Manganelli, A. M., Huang, L.-L., Rodríguez Castro, Y., et al. (2004). Bad but bold: ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 713-728.
23. Hall, J. A., & Roter, D. L. (2002). Do patients talk differently to male and female physicians? A meta-analytic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 48, 217-224.
24. Heesacker, M., Wester, S. R., Vogel, D. L., Wentzel, J. T., Mejia-Millan, C. M., Goodholm, C. R., Jr. (1999). Gender-based emotional stereotyping. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 483-495.
25. Heiligers, P. J. M., & Hingstman, L. (2000). Career preferences and the work-family balance in medicine: Gender differences among medical specialists. Social Science and Medicine, 50, 1235-1246.
26. Hoffman, E. (2000). Women's health and complexity science. Academic Medicine, 75, 1102-1106.
27. Jimenez, C., & Poniatowski, B. (2004). Workshop on gender and health, Report 27 and 28 October 2004, United Nations University. Tokyo: United Nations.
28. Kerssens, J. J., Bensing, J. M., & Andela, M. A. (1997). Patient preference for genders of health professionals. Social Science and Medicine, 44, 1531-1540.
29. King, L. A., Vogt, D. S., King, D. W., & Keehn, M. G. (2002). Manual for the Gender Awareness Inventory-VA: An instrument to measure attitudes towards, sensitivity to, and knowledge about female patients in the Veterans Healthcare System. Boston: Health Services Research and Development Service, Department of Veteran Affairs.
30. Lagro-Janssen, T. (1997). De tweeslachtigheid van het verschil [The ambivalence of the difference]. Nijmegen: SUN. Oration.
31. Lagro-Janssen, T. (2007). Sex, gender and health. Developments in research. European Journal of Women's Studies, 14, 9-20.
32. Lagro-Janssen, T., & Noordenbos, G. (1997). De verdeling van ziekte en sterfte over de seksen [Distribution of gender differences in morbidity and disease]. In T. Lagro-Janssen & G. Noordenbos (Eds.), Sekseverschillen in ziekte en gezondheid [Gender differences in illness and health] (pp. 19-35). Nijmegen: SUN
33. LoFoWong, S. H., de Jonge, A., Wester, F., Mol, S. S. L., Römkens, R. R., & Lagro-Janssen, T. (2006). Discussing partner abuse: Does doctor's gender really matter? Family Practice, 23, 578-586.
34. Lugtenberg, M., Heiligers, P. J. M., & Hingstman, L. (2005). Artsen en hun carrièrewensen. Een literatuurverkenning [Doctors and their career wishes. A literature study]. Utrecht: NIVEL. Retrieved June 21, 2007 from http://www.nivel.nl/pdf/artsen-en-hun-carrierewensen-2005.pdf.
35. Manderson, L. (Ed.) (2003). Teaching gender, teaching women's health: Case studies in medical and health science education. New York: The Haworth Medical Press.
36. Meeuwesen, L., Bensing, J., & van den Brink-Muinen, A. (2002). Communicating fatigue in general practice and the role of gender. Patient Education and Counseling, 48, 233-242.
37. Meyboom-de Jong, B., Schmitt Jongbloed, L. J., & Willemsen, M. C. (2002). De arts van straks. Een nieuw medisch opleidingscontinuüm [The doctor of the future. A new continuing medical curriculum]. Utrecht: KNMG, DMW-VSNU, VAZ, NVZ, LCW. Retrieved July 10, 2007 from http://www.vsnu.nl/web/ show/id=51813/langid=43/.
38. Nicolette, J., & Jacobs, M. B. (2000). Integration of women's health into an internal medicine core curriculum for medical students. Academic Medicine, 75, 1061-1062.
39. Phillips, S. P. (2005). Defining and measuring gender: A social determinant of health whose time has come. International Journal for Equity in Health, 4, 11.
40. Portegijs, W., Hermans, B., & Lalta, V. (2006). Emancipatiemonitor 2006. Veranderingen in de leefsituatie en levensloop [Emancipationmonitor 2006. Changes in lifesituations and course of life]. Den Haag: Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau/Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek.
41. Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2003). Repairing Tom Swift's electric factor analysis machine. Understanding Statistics, 2, 13-43.
42. Ray, J. J. (1985). Acquiescence and response skewness in scale construction: A paradox. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 655-656.
43. Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Unpacking the gender system. A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society, 18, 510-531.
44. Risberg, G., Hamberg, K., & Johansson, E. E. (2003). Gender awareness among physicians-The effect of specialty and gender. A study of teachers at a Swedish medical school. BMC Medical Education, 3, 8.
45. Rosser, S. V. (1994). Women's health-Missing from U.S. medicine. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
46. Salgado, D. M., Vogt, D. S., King, L. A., & King, D. W. (2002). Gender Awareness Inventory-VA: A measure of ideology, sensitivity, and knowledge related to women veteran's health care. Sex Roles, 46, 247-262.
47. Smith, P. B. & Harris Bond, M. (1998). Social psychology across cultures (2nd ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall.
48. Stoverinck, M. J., Lagro-Janssen, A. L., & van Weel, C. V. (1996). Sex differences in health problems, diagnostic testing, and referral in primary care. Journal of Family Practice, 43, 567-576.
49. Street R. L., Jr. (2002). Gender differences in health care provider-patient communication: Are they due to style, stereotypes, or accommodation? Patient Education and Counseling, 48, 201-206.
50. Szymanski, L. A., Devlin, A. S., Chrisler, J. C., & Vyse, S. (1993). Gender role and attitudes toward rape in male and female college students. Sex Roles, 29, 37-57.
51. Takkenberg, J. J. M., Visser, M. C., & Kenter, G. G. (2007). Vrouwen gezocht voor topfuncties. Doorstroming kent nog steeds veel obstakels. Vrouw en man in de geneeskunde [Women wanted for toppositions. Career flow knows many obstacles]. In Verschillen erkennen, verschillen benutten, symposiumbundel 8 maart 35-37 [Woman and man in medicine. Acknowledging differences, utilizing differences]. Tilburg: vnVa Brabant-Zeeland.
52. ten Berge, J. M. F., & Siero, F. W. (1994). Factoranalyse [Factor analysis]. In A. van Knippenberg & F. W. Siero (Eds.), Multivariate analyse. Beknopte inleiding en toepassingen [Multivariate analysis. Introduction and application]. 2e herziene druk. Houten/Zaventem: Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum (pp. 53-82).
53. UN (1999). Women and health. Mainstreaming a gender perspective into the health sector. Report of the Expert Group Meeting, Tunis, 28 September-2 October 1998. New York: United Nations.
54. van den Bold, I. F. D., & Margry, Y. M. (2004). Dossieronderzoek naar het verschil in einde wachttijd beoordeling WAO door de verzekeringsarts tussen mannelijke en vrouwelijke cliënten [Document analysis of gender difference in disability assessment by a health insurance physician]. TBS, 12, 166-172.
55. van den Brink-Muinen, A., van Dulmen, S., Messerli-Rohrbach, V., & Bensing, J. (2002). Do gender-dyads have different communication patterns? A comparative study in Western-European general practices. Patient Education and Counseling, 48, 253-264.
56. van den Muijsenbergh, M. E. T. C., & Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2005). Seksuele intimidatie van co-assistenten tijdens hun stage [Sexual harrassment of medical students during their period of work placement]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, 149, 764-768.
57. Verdonk, P., Harting, E. J., & Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2007). Does equal education generate equal attitudes? Gender differences in medical students' attitudes toward the ideal physician. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 19, 9-13.
58. Verdonk, P., & Lagro-Janssen, T. (2005). Gender awareness in medical students. Construction of the Nijmegen Gender Awareness in Medicine Scale (NGAMS). Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Report.
59. Verdonk, P., Mans, L. J. L., & Lagro-Janssen, A. L. M. (2005). Integration of the factor gender into a basic medical curriculum. Medical Education, 39, 1118-1125.
60. Verdonk, P., Mans, L. J. L., & Lagro-Janssen, T. L. M. (2006). How is gender incorporated in the curricula of Dutch medical schools? A quick-scan on gender issues as an instrument for change. Gender and Education, 18, 399-412.
61. Vogt, D. S., Stone, E. R., Salgado, D. M., King, L. A., King, D. W. & Savarese, V. W. (2001). Gender awareness among Veterans Administration health-care workers: Existing strengths and areas for improvement. Women & Health, 34, 65-83.
62. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1987). Doing gender. Gender and Society, 1, 125-151.
63. WHO (1998). Gender and health: technical paper. Geneva: World Health Organization.
64. WHO (2006). Consensus statement on gender and medical education. Geneva, 4-6 December 2006.
65. Zelek, B., Phillips, S. P., & Lefebvre, Y. (1997). Gender sensitivity in medical curricula. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 156, 1297-1300.