Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, Member 5

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 38, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 827-847

  Kuman, Kathleen ^a   Clarke, R J ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND MEDICAL SCHOOL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Australopithecus; Early Acheulean; Homo ergaster; Homo habilis; Oldowan; Palaeoenvironments; Paranthropus; Plio Pleistocene; Stratigraphy

Indexed keywords

PALEOENVIRONMENT; PLEISTOCENE; PLIOCENE; STRATIGRAPHY;

GAUTENG; SOUTH AFRICA; STERKFONTEIN;

ANIMALIA; AUSTRALOPITHECUS; HOMINIDAE; HOMO ERGASTER; HOMO HABILIS; PARANTHROPUS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0034037061     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/jhev.1999.0392     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Bamford, M. (1999a). Pliocene fossil woods from an early hominid cave deposit, Sterkfontein, South Africa. 5. Afr. J. Sci. 95, 231-237.
2. Bamford, M. (1999b). Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Upper Pliocene Sterkfontein site from fossil wood. Paper presented at the XVth International Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research, The Environmental Background to Hominid Evolution in Africa, August, Durban.
3. Bishop, L. C., Pickering, T., Plummer, T. & Thackeray, F. (1999). Paleoenvironmental setting for the Oldowan industry at Sterkfontein. Paper presented at the XVth International Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research, The Environmental Background to Hominid Evolution in Africa, August, Durban.
4. Brain, C. K. (1981). The Hunters or the Hunted? An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Brain, C. K. (1993). Swartkrans, a Cave's Chronicle of Early Man. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Monograph, No. 8.
6. Brain, C. K. & Watson, V. (1992). A guide to the Swartkrans early hominid cave site. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 35, 343-365.
7. Broom, R. (1936). A new fossil anthropoid skull from South Africa. Nature 138, 486-488.
8. Broom, R. (1949). Jaw of the ape-man Paranthropus crassidens. Nature 163, 903.
9. Broom, R. & Robinson, J. T. (1952). Swartkrans Ape-Man Paranthropus crassidens. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Memoir, No.6.
10. Broom, R. & Schepers, G. W. H. (1946). The South African Fossil Ape-Men, the Australopithecinae. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Memoir No. 2.
11. Butzer, K. (1971). Another look at the australopithecine cave breccias of the Transvaal. Am. Anthrop. 73, 1197-1201.
12. Butzer, K. (1984). Archaeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of southern Africa. In (R. Klein, Ed.) Southern African Prehistory and paleoenvironments, pp. 1-64. Rotterdam and Boston: Balkema.
13. Cachel, S. & Harris, J. W. K. (1995). Ranging patterns, land-use and subsistence in Homo erectus, from the perspective of evolutionary ecology. In (J. R. F. Bower & S. Sartono, Eds) Human Evolution in its Ecological Context, vol. I, Palaeo-Anthropology, pp. 51-77. Leiden: Pithecanthropus Centennial Foundation.
14. Clarke, R. J. (1985). Early Acheulean with Homo habilis at Sterkfontein. In (P. V. Tobias, Ed.) Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future, pp. 287-298. New York: Alan R. Liss.
15. Clarke, R. J. (1989). A new Australopithecus cranium from Sterkfontein and its bearing on the ancestry of Paranthropus. In (F. Grine, Ed.) Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines, pp. 285-292. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
16. Clarke, R. J. (1994a). On some new interpretations of Sterkfontein stratigraphy. 5. Afr. J. Sci. 90, 211-214.
17. Clarke, R. J. (1994b). The significance of the Swartkrans Homo to the Homo erectus problem. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg 171, 85-193.
18. Clarke, R. J. (1995). Mr, Mrs and Miss: conceptions in studies of human ancestry. In (J. Gibert, Ed.) Hominids and Their Environment during the Lower and Middle Pleistocene of Eurasia: Proceedings of the International Conference of Human Palaeontology, Orce, Spain, 1995, pp. 327-329.
19. Clarke, R. J. (1997). Sterkfontein and the oldest South African hominid. Howard Steele lecture, American Orthopoedic Association, Boca Ratan, Florida, June.
20. Clarke, R. J. (1998). First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of Australopithecus. S. Afr. J. Sci. 94, 460-463.
21. Clarke, R. J. (1999). Discovery of complete arm and hand of the 3.3 million-year-old Australopithecus skeleton from Sterkfontein. S. Afr. J. Sci. 95, 477-480.
22. Clarke, R. J. & Tobias, P. V. (1995). Sterkfontein Member 2 foot-bones of the oldest South African hominid. Science 269, 521-524.
23. Cooke, H. B. S. (1994). Phacochoerus modestus from Sterkfontein Member 5. S. Afr. J. Sci. 90, 99-100.
24. Field, A. S. (1999). An Analytic and Comparative Study of the Earlier Stone Age Archaeology of the Sterkfontein Valley. M.Sc. dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand.
25. Grine, F. (1982). A new juvenile hominid (Mammalia: Primates) from Member 3, Kromdraai Formation, Transvaal, South Africa. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 33, 165-239.
26. Grine, F. E. (1988). New craniodental fossils of Paranthropus from the Swartkrans Formation and their significance in "robust australopithecine" evolution. In (F. E. Grine, Ed.) Evolutionary History of the "Robust" Australopithecines, pp. 223-243. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
27. Harris, J. W. K. (1995). Rethinking cultural entities within the Early Stone Age. Paper presented at the 10th Congress of the Panafrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies, Harare, Zimbabwe.
28. Howell, F. C. (1978). Hominidae. In (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, Eds) Evolution of African Mammals, pp. 154-248. London: Harvard University.
29. Hughes, A. R. & Tobias, P. V. (1977). A fossil skull probably of the genus Homo from Sterkfontein, Transvaal. Nature 265, 310.
30. Jablonski, N. G. (Ed.) (1993a). Theropithecus,The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31. Jablonski, N. G. (1993b). The phylogeny of Theropithecus. In (N. G. Jablonski, Ed.) Theropithecus, The Rise and Fall of a Primate Genus, pp. 209-224. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Kuman, K. (1994a). The archaeology of Sterkfontein: preliminary findings on site formation and cultural change. S. Afr. J. Sci. 90, 215-219.
33. Kuman, K. (1994b). The archaeology of Sterkfontein - past and present. J. hum. Evol. 27, 471-495.
34. Kuman, K. (1996). The Oldowan industry from Sterkfontein: raw materials and core forms. In (G. Pwiti & R. Soper, Eds) Aspects of African Archaeology, Papers from the 10th Congress of the Panafrican Association for Prehistory and Related Studies, pp. 139-146. Harare: University of Zimbabwe Press.
35. Kuman, K. (1998). The earliest South African industries. In (M. D. Petraglia & R. Korisettar, Eds) Early Human Behaviour in Global Context: The Rise and Diversity of the Lower Palaeolithic Record, pp. 151-186. London: Routledge.
36. Kuman, K., Field, A. & Thackeray, J. F. (1997). Discovery of new artefacts at Kromdraai. S. Afr. J. Sci. 93, 187-193.
37. Lee-Thorp, J. A., van der Merwe, N. J. & Brain, C. K. (1989). Isotopic evidence for dietary differences between two extinct baboon species from Swartkrans. J. hum. Evol. 18, 183-190.
38. Maguire, J. (1985). Recent geological stratigraphic, and palaeontological studies at Makapansgat Limeworks. In (P. V. Tobias, Ed.) Hominid Evolution, Past, Present and Future, pp. 151-164. New York: Alan R. Liss.
39. Marean, C. W. (1989). Sabertooth cats and their relevance for early hominid diet and evolution. J. hum. Evol. 18, 559-582.
40. McKee, J. (1991). Paleo-ecology of the Sterkfontein hominids: a review and synthesis. Palaeont. Afr. 28, 41-51.
41. McKee, J. K., Thackeray, J. F. & Berger, L. R. (1995). Faunal assemblage seriation of southern African Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil deposits. Am. J. phys. Anthrop. 96, 235-250.
42. Moggi-Cecchi, J., Tobias, P. V. & Beynon, A. D. (1998). The mixed dentition and associated skull fragments of a juvenile fossil hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa. Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. 106, 425-465.
43. Oates, J. F. & Davies, G. (1994). What are the colobines? In (A. G. Davies & J. F. Oates, Eds) Colobine Monkeys, Their Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution, pp. 1-9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Partridge, T. C. (1978). Re-appraisal of lithostratigraphy of Sterkfontein hominid site. Nature 275, 282-287.
45. Partridge, T. C. & Watt, I. B. (1991). The stratigraphy of the Sterkfontein hominid deposit and its relationship to the underground cave system. Palaeont. afr. 28, 35-40.
46. Partridge, T. C., Shaw, J., Heslop, D. & Clarke, R. J. (1999). The new hominid skeleton from Sterkfontein, South Africa: age and preliminary assessment. J. Quatern. Sci. 14(4), 293-298.
47. Pickering, T. R. (1999). Taphonomic interpretations of the Sterkfontein Early Hominid site (Gauteng, South Africa) reconsidered in light of recent evidence. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin.
48. Pickering, T. R., White, T. D. & Toth, N. (2000). Cutmarks on a Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa. Am. J. phys. Anthrop., in press.
49. Reed, K. E. (1997). Early hominid evolution and ecological change through the African PlioPleistocene. J. hum. Evol. 32, 289-322.
50. Reynolds, S. C. (1998). Excavation at Lincoln Cave, Sterkfontein. Honours thesis, Dept. of Archaeology, University of the Witwatersrand.
51. Robinson, J. T. (1962). Sterkfontein stratigraphy and the significance of the Extension Site. S. Afr-. Archaeol. Bull. 17, 87-107.
52. Rogers, M., Harris, J. & Feibel, C. (1994). Changing patterns of land use by Plio-Pleistocene hominids in the Lake Turkana Basin. J. hum. Evol. 27, 139-158.
53. Semaw, S., Renne, P., Harris, J. W. K., Feibel, C. S., Bernor, R. L., Fesseha, N. & Mowbray, K. (1997). 2.5-million-year-old stone tools from Gona, Ethiopia. Nature 385, 333-336.
54. Sponheimer, M., Reed, K. E. & Lee-Thorp, J. A. (1999). Combining isotopic and ecomorphological data to refine bovid paleodietary reconstruction: a case study from the Makapansgat Limeworks hominin locality. J. hum. Evol. 36, 705-718.
55. Spoor, F. (1993). The comparative morphology and phylogeny of the human bony labyrinth. Ph.D Dissertation, University of Utrecht.
56. Stiles, D. N. & Partridge, T. C. (1979). Results of recent archaeological and palaeoenvironmental studies at the Sterkfontein Extension Site. S. Afr. J. Sci. 75, 346-352.
57. Tobias, P. V. (1979). The Silberberg Grotto, Sterkfontein, Transvaal, and its importance in palaeoanthropological researches. S. Afr. J. Sci. 75, 161-164.
58. Tobias, P. V. & Clarke, R. J. (1996). Reply to J. K. McKee, Faunal evidence and Sterkfontein Member 2 foot bones of early hominid. Science 271, 1301-1302.
59. Tobias, P. V., Clarke, R. J. & White, H. (1993). 27th Annual Report of the Palaeo-Anthropology Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand.
60. Turner, A. (1997). Further remains of Carnivora (Mammalia) from the Sterkfontein hominid site. Palaeont. afr. 34, 15-126.
61. Vrba, E. S. (1974). The Fossil Bovidae of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Memoir, No. 21.
62. Vrba, E. S. (1975). Some evidence of chronology and paleoecology of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai from the fossil Bovidae. Nature 254, 301-304.
63. Vrba, E. S. (1980). The significance of bovis remains as indicators of environment and predation patterns. In (A. K. Behrensmeyer & A. P. Hill, Eds) Fossils in the Making: Vertebrate Taphonomy and Paleoecology, pp. 247-271. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
64. Vrba, E. S. (1982). Biostratigraphy and chronology, based particularly on Bovidae, of southern hominid-associated assemblages: Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, Taung, Kromdraai, Swartkrans; also Elandsfontein (Saldanha), Broken Hill (now Kabwe) and Cave of Hearths. Congrès International de Paléontologie Humaine, 1èr Congrès, Tome 2. Nice: CNRS.
65. Vrba, E. S. (1985). Early hominids in southern Africa: updated observations on chronological and ecological background. In (P. V. Tobias, Ed.) Hominid Evolution. Past, Present and Future, pp. 195-200. New York: Alan R. Liss.
66. Vrba, E. S. & Panagos, D. C. (1983). New perspectives on taphonomy, palaeoecology and chronology of the Kromdraai ape-man. In (J. Coetzee & E. Van Zinderen Bakker, Eds) Palaeoecology of Africa and the Surrounding Islands, pp. 13-26.
67. Watson, V. (1993). Composition of the Swartkrans bone accumulations, in terms of skeletal parts and animals represented. In (C. K. Brain, Ed.) Swartkrans, A Cave's Chronicle of Early Man, pp. 35-73. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Monograph, No. 8.
68. Wilkinson, M. J. (1983). Geomorphic perspectives on the Sterkfontein Australopithecine breccias. J. Archaeol. Sci. 10, 515-529.
69. Wilkinson, M. J. (1985). Lower-lying and possibly older fossiliferous deposits at Sterkfontein. In (P. V. Tobias, Ed.) Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future, pp. 165-170. New York: Alan R. Liss.