Sources of structure: Genetic, environmental, and artifactual influences on the covariation of personality traits

Journal of Personality

Volumn 69, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 511-535

  McCrae, Robert R ^c   Jang, Kerry L ^a   Livesley, W John ^a   Riemann, Rainer ^b   Angleitner, Alois ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON AGING   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR GENETICS; CANADA; CLINICAL TRIAL; ENVIRONMENT; FACTORIAL ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GENETICS; GERMANY; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; PERSONALITY; PHENOTYPE; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; STATISTICS; TWINS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CANADA; ENVIRONMENT; FACTOR ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL; FEMALE; GENETICS, BEHAVIORAL; GERMANY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY; PHENOTYPE;

EID: 0035430364     PISSN: 00223506     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.694154     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Baker, L. A., & Daniels, D. (1990). Nonshared environmental influences and personality differences in adult twins. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 103-110.
2. Benjamin, J., Li, L., Patterson, C., Greenberg, B. D., Murphy, D. L., & Hamer, D. H. (1996). Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of novelty seeking. Nature Genetics, 12, 81-84.
3. Borkenau, P. (1992). Implicit personality theory and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 60, 295-327.
4. Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (1994). Genes, environment, and personality. Science, 264, 1700-1701.
5. Carey, G., & DiLalla, D. L. (1994). Personality and psychopathology: Genetic perspectives. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 32-43.
6. Carroll, J. B. (in press). The Five-Factor Personality Model: How complete and satisfactory is it? In H. Braun, D. Wiley, D. N. Jackson, & D. E. Wiley (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
7. Cloninger, C. R., Adolfsson, R., & Svrakic, N. M. (1996). Mapping genes for human personality. Nature Genetics, 12, 3-4.
8. Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use. St. Louis, MO: Center for Psychobiology of Personality, Washington University.
9. Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
10. Eley, T. C. (1997). General genes: A new theme in developmental psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, 90-95.
11. Everett, J. E. (1983). Factor comparability as a means of determining the number of factors and their rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 18, 197-218.
12. Flory, J. D., Manuck, S. B., Ferrell, R. E., Dent, K. M., Peters, D. G., & Muldoon, M. F. (1999). Neuroticism is not associated with the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism. Molecular Psychiatry, 4, 93-96.
13. Glisky, M. L., Tartaryn, D. J., Tobias, B. A., Kihlstrom, J. F., & McConkey, K. M. (1991). Absorption, Openness to Experience, and hypnotizability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 263-272.
14. Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48, 26-34.
15. Gough, H. G. (1987). California Psychological Inventory administrator's guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
16. Harris, J. R. (1998). The nurture assumption: Why children turn out the way they do. New York: The Free Press.
17. Haven, S., & ten Berge, J. M. F. (1977). Tucker's coefficient of congruence as a measure of factorial invariance: An empirical study. Heymans Bulletin, 290EX. The Netherlands: University of Groningen.
18. Hetherington, E.M., Reiss, D., & Plomin, R. (1994). Separate social worlds of siblings: The impact of nonshared environment on development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Horn, J. L. (1967). On subjectivity in factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 811-820.
20. HU, L., Bentler, P. M., & Kano, Y. (1992). Can test statistics in covariance structure analysis be trusted? Psychological Bulletin, 112, 351-362.
21. Jang, K. L., & Livesley, W. J. (1999). Why do measures of normal and disordered personality correlate? A study of genetic comorbidity. Journal of Personality Disorders, 13, 10-17.
22. Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, 577-591.
23. Jang, K. L., Livesley, Vernon, P. A., & Jackson, D. N. (1996). Heritability of personality disorder traits: A twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94, 438-444.
24. Jang, K. L., McCrae, R. R., Angleitner, A., Riemann, R., & Livesley, W. J. (1998). Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin study: Support for a hierarchical model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1556-1565.
25. Kasriel, J., & Eaves, L. J. (1976). The zygosity of twins: Further evidence on the agreement between diagnosis by blood groups and written questionnaires. Journal of Biosocial Science, 8, 263-266.
26. Lesch, K. P., Bengel, D., Sabol, S. Z., Greenberg, B. D., Petri, S., Benjamin, J., Müller, C. R., Hamer, D. H., & Murphy, D. L. (1996). Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science, 274, 1527-1531.
27. Livesley, W. J., Jang, K. L., & Vernon, P. A. (1998). Phenotypic and genetic structure of traits delineating personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 941-948.
28. Loehlin, J. C. (1987). Heredity, environment, and the structure of the California Psychological Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 22, 137-148.
29. Loehlin, J. C. (1992). Genes and environment in personality development. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
30. Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A., DeRubeis, R. (1978). Volunteer bias in twin research: The rule of two-thirds. Social Biology, 25, 1-9.
31. MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4, 84-99.
32. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1989). Different points of view: Self-reports and ratings in the assessment of personality. In J. P. Forgas & M. J. Innes (Eds.), Recent advances in social psychology: An international perspective (pp. 429-439). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
33. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1991). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The full five-factor model and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 227-232.
34. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516.
35. McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Jr., & Piedmont, R. L. (1993). Folk concepts, natural language, and psychological constructs: The California Psychological Inventory and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 61, 1-26.
36. McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
37. McCrae, R. R., Stone, S. V., Fagan, P. J., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1998). Identifying causes of disagreement between self-reports and spouse ratings of personality. Journal of Personality, 66, 285-313.
38. McCrae, R. R., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T., Jr., Bond, M. H., & Paunonen, S. V. (1996). Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 552-566.
39. Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992). Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
40. Nichols, R., C., & Bilbro, W. C., Jr. (1966). The diagnosis of twin zygosity. Acta Geneteticae Medicae et Gemellollogiae, 16, 265-275.
41. Oniszczenko, W., Angleitner, A., Strelau, J., & Angert T. (1993). The questionnaire of twins' physical resemblance. Unpublished questionnaire, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, and University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany.
42. Ostendorf, F., & Angleitner, A. (1994, July). Psychometric properties of the German translation of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R). Poster presented at the Seventh Conference of the European Association for Personality Psychology, Madrid, Spain.
43. Passini, F. T., & Norman, W. T. (1966). A universal conception of personality structure? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 44-49.
44. Plomin, R. (1990). The role of inheritance in behavior. Science, 248, 183-188.
45. Plomin, R., & Caspi, A. (1998). DNA and personality. European Journal of Personality, 12, 387-407.
46. Plomin, R., Chipuer, H.M., & Neiderhiser, J.M. (1994). Behavioral genetic evidence for the importance of nonshared environment. In E. M. Hetherington, D. Reiss, & R. Plomin (Eds.), Separate social worlds of siblings: The impact of nonshared environment on development (pp. 1-32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & McClearn, G. E. (1990). Behavioral genetics: A primer (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Freeman.
48. Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Strelau, J. (1997). Genetic and environmental influences on personality: A study of twins reared together using the self and peer report NEO-FFI scales. Journal of Personality, 65, 449-475.
49. Rowe, D. C. (1982). Monozygotic twin cross-correlations as validation of personality structure: A test of the semantic bias hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psycholgy, 43, 1072-1079.
50. Scarr, S. (1987). Distinctive environments depend on genotypes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 38-39.
51. Shock, N. W., Greulich, R. C., Andres, R., Arenberg, D., Costa, P. T., Jr., Lakatta, E. G., & Tobin, J. D. (1984). Normal human aging: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (NIH Publication No. 84-2450). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.
52. Shweder, R. A. (1975). How relevant is an individual difference theory of personality? Journal of Personality, 43, 455-484.
53. Sneed, C. D., McCrae, R. R., & Funder, D. C. (1998). Lay conceptions of the Five-Factor Model and its indicators. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 115-126.
54. Strelau, J. (1987). The concept of temperament in personality research. European Journal of Personality, 1, 107-117.
55. Sulloway, F. J. (1996). Born to rebel: Birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Pantheon.
56. Turkheimer, E. (1998). Heritability and biological explanation. Psychological Review, 105, 782-791.
57. Vandenbergh, D. J., Zonderman, A. B., Wang, J., Uhl, G. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). No association between Novelty Seeking and dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III seven repeat alleles in Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants. Molecular Psychiatry, 2, 417-419.
58. Velicer, W. F., & Jackson, D. N. (1990). Component analysis versus common factor analysis: Some issues in selecting an appropriate procedure. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 1-28.
59. Vernon, P. A., Jang, K. L., Harris, J. A., McCarthy, J. M. (1997). Environmental predictors of personality differences. A twins and sibling study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 177-183.
60. Wiggins, J. S. (1979). A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 395-412.
61. Woodruffe, C. (1985). Consensual validation of personality traits: Additional evidence and individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1240-1252.
62. Yang, J., McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Jr., Dai, X., Yao, S., Cai, T., & Gao, B. (1999). Cross-cultural personality assessment in psychiatric populations: The NEO-PI-R in the People's Republic of China. Psychological Assessment, 11, 359-368.