Climatic warmth and national wealth: Some culture-level determinants of national character stereotypes

European Journal of Personality

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 953-976

  McCrae, Robert R ^a,c   Terracciano, Antonio ^a   Realo, Anu ^b   Allik, Jüri ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

Author keywords

Cross cultural; Five factor model; National character; Personality; Stereotypes

Indexed keywords

EID: 38149094224     PISSN: 08902070     EISSN: 10990984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/per.647     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Allik, J., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Toward a geography of personality traits: Patterns of profiles across 36 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 13-28.
2. Anderson, C. A. (1989). Temperature and aggression: Ubiquitous effects of heat on occurrence of human violence. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 74-96.
3. Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., De Vries, R. E., Di Blass, L., et al. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356-366.
4. Barzini, L. (1964). The Italians. New York: Touchstone.
5. Bonati, M., & Campi, R. (2005). What can we do to improve child health in Southern Italy? PLoS Medicine, 2, e250.
6. Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Au, A., de Carrasquel, S. R., Murakami, F., Yamaguchi, S., et al. (2004). Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 548-570.
7. Borkenau, P. (1992). Implicit personality theory and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 60, 295-327.
8. Boster, J. S., & Maltseva, K. (2006). A crystal seen from each of its vertices: European views of European national characters. Cross-Cultural Research, 40, 47-64.
9. Bruner, J. S., & Taguiri, R. (1954). Person perception. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 634-654). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
10. Central Intelligence Agency. (2006). The World Factbook, 2003. Retrieved 22 February 2006, from http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/it. html#Econ
11. Church, A. T., & Katigbak, M. S. (2002). The Five-Factor Model in the Philippines: Investigating trait structure and levels across cultures. In R. R. McCrae, & J. Allik (Eds.), The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures (pp. 129-154). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
12. Cloninger, C. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Przybeck, T. R. (1993). A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 975-990.
13. Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
14. Costa, P. T. Jr., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331.
15. Diener, E., Diener, M., & Diener, C. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851-864.
16. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
17. Du Bois, C. (1944). The people of Alor. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
18. Eagly, A., & Steffen, V. J. (1988). A note on assessing stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 676-680.
19. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902.
20. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1999). Is there a universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Bulletin, 106, 766-794.
21. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.
22. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Hofstede, G., & McCrae, R. R. (2004). Personality and culture revisited: Linking traits and dimensions of culture. Cross-Cultural Research, 38, 52-88.
24. Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization: Cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
25. Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65, 19-51.
26. Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Inkeles, A. (1997). National character: A psycho-social perspective. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
28. ISTAT. (2006). Reddito c condizioni economiche in Italia. Retrieved 20 March 2007 from http://www.istat.it/salastampa/comunicati/non_calendario/ 20061228_02/testointegrale.pdf
29. Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1993). Definition and assessment of accuracy in social stereotypes. Psychological Review. 100. 109-128.
30. Krueger, J. I., & Wright, J. C. (2006). How to measure national stereotypes? [Letter to the Editor]. Science 311, 776-777.
31. Linssen, H.. & Hagendoorn. L. (1994). Social and geographical factors in the explanation of the content of European nationality stereotypes. British Journal of Social Psychology. 33, 165-182.
32. Macrae, C. N., Stangor, C. & Hewstone, M. (1996). Stereotypes and stereotyping. New York: Guilford Press.
33. Madon, S., Jussim, L., Keiper, S., Eccles. J., Smith, A., & Palumbo, P. (1998). The accuracy and power of sex, social class, and ethnic stereotypes: A naturalistic study in person perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1304-1318.
34. McCrae, R. R. (2001). Trait psychology and culture: Exploring intercultural comparisons. Journal of Personality, 69, 819-846.
35. McCrae, R. R. (2002). NEO-PI-R data from 36 cultures: Further intercultural comparisons. In R. R. McCrae, & J. Allik (Eds.), The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures (pp. 105-125). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
36. McCrae, R. R., Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Riemann, R., & Angleitner, A. (2001). Sources of structure: Genetic, environmental, and artifactual influences on the covariation of personality traits. Journal of Personality, 69, 511-535.
37. McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (in press). The Five-Factor Model and its correlates in individuals and cultures. In F. J. R. Van de Vijver, D. A. van Hemert, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Individuals and cultures in multi-level analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
38. McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A., & 79 Members of the PersonalityProfiles of Cultures Project. (2005). Personality profiles of cultures: Aggregate personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 407-425.
39. McGrath, R. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (2006). How to measure national stereotypes? [Letter to the Editor]. Science, 311, 776-777.
40. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
41. Montesquieu, C. d. S. (1989). The spirit of the laws. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Original work published in 1748).
42. Panksepp, J. (1995). The emotional sources of 'chills' induced by music. Music Perception, 13, 171-207.
43. Parker, P. M. (1995). Climatic effects on individual, social, and economic behavior: A physioeconomic review of research across disciplines. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
44. Peabody, D. (1985). National characteristics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
45. Pennebaker, J. W., Rime, B., & Blankenship, V. E. (1996). Stereotypes of emotional expressiveness of Northerners and Southerners: A cross-cultural test of Montesquieu's hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 372-380.
46. Phalet, K., & Poppe, E. (1997). Competence and morality dimensions of national and ethnic stereotypes: A study in six Eastern-European countries. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 703-723.
47. Pinker, S. (2002). The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York: Penguin Books.
48. Poppe, E. (2001). Effects of change in GNP and perceived group characteristics on national and ethnic stereotypes in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 1689-1708.
49. Poppe, E., & Linssen, H. (1999). In-group favoritism and the reflection of realistic dimensions of difference between national states in Central and Eastern European nationality stereotypes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 85-102.
50. Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S. H., & Knafo, A. (2002). The Big Five personality factors and personal values. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 789-801.
51. Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
52. Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 173-220). New York: Academic Press.
53. Salthouse, T. A. (1989). Age-related changes in basic cognitive processes. In M. Storandt & G. R. VandenBos (Eds.), The adult years: Continuity and change (pp. 9-40). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
54. Schwartz, D. C. (1968). On the ecology of political violence: 'The long hot summer' as a hypothesis. American Behavioral Scientist, 11, 24-28.
55. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S.-C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 85-119). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
56. Shrauger, J. S., & Schoeneman, T. J. (1979). Symbolic interactionist view of self-concept: Through the looking glass darkly. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 549-573.
57. Smith, P. B., Dugan, S., & Trompenaars, F. (1996). National culture and values of organizational employees. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 231-264.
58. Stangor, C., & Lange, J. E. (1994). Mental representations of social groups: Advances in conceptualizing stereotypes and stereotyping. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 357-416.
59. Terracciano, A. (2003). The Italian version of the NEO-PI-R: Conceptual and empirical support for the use of targeted rotation. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1859-1872.
60. Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalak, A. M., Adam, N., Adamovová L., Ahn, C.-k., Ahn, H.-n., et al. (2005). National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 310, 96-100.
61. Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2006). How to measure national stereotypes? Response. Science, 311, 777-779.
62. Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (in press). Perceptions of Americans and the Iraq invasion: Implications for understanding national character stereotypes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.
63. Van De Vliert, E., Schwartz, S. H., Huismans, S. E., Hofstede, G., & Daan, S. (1999). Temperature, cultural masculinity, and domestic political violence: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 291-314.
64. World Climate. (2005). World climate. Retrieved 22 February 2006 from http://www.worldclimate.com
65. World Factbook. (2003). GPD - per capita. Retrieved 8 May 2006 from http://www.bartleby.com/151/fields/64.html