Theropithecus and 'Out of Africa' dispersal in the Plio-Pleistocene

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 43-77

  Hughes, John K ^a   Elton, Sarah ^b   O'Regan, Hannah J ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

^c LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biogeography; Cercopithecid; Hominin; Homo; Modelling

Indexed keywords

COLONIZATION; FOSSIL RECORD; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; NUMERICAL MODEL; PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY; PALEOBIOLOGY; PLEISTOCENE; PLIOCENE; PRIMATE; RANGE EXPANSION;

AFRICA; ASIA; EAST AFRICA; EURASIA; EUROPE; INDIA; ITALY; NORTH AFRICA; SOUTH ASIA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

CERCOPITHECIDAE; PRIMATES; THEROPITHECUS; THEROPITHECUS DARTI; THEROPITHECUS OSWALDI;

EID: 38349147313     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.06.004     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Agusti J., and Antón M. Mammoths, Sabretooths and Hominids (2002), Columbia University Press, New York
2. Agusti J., Moyà-Solà S., and Pons-Moyà J. Venta Micena (Guadix-Baza basin, south-eastern Spain): its place in the Plio-Pleistocene mammal succession in Europe. Geol. Rom. 25 (1986) 33-62
3. Alemseged Z., and Geraads D. Theropithecus atlanticus (Thomas, 1884) (Primates: Cercopithecidae) from the late Pliocene of Ahl al Oughlam, Casablanca, Morocco. J. Hum. Evol. 34 (1998) 609-621
4. Antón S.C., Leonard W.R., and Robertson M.L. An ecomorphological model of the initial hominid dispersal from Africa. J. Hum. Evol. 43 (2002) 773-785
5. Ascenzi A., Mallegni F., Manzi G., Segre A.G., and Segre Naldini E. A re-appraisal of Ceprano calvaria affinities with Homo erectus, after the new reconstruction. J. Hum. Evol. 39 (2000) 443-450
6. Azzaroli A., and Napoleone G. Magnetostratigraphic investigation in the Upper Siwaliks near Pinjor, India. Riv. It. Palaeontol. Strat. 87 (1982) 739-762
7. Barry J.C. The history and chronology of Siwalik Cercopithecids. Hum. Evol. 2 (1987) 47-58
8. Belmaker M. First evidence of Theropithecus sp. in the Southern Levant. Israel. J. Zool. 48 (2002) 165
9. Benefit B.R. Victoriapithecus: the key to Old World monkey and catarrhine origins. Evol. Anthropol. 7 (1999) 155-174
10. Benefit B. Biogeography, dietary specialization, and the diversification of African Plio-Pleistocene monkeys. In: Bromage T.G., and Schrenk F. (Eds). African Biogeography, Climate Change and Evolution (1999), Oxford University Press, Oxford 172-188
11. Bobé R., and Behrensmeyer A.K. The expansion of grassland ecosystems in Africa in relation to mammalian evolution and the origin of the genus Homo. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 207 (2004) 399-420
12. Brain C.K. Swartkrans: A Cave's Chronicle of Early Man. Transvaal Museum Monograph No. 8 (1993), Transvaal Museum, Pretoria
13. Cadman A., and Rayner R.J. Climatic change and the appearance of Australopithecus africanus in the Makapansgat sediments. J. Hum. Evol. 18 (1989) 107-113
14. Cerling T.E., and Hay R.L. An isotopic study of paleosol carbonates from Olduvai Gorge. Quatern. Res. 25 (1988) 63-78
15. Codron D., Luyt J., Lee-Thorp J.A., Sponheimer M., de Ruiter D., and Codron J. Utilizations of savanna-based resources by Plio-Pleistocene baboons. S. Afr. J. Sci. 101 (2005) 245-248
16. Delson E. Cercopithecid biochronology of the African Plio-Pleistocene: correlation among eastern and southern hominid-bearing localities. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 69 (1984) 199-218
17. Delson E. Theropithecus fossils from Africa and India and the taxonomy of the genus. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 157-189
18. Delson E. Evolutionary history of the colobine monkeys in palaeoenvironmental perspective. In: Davies A.G., and Oates J.F. (Eds). Colobine Monkeys (1994), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 11-43
19. Delson E., and Dean D. Are Papio baringensis (R. Leakey, 1969), and Papio quadratirostris (Iwamoto, 1982), species of Papio or Theropithecus?. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 125-156
20. Delson E., Eck G.G., Leakey M.G., and Jablonski N.G. A partial catalogue of fossil remains of Theropithecus. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 499-525
21. Delson E., Terranova C.J., Jungers W.L., Sargis E.J., Jablonski N.G., and Dechow P.C. Body mass in Cercopithecidae (Primates, Mammalia): estimation and scaling in extinct and extant taxa. Am. Museum Nat. Hist. Anthropol. Papers 83 (2000) 1-159
22. DeMenocal P.B. African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 220 (2004) 3-24
23. Dennell R. Dispersal and colonisation, long and short chronologies: how continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa?. J. Hum. Evol. 45 (2003) 421-440
24. Dennell R., and Roebroeks W. An Asian perspective on early human dispersal from Africa. Nature 438 (2005) 1099-1104
25. Dodonov A.E., and Baiguzina L.L. Loess stratigraphy of Central Asia: Palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental aspects. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 14 (1995) 707-720
26. Dowsett, H.J., Barron, J.A., Poore, R.Z., Thompson, R.S., Cronin, T.M., Ishman, S.E., Willard, D.A., 1999. Middle Pliocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction: PRISM2. U.S. Geol. Surv., Reston, Va., Open File Rep. 99-535.
27. Eck G.G. Theropithecus darti from Hadar. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 15-83
28. Eck G.G., and Jablonski N.G. A reassessment of the taxonomic status and phyletic relationships of Papio baringensis and Papio quadratirostris (Primates: Cercopithecidae). Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 65 (1984) 109-134
29. Eck G.G., and Jablonski N.G. The skull of Theropithecus brumpti compared with those of other species of the genus Theropithecus. In: Coppens Y., and Howell F.C. (Eds). Les Faunes Plio-Pleistocenes de la Bas Vallee de l'Omo (Ethiopie), Cercopithecidae de la Formation de Shungura. Cahiers de Paleontologie Tome 3 (1987), Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 11-122
30. Elton, S. 2000. Ecomorphology and evolutionary biology of African cercopithecoids: providing an ecological context for hominin evolution. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge, UK.
31. Elton S. Locomotor and habitat classification of cercopithecoid postcranial material from Sterkfontein Member 4, Bolt's Farm and Swartkrans Members 1 and 2, S. Afr. Palaeontol. Africana 37 (2001) 115-126
32. Elton S. A reappraisal of the locomotion and habitat preference of Theropithecus oswaldi. Folia Primatol. 73 (2002) 252-280
33. Elton S. Forty years on and still going strong: the use of the hominin-cercopithecid comparison in palaeoanthropology. J.R. Anthropol. Inst. 12 (2006) 19-38
34. Elton S. Environmental correlates of the cercopithecoid radiations. Folia Primatol 78 (2007) 344-364
35. Elton S., Barham L., Andrews P., and Smith G.H.S. Pliocene femur of Theropithecus from the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. J. Hum. Evol. 44 (2003) 133-139
36. Falguères C., Bahain J.-J., Yokoyama Y., Arsuaga J.L., Bermudex de Castro J.M., Carbonell E., Bischoff J.L., and Dolo J.-M. Earliest humans in Europe: the age of TD6 Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain. J. Hum. Evol. 37 (1999) 343-352
37. Foley R.A. Comparative evolutionary biology of Theropithecus and the Hominidae. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 254-270
38. Frost S., and Delson E. Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Hadar Formation and surrounding areas, Pliocene of Ethiopia. J. Hum. Evol. 43 (2002) 687-748
39. Gabunia L., Vekua A., Lordkipanidze D., Swisher III C.C., Ferring R., Justus A., Nioradze M., Tvalchrelidze M., Antón S.C., Bosinski G., Jöris O., de Lumley M.-A., Majsuradze G., and Mouskhelishvili A. Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting and age. Science 288 (2000) 1019-1025
40. Geraads D. Carnivores du Pliocène terminal de Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc). Géobios 30 (1997) 127-164
41. Gibert J., Ribot F., Gibert L., Leakey M., Arribas A., and Martinez B. Presence of the Cercopithecid genus Theropithecus in Cueva Victoria (Murcia, Spain). J. Hum. Evol. 28 (1995) 487-493
42. Gordon C., Cooper C., Senior C.A., Banks H., Gregory J.M., Johns T.C., Mitchell J.F.B., and Wood R.A. The simulation of SST, sea ice extents and ocean heat transports in a version of the Hadley Centre coupled model without flux adjustments. Clim. Dyn. 16 (2000) 147-168
43. Goudie A.S. The drainage of Africa since the cretaceous. Geomorphology 67 (2005) 437-456
44. Gupta V.I., and Sahni A. Theropithecus delsoni, a new cercopithecine species from the Upper Siwaliks of India. Bull. Indian Geol. Assoc. 14 (1981) 69-71
45. Harris E.E. Molecular systematics of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini: analysis of the total available genetic sequences. J. Hum. Evol. 38 (2000) 235-256
46. Haywood A.M., Valdes P.J., Francis J.E., and Sellwood B.W. Global middle Pliocene biome reconstruction: a data/model synthesis. Geochem. Geophys., Geosyst. 3 12 (2002) 1072
47. Horowitz A. Continuous pollen diagrams for the last 3.5 My from Israel- vegetation, climate and correlation with the oxygen isotope record. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 72 (1989) 63-78
48. Hughes J.K., Haywood A., Mithen S., Sellwood B., and Valdes P.J. Investigating early hominin dispersal patterns: developing a framework for climate data integration. J. Hum. Evol. 53 (2007) 465-474
49. Iwamoto M. A fossil baboon skull from the lower Omo Basin, southwestern Ethiopia. Primates 23 (1982) 533-541
50. Iwamoto T. Food digestion and energetic conditions in Theropithecus gelada. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 453-462
51. Jablonski N.G. The hand of Theropithecus brumpti. In: Else J.G., and Lee P.C. (Eds). Primate Evolution, Proc. 10th Congr. Int. Primatol. Soc (1986), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 173-182 Volume 1
52. Jablonski N.G. New fossil cercopithecid remains from the Humpata Plateau, southern Angola. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 94 (1994) 435-464
53. Jablonski N.G. The evolution of the doucs and snub-nosed monkey and the question of the phyletic unity of the odd-nosed colobines. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). The Natural History of the Doucs and Snub-nosed Monkeys (1998), World Scientific, Singapore 13-52
54. Jablonski N.G. Fossil Old World monkeys: the late Neogene radiation. In: Hartwig W.C. (Ed). The Primate Fossil Record (2002), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 255-299
55. Jin C.-Z., Kawamura Y., and Taruno H. Pliocene and Early Pleistocene insectivore and rodent faunas from Dajushan, Qipanshan and Haimao in North China and the reconstruction of the faunal succession from the Late Miocene to Middle Pleistocene. J. Geosci., Osaka City University 41 (1999) 1-19
56. Jolly C.J. The classification and natural history of Theropithecus (Simopithecus) (Andrews, 1916), baboons of the African Plio-Pleistocene. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Geol. 22 (1972) 1-123
57. Jolly D., Prentice I.C., Bonnefille R., Ballouche A., Bengo M., Brenac P., Buchet G., Burney D., Cazet J.-P., Cheddadi R., Edorh T., Elenga H., Elmoutaki S., Guiot J., Laarif F., Lamb H., Lezine A.-M., Maley J., Mbenza M., Peyron O., Reille M., Reynaud-Farrera I., Riollet G., Ritchie J., Roche E., Scott L., Semmanda I., Straka H., Umer M., Van Campo E., Vilimumbalo S., Vincens A., and Waller M. Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years. J. Biogeogr. 25 (1998) 1007-1027
58. Joos F., Gerber S., Prentice I.C., Otto-Bliesner B.L., and Valdes P.J. Transient simulations of Holocene atmospheric carbon dioxide and terrestrial carbon since the Last Glacial Maximum. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 18 (2004) 10.1029/2003GB002156
59. Joussaume S., Taylor K.E., Braconnot P., Mitchell J.F.B., Kutzbach J.E., Harrison S.P., Prentice I.C., Broccoli A.J., Abe-Ouchi A., Bartlein P.J., Bonfils C., Dong B., Guiot J., Herterich K., Hewitt C.D., Jolly D., Kim J.W., Kislov A., Kitoh A., Loutre M.F., Masson V., McAvaney B., McFarlane N., de Noblet N., Peltier W.R., Peterschmitt J.Y., Pollard D., Rind D., Royer J.F., Schlesinger M.E., Syktus J., Thompson S., Valdes P., Vettoretti G., Webb R.S., and Wyputta U. Monsoon changes for 6000 years ago: results of 18 simulations from the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 (1999) 859-862
60. Kaplan J.O., Bigelow N.H., Prentice I.C., Harrison S.P., Bartlein P.J., Christensen T.R., Cramer W., Matveyeva N.V., McGuire A.D., Murray D.F., Razzhivin V.Y., Smith B., Walker D.A., Anderson P.M., Andreev A.A., Brubaker L.B., Edwards M.E., and Lozhkin A.V. Climate change and Arctic ecosystems: 2. Modeling, paleodata-model comparisons, and future projections. J. Geophys. Res. -Atmospheres 108 D19 (2003) art. no. 8171
61. Krentz H.B. Postcranial anatomy of extant and extinct species of Theropithecus. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 383-422
62. Kuman K., and Clarke R.J. Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein Member 5. J. Hum. Evol. 38 (2000) 827-847
63. Larick R., Ciochon R.L., Zaim Y., Suminto S., Izal Y., Aziz F., Reagan M., and Heizler M. Early Pleistocene Ar-40/Ar-39 ages for Bapang Formation hominins, Central Jawa, Indonesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001) 4866-4871
64. Larrasoaña J.C., Roberts A.P., Rohling E.J., Winklhofer M., and Wehausen R. Three million years of monsoon variability over the northern Sahara. Clim. Dyn. 21 (2003) 689-698
65. Leakey M.G. Evolution of Theropithecus in the Turkana Basin. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 85-124
66. Leakey M.G., Feibel C.S., Bernor R.L., Harris J.M., Cerling T.E., Stewart K.M., Storrs G.W., Walker A., Werdelin L., and Winkler A.J. Lothagam: a record of faunal change in the Late Miocene of East Africa. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 16 (1996) 556-570
67. Leakey R.E.F. New Cercopithecidae from the Chemeron Beds of Lake Baringo, Kenya. Fossil Vertebr. Afr. 1 (1969) 53-69
68. Lee-Thorp J.A., van der Merwe N.J., and Brain C.K. Isotopic evidence for dietary differences between two extinct baboon species from Swartkrans. J. Hum. Evol. 18 (1989) 183-190
69. Leroy S., and Dupont L. Development of vegetation and continental aridity in Northwestern Africa during the Late Pliocene - the pollen record of Odp Site-658. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 109 (1994) 295-316
70. Marlow J.R., Lange C.B., Wefer G., and Rosell-Melé A. Upwelling intensification as part of the Pliocene-Pleistocene climate transition. Science 290 (2000) 2288-2291
71. Martinez-Navarro B., Claret A., Shabel A.B., Perez-Claros J.A., Lorenzo C., and Palmqvist P. Early Pleistocene 'hominid remains' from southern Spain and the taxonomic assignment of the Cueva Victoria phalanx. J. Hum. Evol. 48 (2005) 517-523
72. Maschenko E.N. Papio (Paradolichopithecus) suschkini a revision of systematics, morphofunctional peculiarities of the skull and mandible (1994), Paleotheriologiya, Moscow pp. 15-57 (in Russian)
73. Mithen S., and Reed M. Stepping out: a computer simulation of hominid dispersal from Africa. J. Hum. Evol. 43 (2002) 433-462
74. Nanda A.C. Upper Siwalik mammalian faunas of India and associated events. J. Asian Earth Sci. 21 (2002) 47-58
75. Napier J.R., and Napier P.H. A Handbook of Living Primates (1967), Academic Press, London
76. O'Regan H.J., Bishop L.C., Elton S., Lamb A., and Turner A. Afro-Eurasian mammalian dispersions of the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 256 (2006) 305-314
77. Pasini G., and Colalongo M.L. The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary-stratotype at Vrica, Italy. In: van Couvering J.A. (Ed). The Pleistocene Boundary and the Beginning of the Quaternary (1997), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 15-45
78. Patel B.A., Gilbert C.C., and Ericson K.E. Cercopithecoid cervical vertebral morphology and implications for the presence of Theropithecus in early Pleistocene Europe. J. Hum. Evol. 52 (2007) 113-129
79. Peters J., and Pöllath N. Holocene faunas of the Eastern Sahara: zoogeographical and palaeoecological aspects. In: Lauwerier R.C.G.M., and Plug I. (Eds). The Future From the Past: Archaeozoology in Wildlife Conservation and Heritage Management (2004), Oxbow Books, Oxford 34-50
80. Pickford M. Climatic change, biogeography and Theropithecus. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 227-243
81. Prentice I.C., and Webb III T. BIOME 6000: reconstructing global mid-Holocene vegetation patterns from palaeoecological records. J. Biogeogr. 25 (1998) 997-1005
82. 4 grasses in the Late Miocene of northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols. Paleogeog. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. 115 (1995) 91-116
83. Reed K.E. Early hominid evolution and ecological change through the African Plio-Pleistocene. J. Hum. Evol. 32 (1997) 289-322
84. Rook L., Martinez-Navarro B., and Howell F.C. Occurrence of Theropithecus sp. in the late Villafranchian of southern Italy and implication for Early Pleistocene "out of Africa" dispersals. J. Hum. Evol. 47 (2004) 267-277
85. Sardella R., Caloi L., Di Stefano G., Palombo M.R., Petronio C., Abbazzi L., Azzarli A., Ficcarelli G., Mazza P., Mezzabotta C., Rook L., Torre D., Argenti P., Capasso Barbato L., Kotsakis T., Gliozzi E., Masini F., and Sala B. Mammal faunal turnover in Italy from the Middle Pliocene to the Holocene. Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60 (1998) 499-511
86. Sato K., and Iwasa Y. Pair approximations for lattice-based ecology models. In: Dieckmann U., Law R., and Metz J.A.J. (Eds). The Geometry of Ecological Interactions (2000), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 341-358
87. Shackleton N.J., and Hall M.A. Stable isotope history of the Pleistocene at ODP site 677. Proc. ODP Sci. Results 111 (1989) 295-316
88. Shipman P., Bosler W., and Davis K.L. Butchering of giant geladas at an Acheulean site. Curr. Anthropol. 22 (1981) 257-268
89. Sikes N.E., Potts R., and Behrensmeyer A.K. Early Pleistocene habitat in Member 1 Olorgesailie based on palaeosol stable isotopes. J. Hum. Evol. 37 (1999) 721-746
90. Spassov N. The Plio-Pleistocene vertebrate fauna in South-Eastern Europe and the megafaunal migratory waves from the east to Europe. Revue Paléobiol., Genève 22 (2003) 197-229
91. Sponheimer M., Reed K.E., and Lee-Thorp J.A. Combining isotopic and ecomorphological data to refine bovid palaeodietary reconstruction: a case study from the Makapansgat Limeworks hominin locality. J. Hum. Evol. 36 (1999) 705-718
92. Strasser E. Pedal evidence for the origin and diversification of cercopithecid clades. J. Hum. Evol. 17 (1988) 225-245
93. Szalay F.S., and Delson E. Evolutionary History of the Primates (1979), Academic Press, New York
94. Teaford M.F. Dental microwear and diet in extant and extinct Theropithecus: preliminary analyses. In: Jablonski N.G. (Ed). Theropithecus: The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus (1993), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 331-349
95. Thompson R.S., and Fleming R.F. Middle Pliocene vegetation: reconstructions, paleoclimatic inferences, and boundary conditions for climatic modelling. Marine Micropaleontol. 27 (1996) 27-49
96. Toffoli T., and Margolus N. Cellular Automata Machines: A New Environment for Modelling (1987), MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts
97. Trauth M.H., Maslin M.A., Deino A., and Strecker M.R. Late Cenozoic moisture history of East Africa. Science 309 (2005) 2051-2053
98. Trofimov B.A. Primate Paradolichopithecus sushkini sp. nov. from upper Pliocene of the Pamirs piedmont. J. Palaeontol. Soc. India 20 (1977) 26-32
99. Turner A. Assessing earliest human settlement of Eurasia: Late Pliocene dispersions from Africa. Antiquity 73 (1999) 563-570
100. Vrba E.S. The fossil record of African antelopes (Mammalia, Bovidae) in relation to human evolution and paleoclimate. In: Vrba E.S., Denton G.H., Partridge T.C., and Burckle L.H. (Eds). Paleoclimate and Evolution with Emphasis on Hominid Origins (1995), Yale University Press, New Haven 385-424
101. van der Made J. Megaloceros giganteus from the Middle Pleistocene of Neumark-Nord. Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archäologie 57 (2004) 373-378
102. Wildman D.E., Bergman T.J., al-Aghbari A., Sterner K.N., Newman T.K., Phillips-Conroy J.E., Jolly C.J., and Disotell T.R. Mitochondrial evidence for the origin of hamadryas baboons. Molec. Phyl. Evol. 32 (2004) 287-296
103. Winney B.J., Hammond R.L., Macasero W., Flores B., Boug A., Biquand V., Biquand S., and Bruford M.W. Crossing the Red Sea: phylogeography of the hamadryas baboon, Papio hamadryas hamadryas. Mol. Ecol. 13 (2004) 2819-2827
104. Yang S., and Ding Z. Winter-spring precipitation as the principle control on predominance of C3 plants in Central Asia over the past 1.77 Myr: evidence from delta13C of loess organic matter in Tajikistan. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 235 (2006) 330-339
105. Zagwijn W.H. Borders and boundaries: a century of stratigraphical research in the Tegelen-Reuver area of Limburg (the Netherlands). Mededelingen Nederlands Instituut voor Toegepaste Geowetenschappen TNO 60 (1998) 19-34