Lothagam: A record of faunal change in the late miocene of east africa

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 556-570

  Leakey, Meave G ^a   Feibel, Craig S ^b   Bernor, Raymond L ^c   Harris, John M ^d   Cerling, Thure E ^e   Stewart, Kathlyn M ^f   Storrs, Glenn W ^g   Walker, Alan ^h,i   Werdelin, Lars ^j   Winkler, Alisa J ^k  

^a INSTITUTE OF PRIMATE RESEARCH   (Kenya)

^b RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c HOWARD UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^f CANADIAN MUSEUM OF NATURE   (Canada)

^g Cincinnati Museum of Natural History   (United States)

^h PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ SWEDISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Sweden)

^j Department of Geological Sciences ^*

^k SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030305085     PISSN: 02724634     EISSN: 19372809     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02724634.1996.10011339     Document Type: Article

References (182)

1. Aguirre, E. 1968. Revision sistematica de los Elephantidae por su morfologia y morfometrfa debtaria. Estudios Geologicos (Madrid) 34: 107-116
2. Aguirre, E. 1969. Evolutionary history of the elephant. Science 164:1366-1376
3. Andrews, C. W. 1901. Preliminary note on some recently discovered extinct vertebrates from Egypt. (Part II). Geological Magazine 4: 436-444
4. Andrews, C. W. 1905. Notes on some new Crocodilia from the Eocene of Egypt. Geological Magazine, n.s. 2:481-484
5. Andrews, C. W. 1906. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum (Egypt). British Museum (Natural History), London, 342 pp
6. Andrews, P. 1993. Evolution and environment in the Hominoidea. Nature 360:641-646
7. Andrews, P., T. Harrison, E. Delson, R. L. Bernor, and L. Martin. In press. Distribution and biochronology of European and southwest Asian Miocene catarrhines; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
8. Andrews, P. and J. A. H. Van Couvering. 1975. Palaeoenvironments in the East African Miocene. Contributions to Primatology 5:62-103
9. Anyonge, W. 1991. Fauna from a new lower Miocene locality west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11:378-390
10. Arambourg, C. 1959. Vertebres continentaux du Miocene superieur de l’Afrique du nord. Publications Service de la Carte Geologique d’Algerie (nouvelle serie), Paleontologie 4:5-159
11. Barry, J., N. M. Johnson, S. M. Raza, and L. L. Jacobs. 1985. Neogene mammalian faunal change in southern Asia: correlations with climatic, tectonic, and eustatic events. Geology 13:637-640
12. Beden, M. 1987. Les Elephantides (Mammalia, Proboscidea). Les faunes Plio-Pleistocenes de la basse vallee de l’Omo (Ethiopie). Tome 2: Cahiers de Paleontologie Est Africaine. Editions Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris 162 pp
13. Behrensmeyer, A. K. 1976. Lothagam, Kanapoi and Ekora: a general summary of stratigraphy and fauna: pp. 163-172 in Y. Coppens, F. Clark Howell, G. L. Isaac and R. E. Leakey (eds.), Earliest Man and Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
14. Benefit, B. R. 1993. The permanent dentition and phylogenetic position of Victoriapithecus from Maboko Island, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 25:83-172
15. Benefit, B. R. and M. Pickford. 1986. Miocene fossil cercopithecoids from Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 69:441-464
16. Benefit, B. R. and M. L. McCrossin. 1989. New primate fossils from the middle Miocene of Maboko Island, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 18:493-498
17. Benefit, B. R. and 1993. Facial anatomy of Victoriapithecus and its relevance to the ancestral cranial morphology of Old World monkeys and apes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92: 329-370
18. Bernor, R. L. 1983. Geochronology and zoogeographic relationships of Miocene Hominoidea; pp. 21-64 in R. L. Ciochon and R. S. Corruccini (eds.), New Interpretations of Ape and Human Ancestry, Plenum Press, New York
19. Bernor, R. L. 1984. A zoogeographic theater and biochronologic play: the time/biofacies phenomena of Eurasian and African Miocene mammal provinces. Paleobiologie Continentale 14:121-142
20. Bernor, R. L. 1986. Mammalian biostratigraphy, geochronology, and zoogeographic relationships of the late Miocene Maragheh fauna, Iran. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6:76-95
21. Bernor, R. L. and M. Armour-Chelu. In press. Later Neogene hipparions from the Manonga Valley, Tanzania; in T. Harrison (ed.), Neogene Paleontology of the Manonga Valley, Tanzania. Plenum Press, New York
22. Bernor, R. L., M. Brunet, L. Ginsburg, P. Mein, M. Pickford, F. Rigl, S. Sen, F. Steininger, and H. Thomas. 1987. A consideration of some major topics concerning Old World Miocene mammalian chronology, migrations and paleogeography. Geobios 4:431-439
23. Bernor, R. L., V. Fahlbusch, P. Andrews, H. de Bruijn, M. Fortelius, F. Rigl, F. F. Steininger, and L. Werdelin. In press a. The evolution of European and West Asian later Neogene faunas: a biogeographic and paleoenvironmental synthesis; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
24. V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann (eds). In press b. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
25. Bernor, R. L., K. Heissig, and H. Tobien. 1987. Early Pliocene Perissodactyla from Sahabi, Libya; pp. 233-254 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin, and D. D. Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi
26. A. R. Liss, New York. and S. T. Hussain. 1985. An assessment of the systematic, phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of Siwalik hipparionine horses. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5:32-87
27. W. Gaziry, G. M. Koufos, M. O. Woodburne, and M. Fortelius. In press c. The evolutionary history and biochronology of European and southwestern Asian late Miocene and Pliocene hipparionine horses; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
28. W. Gaziry, G. M. Koufos, and D. Lipscomb. 1991. The systematic position of “Plesio-hipparion” aff. huangheense (Equidae, Hipparionini) from Giilyazi, Turkey. Mitteilung der Bayerischen Staatsslammlung fur Palontologie und historische Geologie 31:107-123
29. W. Gaziry, G. M. Koufos, and D. Lipscomb. In press. A consideration of Old World hipparionine horse phylogeny and global abiotic processes; in E. Vrba, L. Burckle, G. Denton, and T. Partridge (eds.), Paleoclimate and Evolution, With Emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press, New Haven
30. W. Gaziry, G. M. Koufos, and P. P. Pavlakis. 1987. Zoogeographic relationships of the Sahabi large mammal fauna (early Pliocene, Libya); pp. 349-383 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, A. W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin and D. D. Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi. A. R. Liss, New York
31. W. Gaziry, G. M. Koufos, N. Solounias, C. C. Swisher III, and J. A. Van Couvering. In press d. The correlation of three classical “Pikermian” mammal faunas, Maragheh, Samos and Pikermi, with the European MN unit system; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
32. W. Gaziry, G. M. Koufos, and H. Tobien. 1990. The mammalian geochronology and biogeography of Pasalar (middle Miocene, Turkey). Journal of Human Evolution 19:551-568
33. W. Gaziry, G. M. Koufos, H. Tobien, and M. Woodburne. 1989. Patterns of Old World hipparionine diversification and biogeographic extension; pp. 263-321, in E. H. Lindsay, V. Fahlbusch and P. Mein (eds.), European Neogene Mammal Chronology. Plenum Press, New York
34. Bishop, L. C. 1994. Pigs and the ancestors: hominids, suids and environments during the Plio-Pleistocene of East Africa. Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, 428 pp
35. Boaz, N. T. 1987. Sahabi and Neogene hominid evolution: pp. 129-134 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, A. W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin and D. D. Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi, Alan Liss, New York
36. Boaz, N. T., A. El-Arnauti, A. W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin, and D. D. Boaz (eds.). 1987. Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi. Alan Liss, New York, 401 pp
37. Boaz, N. T., A. W. Gaziry, and A. El-Arnauti. 1979. New fossil finds from the Libyan upper Neogene site of Sahabi. Nature 280:137-140
38. Boschetto, H. B., F. H. Brown, and I. McDougall. 1992. Stratigraphy of the Lothidok Range, northern Kenya, and K/Ar ages of its Miocene primates. Journal of Human Evolution 22:47-71
39. Buffetaut, E. 1982. Systematique, origine et evolution des Gavialidae sud-americains. Geobios, Memoire Special 6:127-140
40. Caccone, A., and J. R. Powell. 1989. DNA divergence among hominoids. Evolution 43:925-942
41. Cande, S. C., and D. V. Kent. 1992. A new geomagnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 (B10): 13,917-13,951
42. Cerling, T. E. 1992. Development of grasslands and savannas in East Africa during the Neogene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Global and Planetary Change Section) 97:241-247
43. Cerling, T. E., Y. Wang, and J. Quade. 1993. Expansion of C4 ecosystems as an indicator of global ecological change in the late Miocene. Nature 361:344-345
44. Churcher, C. S. 1970. Two new upper Miocene giraffids from Fort Ternan, Kenya, East Africa: Paleotragus primaevus n. sp. and Samotherium africanum n. sp. Fossil Vertebrates of Africa 2:1-106
45. Churcher, C. S. 1979. The large palaeotragine giraffid, Palaeotragus gemaini, from late Miocene deposits of Lothagam Hill, Kenya. Breviora 453: 1-8
46. Cifelli, R. L., A. K. Ibui, L. L. Jacobs, and R. W. Thorington. 1986. A giant tree squirrel from the late Miocene of Kenya. Journal of Mammalogy 67:274-283
47. Coffing, K., C. Feibel, M. G. Leakey, and A. Walker. 1994. 4-million year old hominids from East Lake Turkana, Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 93:55-65
48. Conroy, G. C., M. Pickford, B. Senut, J. Van Couvering, and P. Mein. 1992. Otavipithecus namibiensis, first Miocene hominoid from southern Africa. Nature 356:144-148
49. Cooke, H. B. S., and R. F. Ewer. 1972. Fossil Suidae from Kanapoi and Lothagam, northwestern Kenya. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 43:149-296
50. Coppens, Y., and F. C. Howell (eds.). 1985. Les faunes Plio-Pleistocenes de la basse vallee de l’Omo (Ethiopie). Tome 1: Perissodactyles, Artiodactyles (Bovidae). Editions Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 191 pp
51. Coppens, Y., and F. C. Howell (eds.). 1987. Les faunes Plio-Pleistocenes de la basse vallee de l’Omo (Ethiopie). Tome 3: Cercopithecidae de la Formation de Shungura. Cahiers de Paleontologie est Africaine. Editions Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 169 pp
52. Coppens, Y., G. L. Isaac, and R. E. F. Leakey (eds.). 1976. Earliest Man and Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. Stratigraphy, Paleoecology, and Evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 615 pp
53. Coryndon, S. C. 1977. The taxonomy and nomenclature of the Hippopotamidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) and a description of two new fossil species. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 80:61-88
54. Deino, A., L. Tauxe, M. Monaghan, and R. Drake. 1990. Single crystal 40Ar/39Ar ages and the litho-and paleomagnetic stratigraphies of the Ngorora Formation, Kenya. Journal of Geology 98:567-587
55. Delson, E. 1975. Evolutionary history of the Cercopthecidae. Contributions to Primatology 5:167-217
56. Delson, E. 1977. A new species of Prohylobates from the early Miocene of Libya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 47:126
57. Delson, E. 1979. Prohylobates (Primates) from the early Miocene of Libya: a new species and its implications for cercopithecoid origins. Geobios 12:725-733
58. Eisenmann, V. 1983. Family Equidae; pp. 156-214 in J. M. Harris (Ed.), Koobi Fora Research Project, Volume 2. The Fossil Ungulates: Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, and Suidae. Clarendon Press, Oxford
59. Esu, D., and T. Kotsakis. 1980. Ictitherium arkesilai sp. n. (Hyaenidae, Carnivora) del Terziario superiore di Sahabi (Cirenaica, Libia). Reviste Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia 86:241-256
60. Feibel, C. S. 1988. Paleoenvironments of the Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 330 pp
61. Feibel, C. S., F. H. Brown, and I. McDougall. 1989. Stratigraphic context of fossil hominids from the Omo group deposits: northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:595-692
62. Feibel, C. S., J. M. Harris, and F. H. Brown. 1991. Neogene palaeoenvironments of the Turkana Basin; pp 321-370 in J. M. Harris (ed.), Koobi Fora Research Project, Volume 3, Stratigraphy, Artiodactyls and Palaeoenvironments. Clarendon, Oxford
63. Fleagle, J. G., D. T. Rassmussen, S. Yirga, T. M. Bown, and F. E. Grine. 1991. New hominid fossils from Fejej, southern Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 21:145-152
64. Fortelius, M., L. Werdelin, P. Andrews, R. L. Bernor, A. Gentry, L. Humphrey, H.-W. Mittmann, and S. Viranta. In press. Provinciality, diversity, turnover and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later Miocene of Western Eurasia; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
65. Gaziry, A. W. 1987a. Remains of Proboscidea from the early Pliocene of Sahabi, Libya; pp. 183-203 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, A. W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin, and D. De Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi. Alan Liss, New York
66. Gaziry, A. W. 1987b. Hexaprotodon sahabiensis (Artiodactyla, Mammalia): a new hippopotamus from Libya; pp. 305-315 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, A. W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin and D. D. Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi. Alan Liss, New York
67. Greenwood, P. H. 1972. New fish fossils from the Pliocene of Wadi Natrun, Egypt. Journal of Zoology, London 168:503-519
68. Greenwood, P. H. and G. J. Howes. 1975. Neogene fossil fishes from Lake Albert-Lake Edward Rift (Zaire). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 26:69-127
69. Grine, F. E., and A. B. Hendey. 1981. Earliest primate remains from South Africa. South African Journal of Science 77:374-376
70. Guerin, C. 1980. Les Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) du Miocene terminal au Pleistocene superieur en Europe occidentale. Comparison avec les especes actuelles. Documentation du Laboratoire de Geology Lyon 79:1-1185
71. Guerin, C. 1985. Les rhinoceroceros et les chalicotheres (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) des gisements de la vallee de l’Omo en Ethiopie (collections fran9aises); pp. 67-95 in Y. Coppens and Howell (eds.), Les faunes Plio-Pleistocenes de la basse vallee de l’Omo (Ethiopie), tome 1, Perissodactyles, Artiodactyles Bovidae. Cahiers de Paleontologie. Travaux de Paleontologie Est-Africaine. Editions Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris
72. Guerin, C. 1987. Fossil Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from Laetoli; pp. 320-348 in M. D. Leakey and J. M. Harris (eds.), Laetoli: A Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania. Clarendon, Oxford
73. Harris, J. M. 1976. Pliocene Giraffoidea (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the Cape Province. Annals of the South African Museum 69: 325-353
74. Guerin, C. (ed.). 1983. Koobi Fora Research Project. Volume 2. The Fossil Ungulates: Proboscidea, Perissodactyla, and Suidae. Clarendon, Oxford, 321 pp
75. Guerin, C. (ed.). 1991. Koobi Fora Research Project. Volume 3. The Fossil Ungulates: Geology, Fossil Artiodactyls, and Palaeoenvironment. Clarendon, Oxford, 384 pp
76. Guerin, C., and T. D. White. 1979. Evolution of the Plio-Pleistocene African Suidae. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 69:1-128
77. Guerin, C., F. H. Brown, and M. G. Leakey. 1988a. Stratigraphy and paleontology of Pliocene and Pleistocene localities west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Contributions in Science 399:1-128
78. Guerin, C., F. H. Brown, M. G. Leakey, A. C. Walker, and R. E. F. Leakey. 1988b. Pliocene and Pleistocene hominid-bearing sites from west of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Science 239:27-33
79. Harrison, T. 1991. Paleoanthropological exploration in the Manonga Valley, northern Tanzania. Nyame Akuma 36:25-31
80. Harrison, T. and J. Verniers. In press. Preliminary study of the stratigraphy and mammalian palaeontology of Neogene sites in the Manonga Valley, northern Tanzania. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Pa-laontologie, Abhandlungen
81. Hasegawa, M., H. Kishino, and T. Yano. 1989. Estimation of branching dates among primates by molecular clocks of nuclear DNA which slowed down in Hominoidea. Journal of Human Evolution 18:461-476
82. Hecht, M. K. 1987. Fossil snakes and crocodilians from the Sahabi Formation of Libya; pp. 101-106 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, A. W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin and D. D. Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi. Alan Liss, New York
83. Hecht, M. K. and B. Malone. 1972. On the early history of the gavialid crocodilians. Herpetologica 28:281-184
84. Heinrich, R. E., M. D. Rose, R. E. Leakey, and A. C. Walker. 1993. Hominid radius from the middle Pliocene of Lake Turkana, Kenya. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92:139-148
85. Hendey, Q. B. 1974. The late Cenozoic Carnivora of the southwestern Cape Province. Annals of the South African Museum 63:1-369
86. Hill, A. 1993. Late Miocene and early Pliocene hominids from Africa; pp. 123-145 in R. S. Corrucini and R. L. Ciochon (eds.), Integrative Paths to the Past. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
87. Hendey, Q. B., R. Drake, L. Tauxe, M. Monaghan, J. C. Barry, A. K. Behrensmeyer, G. Curtis, B. Fine Jacobs, N. Johnson, and D. Pilbeam. 1985. Neogene palaeontology and geochronology of the Baringo Basin, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 14:749-773
88. Hendey, Q. B., M. G. Leakey, J. Kingston, and S. Ward. In press. New cer-copithecoids and a hominoid from 12.5 Ma in the Tugen Hills succession, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution
89. Hendey, Q. B. and S. Ward. 1988. Origin of the Hominidae: the record of African large hominoid evolution between 14 my and 4 my. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 31:49-83
90. Hendey, Q. B. and S. Ward. B. Brown. 1992. Anatomy and age of the Lothagam mandible. Journal of Human Evolution 22:439-451
91. Hendey, Q. B., P. Whybrow, and W. Yasin al-Tiktiti. 1990. Late Miocene fauna from the Arabian Peninsula: Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 81:240-241
92. Hooijer, D. A. 1972. A late Pliocene rhinocerotid from Langebaanweg, Cape Province. Annals of the South African Museum 59:21-34
93. Hooijer, D. A. 1978. Rhinocerotidae; pp. 371-378 in V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke (eds.), Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
94. Hooijer, D. A. and V. J. Maglio. 1973. The earliest Hipparion south of the Sahara in the late Miocene of Kenya. Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 76:311-315
95. Hooijer, D. A. and V. J. Maglio. 1974. Hipparions from the late Miocene and Pliocene of northwestern Kenya. Zoologische Verhandelingen 134: 3-34
96. Hooijer, D. A. and B. Patterson. 1972. Rhinoceroses from the Pliocene of northwestern Kenya. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 144:1-26
97. Hopwood, A. T. 1929. New and little-known mammals from the Miocene of Africa. American Museum Novitates 344:1-9
98. Howell, F. C. 1978. Hominidae; pp. 154-248 in V. J. Maglio and H. S. Cooke (eds.), Evolution of African Mammals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
99. Howell, F. C. 1987. Preliminary observations on Carnivora of the Sahabi Formation in Libya; pp. 153-181 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, A. W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin, and D. D. Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi. Alan Liss, New York
100. Ishida, H., M. Pickford, H. Nakaya, and Y. Nakano. 1984. Fossil anthropoids from Nachola and Samburu Hills, Samburu District, Kenya. African Study Monograph Supplementary Issue 2:76-85
101. Itaya, T., and Y. Sawada. In press. K-Ar ages of volcanic rocks in the Samburu Hills area, northern Kenya. African Study Monograph Supplementary Issue
102. Jacobs, L. L., and W. R. Downs. 1994. The evolution of murine rodents in Asia; pp. 149-156 in Y. Tomida, C. K. Li, and T. Setoguchi (eds.), Rodent and Lagomorph Families of Asian Origins and Diversification. National Science Museum Monographs 8, Tokyo
103. Johanson, D., and T. White. 1979. A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 202:321-330
104. Johanson, D., and T. White. 1980. On the status of Australopithecus afarensis. Science 207:1104-1105
105. Joleaud, L. 1920. Sur la presence d’un gavialide du genre Tomistoma dans le Pliocene d’eau douce de l’Ethiopie. Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l’Academie des sciences, Paris 170: 816-818
106. Kalb, J. E., and A. Mebrate. 1993. Fossil elephantoids from the hominid-bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 83:1-114
107. Kramer, A. 1986. Hominid-pongid distinctiveness in the Miocene-Pliocene fossil record: the Lothagam mandible. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 70:457-473
108. Kingston, J. D. 1992. Stable isotope evidence for hominid paleoenvironments in East Africa. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University, Cambridge, 162 pp
109. Leakey, M. G. 1985. Early Miocene cercopithecids from Buluk, Northern Kenya. Folia Primatologica 44:1-14
110. Leakey, M. G., C. S. Feibel, I. McDougall, and A. C. Walker. 1995. New four-million-year-old-hominid species from Kanapoi and Allia Bay, Kenya. Nature 376:565-571
111. Leakey, M. G. and R. E. F. Leakey (eds.). 1978. The Fossil Hominids and an Introduction to their Context, 1968-1974. Koobi Fora Research Project Volume 1. Clarendon, Oxford, 191 pp
112. Leakey, R. E. F., and M. G. Leakey. 1986a. A new Miocene hominoid from Kenya. Nature 324:143-146
113. Leakey, R. E. F., and 1986b. A second new Miocene hominoid from Kenya. Nature 324:146-148
114. Leakey, R. E. F., and 1987. A new small-bodied ape from Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 16:369-387
115. Leakey, R. E. F., and A. Walker. 1985. New higher primates from the early Miocene of Buluk, Kenya. Nature 318:173-175
116. Lee-Thorp, J. A., and N. J. van der Merwe. 1987. Carbon isotope analysis of fossil bone apatite. South African Journal of Science 83:712-715
117. Lindsay, E. H., V. Fahlbusch, and P. Mein (eds.). 1989. European Neogene Mammal Chronology. Plenum Press, New York, 658 pp
118. Madden, C. T. 1972. Miocene mammals, stratigraphy and environments of Muruarot Hill, Kenya. Paleobios—Contributions from the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley 14:1-12
119. Maglio, V. J. 1970. Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya. Breviora 341:1-43
120. Maglio, V. J. 1973. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 63:1-149
121. Meikle, W. E. 1987. Fossil Cercopithecidae from the Sahabi Formation; pp. 119-127 in N. T. Boaz, A. El-Arnauti, A. W. Gaziry, J. de Heinzelin, and D. D. Boaz (eds.), Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi. Alan Liss, New York
122. Meylan, P. A., B. S. Weig, and R. Wood. 1990. Fossil soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae) of the Lake Turkana Basin, Africa. Copeia 2:506-528
123. Muller, L. 1927. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. V. Tertiare Wirbeltiere. 1. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Krokodilier des Agyptischen Tertiars. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Konig-lichen bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 31:1-96
124. Nakaya, H. 1993. Les faunes de mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Samburu Hills, Kenya, Afrique de l’est et l’environnement des prehominides. L’Anthropologie 97:9-16
125. Nakaya, H. In press. Mammalian fauna of late Miocene Samburu Hills, Kenya, East Africa and environments of pre-hominids. L’Anthropologie
126. Nakaya, H., M. Pickford, Y. Nakano, and H. Ishida. 1984. The late Miocene large mammalian fauna from the Namurungule Formation, Samburu Hills, Northern Kenya. African Study Monograph Supplimentary Issue 2:87-131
127. Nakaya, H., M. Pickford, K. Yasuis, and Y. Nakano. In press. Additional large mammalian fauna from the Namurungule Formation, Samburu Hills, Northern Kenya. African Study Monograph Supplementary Issue
128. Patterson, B. 1975. The fossil aardvarks (Mammalia: Tubulidentata). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 147:185-237
129. Patterson, B., A. K. Behrensmeyer, and W. D. Sill. 1970. Geology of a new Pliocene locality in northwestern Kenya. Nature 256:279-284
130. Pickford, M. 1975a. New fossil Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata) from East Africa. Orycteropus minutus sp. nov. and Orycteropus chemeldoi sp. nov. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 25: 57-88
131. Pickford, M. 1975b. Late Miocene sediments and fossils from the northern Kenya Rift Valley. Nature 256:279-284
132. Pickford, M. 1983. On the origins of the Hippopotamidae together with a description of two new species, a new genus and a new subfamily from the Miocene of Kenya. Geobios 16:193-217
133. Pickford, M. 1988. Un etrange suide nain du Neogene superieur de Lan-gebaanweg (Afrique du Sud). Annales de Paleontologie 74:229-250
134. Pickford, M. 1989a. New specimens of Nyanzachoerus waylandi (Mammalia, Suidae, Tetraconodontinae) from the type area, Nyaburogo (upper Miocene), Lake Albert Rift, Uganda. Geobios 22:641-651
135. Pickford, M. 1989b. Dynamics of Old World biostratigraphic realms during the Neogene: implications for biostratigraphy: pp. 413-442 in E. H. Lindsay, V. Fahlbusch, and P. Mein (eds.), European Neogene Mammal Chronology. Plenum Press, New York
136. Pickford, M. 1990. Decouverte de Kenyapotamus en Tunisie. Annales de Paleontologie 76:277-283
137. Pickford, M., B. Senut, I. Semmanda, D. Elepu, and P. Obwona. 1988. Premiers resultats de la mission de 1’Uganda Palaeontology Expedition Nkondo (Pliocene du bassin du lac Albert, Ouganda). Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences (Serie II), Paris 306:315-320
138. Pilbeam, D., M. Morgan, J. C. Barry, and L. Flynn. In press. European MN units and the Siwalik faunal sequence of Pakistan; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
139. Powers, D. W. 1980. Geology of Mio-Pliocene sediments of the lower Kerio River Valley, Kenya. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, Princeton, 165 pp
140. Quade, J., T. E. Cerling, and J. R. Bowman. 1989. Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in northern Pakistan. Nature 342:163-166
141. Quade, J., T. E. Cerling, J. C. Barry, M. E. Morgan, D. R. Pilbeam, A. R. Chivas, J. A. Lee-Thorp, and N. J. van der Merwe. 1992. A 16-Ma record of paleodiet using carbon and oxygen isotopes in fossil teeth from Pakistan. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geoscience Section) 94:183-192
142. Rogers, J. 1993. The phylogenetic relationships among Homo, Pan and Gorilla: population genetic perspective. Journal of Human Evolution 25:201-215
143. Schmidt-Kittler, N. 1987. The Carnivora (Fissipedia) from the lower Miocene of East Africa. Palaeontographica. E-Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhadlung (nagele u. Obermiller), Mainz-Stuttgart 197: 85-126
144. Sen, S. 1983. Rongeurs et lagomorphes du gisement Pliocene de Pule-Charkhi, bassin de Kabul, Afghanistan. Bulletin du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Section C (Series 5), 33-74
145. Simons, E. L. 1969. Miocene monkeys (.Prohylobates) from northern Egypt. Nature 223:687-689
146. Smart, C. 1976. The Lothagam 1 fauna: its phylogenetic, ecological and biogeographic significance; pp. 361-369 in Y. Coppens, F. C. Howell, G. L. Isaac, and R. E. F. Leakey (eds.), Earliest Man and Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
147. Solounias, N. 1981. The Turolian fauna from the Island of Samos, Greece. Contributions to Vertebrate Evolution 6:1-231
148. Steininger, F. F., W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen, and J. Agusti. In press. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
149. Stewart, K. M. 1990. Fossil fish from the Upper Semliki: pp. 141-163 in N. T. Boaz (ed.), Evolution of Environments and Hominidae in the African Rift Valley. Memoire 1, Virginia Museum of Natural History, Martinsville
150. Stromer, E. 1907. Fossile Wirbeltier-Reste aus der Uadi Faregh and Uadi Natrun in Agypten. Abhandllungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 29:99-132
151. Stromer, E. 1913. Mitteilungen Aber die Wirbeltierreste aus dem Mittel-pliocan des Natrontales (Agypten). 1 Affen. Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft, Abhandlungen 65:349-361
152. Stromer, E. 1920. Mitteilungen Aber die Wirbeltierreste aus dem Mittel-pliocan des Natrontales (Agypten). 5. Nachtrag zu 1 Affen. Sitzun-berichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Miinchen 5:345-370
153. Swisher, C. C. III. In press. New 40Ar/39Ar dates and their contribution toward a revised chronology for the late Miocene of Europe and West Asia; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
154. Szalay, F. S., and E. Delson. 1979. Evolutionary History of the Primates. Academic Press, New York, 580 pp
155. Tassy, P. 1986. Nouveaux Elephantoidea (Mammalia) dans le Miocene du Kenya. Cahiers de Paleontologie. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 135 pp
156. Tassy, P. 1989. The “Proboscidean Datum Event:” How many proboscideans and how many events?; pp. 237-252 in E. H. Lindsay, V. Fahlbusch and P. Mein (eds.), European Neogene Mammal Chronology. Plenum Press, New York
157. Tchernov, E. 1986. Evolution of the crocodiles in East and North Africa. Cahiers de Paleontologie. Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 65 pp
158. Tchernov, E. and J. Van Couvering. 1978. New crocodiles from the early Miocene of Kenya. Palaeontology 21:857-867
159. Tieszen, L. I., M. M. Senyimba, S. K. Imbamba, and J. H. Troughton. 1979. The distribution of C3 and C4 grass and carbon isotope discrimination along an altitudinal and moisture gradient in Kenya. Oecologica 37:337-350
160. Tullett, S.G, and R.G., Board. 1977. Determinants of avian egg shell porosity. Journal of Zoology, London, 183:203-211
161. Tyler, C. and S. Fowler. 1979. The size, shape, and orientation of pore grooves in the egg shells of Rhea sp. Journal of Zoology, London 187:283-298
162. Van Couvering, J. A., and J. A. H. Van Couvering. 1976. Early Miocene mammal fossils from East Africa: aspects of geology, faunistics and paleoecology; pp. 155-208 in G. L. Isaac and E. R. McCown (eds.), Human Origins: Louis Leakey and the East African Evidence. Staples, Menlo Park
163. Von Koenigswald, G. H. R. 1969. Miocene Cercopithecoidea and Oreopithecoidea of East Africa. Fossil Vertebrates of Africa 1:39-52
164. Vrba, E. 1985. Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events. South African Journal of Science 81:229-36
165. Werdelin, L. In press. Carnivores, exclusive of Hyaenidae, from the later Miocene of Europe and Western Asia; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
166. Werdelin, L. and N. Solounias. In press. History of hyaenas in the Miocene of Europe and Western Asia; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
167. Werdelin, L., A. Turner, and N. Solounias. 1994. Studies of fossil hyaenids: the genera Hyaenictis Gaudry and Chasmaporthetes Hay, with a reconsideration of the Hyaenidae of Langebaanweg, South Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 111:197-217
168. White, J. A. 1991. North American Leporinae (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) from late Miocene (Clarendonian) to latest Pliocene (Blancan). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 11:67-89
169. White, T. D. 1977. New fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania: 1976-1979 specimens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 46: 197-230
170. White, T. D. 1980. Additional fossil hominids from Laetoli, Tanzania: 1976-1979 specimens. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 53:487-504
171. White, T. D. 1986. Australopithecus afarensis and the Lothagam mandible. Anthropos (Brno) 23:79-90
172. White, T. D. 1987. Review of neogene paleontology and geology of Sahabi. Journal of Human Evolution 16:312-315
173. White, T. D., G. Suwa, and B. Asfaw. 1994. Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Nature 371: 306-312
174. White, T. D., G. Suwa, G. Richards, J. P. Watters, and L. G. Barnes. 1983. “Hominid clavicle” from Sahabi is actually a fragment of cetacean rib. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 61:239-244
175. Whybrow, P., A. Hill, W. Yasin al Tikriti, and E. Hailwood. 1990. Late Miocene primate fauna, flora and initial paleomagnetic data from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Journal of Human Evolution 19:583-588
176. Winkler, A. J. 1994. The middle/upper Miocene dispersal of major rodent groups between southern Asia and Africa; pp. 173-184 in Y. Tomida, C. K. Li, and T. Setoguchi (eds), Rodent and Lagomorph Families of Asian Origin and Diversification. National Science Museum Monographs 8, Tokyo
177. Winkler, A. J. In press. Systematics, paleobiogeography, and paleoenvironmental significance of rodents from the Ibole Member, Manonga Valley, Tanzania; in T. Harrison (ed.) Neogene Paleontology in the Manonga Valley, Tanzania: A Window into East African Evolution. Plenum Press, New York
178. Wood, R. C. 1971. The fossil Pelomedusidae (Testudines, Pleurodira) of Africa. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University, Cambridge, 117 pp
179. Wood, R. C. 1976. An enigmatic chelonian fragment from the Pliocene of Kenya. Copeia 3:589-591
180. Wood, R. C. 1983. Kerryamys williamsi, a fossil pelumedusid turtle from the Pliocene of Kenya; pp. 74-85 in A. J. G. Rhodin and K. Miyata (eds.), Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology: Essays in Honour of Ernest E. Williams. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge
181. Woodburne, M. O., R. L. Bernor, and C. C. Swisher III. In press. An appraisal of the stratigraphic and phylogenetic bases for the “Hipparion Datum” in the Old World; in R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann (eds.), The Evolution of Western Eurasian Later Neogene Faunas. Columbia University Press, New York
182. Yasui, K., Y. Kunimatsu, N. Kuga, B. Bajope, and H. Ishida. 1992. Fossil mammals from the Neogene strata in the Sinda Basin, eastern Zaire. African Study Monograph Supplementary Issue 17:87-107