Impairments in timing, temporal memory, and reversal learning linked to neurotoxic regimens of methamphetamine intoxication

Brain Research

Volumn 1186, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 255-266

  Cheng, Ruey Kuang ^a   Etchegaray, Mikel ^a   Meck, Warren H ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Clock speed; Dopamine; Interval timing; Modality difference; Neurotoxicity; Prefrontal cortex; Striatum; Time perception

Indexed keywords

METHAMPHETAMINE; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ARTICLE; AUDITORY RESPONSE; BEHAVIOR; CONTROLLED STUDY; DATA ANALYSIS; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG INTOXICATION; LEARNING; MALE; MEMORY DISORDER; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; TIME; VISUAL STIMULATION;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CORTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION; DISCRIMINATION LEARNING; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; INJECTIONS; MALE; MEMORY; METHAMPHETAMINE; NEUROTOXINS; RANDOM ALLOCATION; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; REACTION TIME; REVERSAL LEARNING; TIME PERCEPTION;

ANIMALIA; RATTUS;

EID: 37649011620     PISSN: 00068993     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.002     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Achat-Mendes C., Ali S.F., and Itzhak Y. Differential effects of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity on appetitive and aversive Pavlovian conditioning in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005) 1128-1137
2. Achat-Mendes C., Anderson K.L., and Itzhak Y. Impairment in consolidation of learned place preference following dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice is ameliorated by N-acetylcystein but not D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists. Neuropsychopharmacology 32 (2007) 531-541
3. Ali S.F., Newport G.D., Holson R.R., Slikker W., and Bowyer Jr. J.F. Low environmental temperature or pharmacologic agents that produce hypothermia decrease methamphetamine neurotoxicity in mice. Brain Res. 658 (1994) 33-38
4. Bamford N.S., Robinson S., Palmiter R.D., Joyce J.A., Moore C., and Meshul C.K. Dopamine modulates release from corticostriatal terminals. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 9541-9552
5. Bamford N.S., Zhang H., Schmitz Y., Wu N.-P., Cepeda C., Levine M.S., Schmauss C., Zakharenko S.S., Zablow L., and Sulzer D. Heterosynaptic dopamine neurotransmission selects sets of corticostriatal terminals. Neuron 42 (2004) 653-663
6. Beiser D.G., and Houk J.C. Model of cortical-basal ganglionic processing: encoding the serial order of sensory events. J. Neurophysiol. 79 (1998) 3168-3188
7. Body S., Asgari K., Rickard J.F., Zhang Z., Fone K.C.F., Bradshaw C.M., and Szabadi E. Effects of quipazine and m-chlorophenylbiguanide (m-CPBG) on temporal differentiation: evidence for the involvement of 5-HT2A but not 5-HT3 receptors in interval timing behaviour. Psychopharmacology 181 (2005) 289-298
8. Bowyer J.F., Davies D.L., Schmued L., Broening H.W., Newport G.D., Slikker W., and Holson R.R. Further studies of the role of hyperthermia in methamphetamine neurotoxicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 268 (1994) 1571-1580
9. Breysse N., Carlsson T., Winkler C., Bj örklund A., and Kirik D. The functional impact of the intrastriatal dopamine neuron grafts in Parkinsonian rats is reduced with advancing age. J. Neurosci. 27 (2007) 5849-5856
10. Buhusi C.V. Dopaminergic mechanisms of interval timing and attention. In: Meck W.H. (Ed). Functional and Neural Mechanisms of Interval Timing (2003), CRC Press, Boca-Raton, FL 317-338
11. Buhusi C.V., and Meck W.H. Differential effects of methamphetamine and haloperidol on the control of an internal clock. Behav. Neurosci. 116 (2002) 291-297
12. Buhusi C.V., and Meck W.H. What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing. Nat. Rev., Neurosci. 6 (2005) 755-765
13. Buhusi C.V., and Meck W.H. Interval timing with gaps and distracters: evaluation of the ambiguity, switch, and time-sharing hypotheses. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 32 (2006) 329-338
14. Buhusi C.V., and Meck W.H. Time sharing in rats: a peak-interval procedure with gaps and distracters. Behav. Processes 71 (2006) 107-115
15. Buhusi C.V., and Meck W.H. Effect of clozapine on interval timing and working memory for time in the peak-interval procedure with gaps. Behav. Processes 74 (2007) 159-167
16. Cadet J.L., Jayanthi S., and Deng X. Speed kills: cellular and molecular bases of methamphetamine-induced nerve terminal degeneration and neuronal apotosis. FASEB J. 17 (2003) 1775-1788
17. Calu D.J., Stalnaker T.A., Franz T.M., Singh T., Shaham Y., and Schoenbaum G. Withdrawal from cocaine self-administration produces long-lasting deficits in orbitofrontal-dependent reversal learning in rats. Learn. Mem. 14 (2007) 325-328
18. Cevik M.O. Effects of methamphetamine on duration discrimination. Behav. Neurosci. 117 (2003) 774-784
19. Cheatwood J.L., Reep R.L., and Corwin J.V. The associative striatum: cortical and thalamic projections to the dorsocentral striatum in rats. Brain Res. 968 (2003) 1-14
20. Cheng R.K., and Liao R.M. Dopamine receptor antagonists reverse amphetamine-induced behavioral alteration on a differential reinforcement of low-rate (DRL) operant task in the rat. Chin. J. Physiol. 50 (2007) 77-88
21. Cheng R.K., MacDonald C.J., and Meck W.H. Differential effects of cocaine and ketamine on time estimation: implications for neurobiological models of interval timing. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 85 (2006) 114-122
22. Cheng R.K., Ali Y.M., and Meck W.H. Ketamine "unlocks" the reduced clock-speed effect of cocaine following extended training: evidence for dopamine-glutamate interactions in timing and time perception. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 88 (2007) 149-159
23. Cheng R.K., Hakak O.L., and Meck W.H. Habit formation and the loss of control of an internal clock: inverse relationship between the level of baseline training and the clock-speed enhancing effects of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology 193 (2007) 351-362
24. Chudasama Y., and Robbins T.W. Dissociable contributions of the orbitofrontal and infralimbic cortex to Pavlovian autoshaping and discrimination reversal learning: further evidence for the functional heterogeneity of the rodent frontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 8771-8780
25. Church R.M. Properties of the internal clock. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 423 (1984) 566-582
26. Church R.M., and Deluty M.Z. Bisection of temporal intervals. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 3 (1977) 216-228
27. Church R.M., and Gibbon J. Temporal generalization. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 8 (1982) 165-186
28. Church R.M., Miller K.D., Meck W.H., and Gibbon J. Symmetrical and asymmetrical sources of variance in temporal generalization. Anim. Learn. Behav. 19 (1991) 207-214
29. Cools R., Clark L., Owen A.M., and Robbins T.W. Defining the neural mechanisms of probabilistic reversal learning using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 4563-4567
30. Cools R., Clark L., and Robbins T.W. Differential responses in human striatum and prefrontal cortex to changes in object and rule relevance. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 1129-1135
31. Cordes S., Williams C.L., and Meck W.H. Common representations of abstract quantities. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 16 (2007) 156-161
32. Daberkow D.P., Kesner R.P., and Keefe K.A. Relation between methamphetamine-induced monoamine depletions in the striatum and sequential motor learning. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 81 (2005) 198-204
33. Davidson C., Gow A.J., Lee T.H., and Ellinwood E.H. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity: necrotic and apoptotic mechanisms and relevance to human abuse and treatment. Brain Res. Rev. 36 (2001) 1-22
34. Drevets W.C., Gautier C., Price J.C., Kupfer D.J., Kinahan P.E., Grace A.A., Price J.L., and Mathis C.A. Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria. Biol. Psychiatry 49 (2001) 81-96
35. Eisch A.J., and Marshall J.F. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity: dissociation of striatal dopamine terminal damage from parietal cortical cell body injury. Synapse 30 (1998) 433-445
36. Eisch A.J., Gaffney M., Weihmuller F.B., O'Dell S.J., and Marshall J.F. Striatal subregions are differentially vulnerable to the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine. Brain Res. 598 (1992) 321-326
37. Eisch A.J., O'Dell S.J., and Marshall J.F. Striatal and cortical NMDA receptors are altered by a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine. Synapse 22 (1996) 217-225
38. Ernst T., Chang L., Leonido-Yee M., and Speck O. Evidence for long-term neurotoxicity associated with methamphetamine abuse: a 1H MRS study. Neurology 54 (2000) 1344-1349
39. Finnegan K.T., and Karler R. Role for protein synthesis in the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine in mice and rats. Brain Res. 591 (1992) 160-164
40. Fornai F., Alessandri M.G., Torracca M.T., Bassi L., Scalori V., and Corsini G.U. Noradrenergic modulation of methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine depletion. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 844 (1998) 166-177
41. Fornai F., Bassi L., Torracca M.T., Scalori V., and Corsini G.U. Norepinephrine loss exacerbates methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine depletion in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 283 (1995) 99-102
42. Fumagalli F., Gainetdinov R.R., Valenzano K.J., and Caron M.G. Role of dopamine transporter in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: evidence from mice lacking the transporter. J. Neurosci. 18 (1998) 4861-4869
43. Gibbon J. On the form and location of the psychometric bisection function for time. J. Math. Psychol. 24 (1981) 58-87
44. Gibbon J., Church R.M., and Meck W.H. Scalar timing in memory. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 423 (1984) 52-77
45. Gibbon J., Malapani C., Dale C.L., and Gallistel C.R. Toward a neurobiology of temporal cognition: advances and challenges. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7 (1997) 170-184
46. Glynn G., and Ahmad S. Three-dimensional electrophysiological topography of the rat corticostriatal system. J. Comp. Physiol., A Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 188 (2002) 695-703
47. Gooch C.M., Wiener M., Portugal G.S., and Matell M.S. Evidence for separate neural mechanisms for timing of discrete and sustained response. Brain Res. 1156 (2007) 139-151
48. Graf P., and Grondin S. Time perception and time-based prospective memory. In: Glicksohn J., and Myslobodsky M.S. (Eds). Timing the Future: the Case for a Time-based Prospective Memory (2006), World Scientific Publishing Co., Hackensack, NJ 1-24
49. Graybiel A.M. The basal ganglia and cognitive pattern generators. Schizophr. Bull. 23 (1997) 459-469
50. Graybiel A.M. The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15 (2005) 638-644
51. Haruno M., and Kawato M. Heterarchical reinforcement-learning model for integration of multiple cortico-striatal loops: fMRI examination in stimulus-action-reward association learning. Neural Netw. 19 (2006) 1242-1254
52. Hartmann B., and Guenkuerkun O. Selective deficits in reversal learning after neostriatum caudolaterale lesions in pigeons, possible behavioral equivalencies to the mammalian prefrontal system. Behav. Brain Res. 96 (1998) 125-133
53. Hinton S.C., and Meck W.H. Increasing the speed of an internal clock: the effects of nicotine on interval timing. Drug Dev. Res. 38 (1996) 204-211
54. Hinton S.C., and Meck W.H. The "internal clocks" of circadian and interval timing. Endeavour 21 (1997) 82-87
55. Hinton S.C., and Meck W.H. Frontal-striatal circuitry activated by human peak-interval timing in the supra-seconds range. Cogn. Brain Res. 21 (2004) 171-182
56. Imam S.Z., and Ali S.F. Aging increases the susceptibility to methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in rats: correlation with peroxynitrite. J. Neurochem. 78 (2001) 952-959
57. Itzhak Y., and Ali S.F. Behavioral consequences of methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in mice: relevance to the psychopathology of methamphetamine addition. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 965 (2002) 127-135
58. Izquierdo A., Wiedholz L.M., Millstein R.A., Yang R.J., Bussey T.J., Saksida L.M., and Holmes A. Genetic and dopaminergic modulation of reversal learning in a touchscreen-based operant procedure for mice. Behav. Brain Res. 171 (2006) 181-188
59. Kalasinsky K.S., Bosy T.Z., Schmunk G.A., Reiber G., Anthony R.M., Furukawa Y., Guttman M., and Kish S.J. Regional distribution of methamphetamine in autopsied brain of chronic human methamphetamine users. Forensic Sci. Int. 116 (2001) 163-169
60. Liao R.M., and Cheng R.K. Acute effects of d-amphetamine on the differential reinforcement of low-rate (DRL) schedule behavior in the rat: comparison with selective dopamine receptor antagonists. Chin. J. Physiol. 48 (2005) 41-50
61. Lucot J.B., Wagner G.C., Schuster C.R., and Seiden L.S. The effects of dopaminergic agents on the locomotor activity of rats after high doses of methylamphetamine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 13 (1980) 409-413
62. Lustig C., and Meck W.H. Paying attention to time as one gets older. Psychol. Sci. 12 (2001) 478-484
63. Lustig C., and Meck W.H. Chronic treatment with haloperidol induces working memory deficits in feedback effects of interval timing. Brain Cogn. 58 (2005) 9-16
64. Lustig C., Matell M.S., and Meck W.H. Not "just" a coincidence: frontal-striatal synchronization in working memory and interval timing. Memory 13 (2005) 441-448
65. MacDonald C.J., and Meck W.H. Systems-level integration of interval timing and reaction time. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 28 (2004) 747-769
66. MacDonald C.J., and Meck W.H. Differential effects of clozapine and haloperidol on interval timing in the supraseconds range. Psychopharmacology 182 (2005) 232-244
67. MacDonald C.J., and Meck W.H. Interaction of raclopride and preparatory-interval effects on simple reaction-time performance. Behav. Brain Res. 175 (2006) 62-74
68. Malapani C., Rakitin B., Meck W.H., Deweer B., Dubois B., and Gibbon J. Coupled temporal memories in Parkinson's disease: a dopamine-related dysfunction. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 10 (1998) 316-331
69. Maricq A.V., and Church R.M. The differential effects of haloperidol and methamphetamine on time estimation in the rat. Psychopharmacology 79 (1983) 10-15
70. Maricq A.V., Roberts S., and Church R.M. Methamphetamine and time estimation. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 7 (1981) 18-30
71. Marshall J.F., O'Dell S.J., and Weihmuller F.B. Dopamine-glutamate interactions in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. J. Neural Transm., Gen. Sect. 91 (1993) 241-254
72. Matell M.S., and Meck W.H. Neuropsychological mechanisms of interval timing behavior. Bioessays 22 (2000) 94-103
73. Matell M.S., and Meck W.H. Cortico-striatal circuits and interval timing: coincidence-detection of oscillatory processes. Cogn. Brain Res. 21 (2004) 139-170
74. Matell M.S., Meck W.H., and Nicolelis M.A.L. Interval timing and the encoding of signal duration by ensembles of cortical and striatal neurons. Behav. Neurosci. 117 (2003) 760-773
75. Matell M.S., King G.R., and Meck W.H. Differential adjustment of interval timing by the chronic administration of intermittent or continuous cocaine. Behav. Neurosci. 118 (2004) 150-156
76. Matell M.S., Bateson M., and Meck W.H. Single-trials analyses demonstrate that increases in clock speed contribute to the methamphetamine-induced horizontal shifts in peak-interval timing functions. Psychopharmacology 188 (2006) 201-212
77. McAlonan K., and Brown V.J. Orbital prefrontal cortex mediates reversal learning and not attentional set shifting in the rat. Behav. Brain Res. 146 (2003) 97-103
78. McCann U.C., and Ricaurte G.A. Amphetamine neurotoxicity: accomplishments and remaining challenges. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 27 (2004) 821-826
79. Meck W.H. Selective adjustment of the speed of internal clock and memory processes. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 9 (1983) 171-201
80. Meck W.H. Attentional bias between modalities: effect on the internal clock, memory, and decision stages used in animal time discrimination. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 423 (1984) 528-541
81. Meck W.H. Postreinforcement signal processing. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 11 (1985) 52-70
82. 2 receptor predicts neuroleptic potency in decreasing the speed of an internal clock. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 25 (1986) 1185-1189
83. Meck W.H. Modality-specific circadian rhythmicities influence mechanisms of attention and memory for interval timing. Learn. Motiv. 22 (1991) 153-179
84. Meck W.H. Neuropharmacology of timing and time perception. Cogn. Brain Res. 3 (1996) 227-242
85. Meck W.H. Choline uptake in the frontal cortex is proportional to the absolute error of a temporal memory translation constant in mature and aged rats. Learn. Mot. 33 (2002) 88-104
86. Meck W.H. Neuropsychology of timing and time perception. Brain Cogn. 58 (2005) 1-8
87. Meck W.H. Frontal cortex lesions eliminate the clock speed effect of dopaminergic drugs on interval timing. Brain Res. 1108 (2006) 157-167
88. Meck W.H. Neuroanatomical localization of an internal clock: a functional link between mesolimbic, nigrostriatal, and mesocortical dopaminergic systems. Brain Res. 1109 (2006) 93-107
89. Meck W.H. Temporal memory in mature and aged rats is sensitive to choline acetyltransferase inhibition. Brain Res. 1108 (2006) 168-175
90. Meck W.H., and Church R.M. Abstraction of temporal attributes. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 8 (1982) 226-243
91. Meck W.H., and Church R.M. A mode control model of counting and timing processes. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 9 (1983) 320-334
92. Meck W.H., and Church R.M. Cholinergic modulation of the content of temporal memory. Behav. Neurosci. 101 (1987) 457-464
93. Meck W.H., and Church R.M. Nutrients that modify the speed of internal clock and memory storage processes. Behav. Neurosci. 101 (1987) 465-475
94. Meck W.H., and N'Diaye K. A neurobiological model for timing and time perception. Psychol. Fr. 50 (2005) 47-63
95. Meck W.H., Church R.M., and Gibbon J. Temporal integration in duration and number discrimination. J. Exp. Psychol., Anim. Behav. Processes 11 (1985) 591-597
96. Meck W.H., Church R.M., and Wenk G.L. Arginine vasopressin inoculates against age-related increases in sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake and discrepancies in the content of temporal memory. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 130 (1986) 327-331
97. Meck W.H., Church R.M., Wenk G.L., and Olton D.S. Nucleus basalis magnocellularis and medial septal area lesions differentially impair temporal memory. J. Neurosci. 7 (1987) 3505-3511
98. Melega W.P., Cho A.K., Harvey D., and Lacan G. Methamphetamine blood concentrations in human abusers: application to pharmacokinetic modeling. Synapse 61 (2007) 216-220
99. Melgire M., Ragot R., Samson S., Penney T.B., Meck W.H., and Pouthas V. Auditory/visual duration bisection in patients with left or right medial-temporal lobe resection. Brain Cogn. 58 (2005) 119-124
100. Moszczynska A., Guttman M., and Kish S.J. Preferential loss of dopamine in caudate versus putamen of human methamphetamine users: possible relationship to specific features of drug withdrawal. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 7 (2001) S14
101. Nordahl T.E., Salo R., and Leamon M. Neuropsychological effects of chronic methamphetamine use on neurotransmitters and cognition: a review. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 15 (2003) 317-325
102. Palencia C.A., and Ragozzino M.E. The influence of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum on response reversal learning. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 82 (2004) 81-89
103. Paule M.G., Meck W.H., McMillan D.E., Bateson M., Popke E.J., Chelonis J.J., and Hinton S.C. The use of timing behaviors in animals and humans to detect drug and/or toxicant effects. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 21 (1999) 491-502
104. Penney T.B. Modality differences in interval timing: attention, clock speed, and memory. In: Meck W.H. (Ed). Functional and Neural Mechanisms of Interval Timing (2003), CRC Press, Boca-Raton, FL 209-233
105. Penney T.B., Holder M.D., and Meck W.H. Clonidine-induced antagonism of norepinephrine modulates the attentional processes involved in peak-interval timing. Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 4 (1996) 82-92
106. Penney T.B., Gibbon J., and Meck W.H. Differential effects of auditory and visual signals on clock speed and temporal memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 26 (2000) 1770-1787
107. Penney T.B., Meck W.H., Roberts S.A., Gibbon J., and Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. Attention mediated temporal processing deficits in subjects at high risk for schizophrenia. Brain Cogn. 58 (2005) 109-118
108. Penney, T.B., Gibbon, J., Meck, W.H., submitted for publication. Categorical scaling of duration bisection in pigeons (Columba livia), mice (Mus musculus), and humans (Homo sapiens).
109. Ragozzino M.E., and Choi D. Dynamic changes in acetylcholine output in the medial striatum during place reversal learning. Learn. Mem. 11 (2004) 70-77
110. Ragozzino M.E., Detrick S., and Kesner R.P. Involvement of the prelimbis-infralimbic areas of the rodent prefrontal cortex in behavioral flexibility for place and response learning. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 4585-4594
111. Ragozzino M.E., Ragozzino K.E., Mizumori S.J.Y., and Kesner R.P. The role of the dorsomedial striatum in behavioral flexibility for response and visual cue discrimination learning. Behav. Neurosci. 116 (2002) 105-115
112. Rammsayer T.H. Neuropharmacological evidence for different timing mechanisms in humans. Q. J. Exp. Psychol., B 52 (1999) 273-286
113. Sakata S. Timing and hippocampal theta in animals. Rev. Neurosci. 17 (2006) 157-162
114. Segal D., and Kuczenski R. Repeated binge exposures to amphetamine and methamphetamine: behavioral and neurochemical characterization. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 282 (1997) 561-573
115. Segal D.S., Kuczenski R., O'Neil M.L., Melega W.P., and Cho A.K. Escalating dose methamphetamine pretreatment alters the behavioral and neurochemical profiles associated with exposure to a high-dose methamphetamine binge. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (2003) 1730-1740
116. Shoblock J.R., Sullivan E.B., Maisonneuve I.M., and Glick S.D. Neurochemical and behavioral differences between d-methamphetamine and d-amphetamine in rats. Psychopharmacology 165 (2003) 359-369
117. Smith J.G., Harper D.N., Gittings D., and Abernethy D. The effect of Parkinson's on time estimation as a function of stimulus duration range and modality. Brain Cogn. 64 (2007) 130-143
118. Thomas D.M., Walker P.D., Benjamins J.A., Geddes T.J., and Kuhn D.M. Methamphetamine neurotoxicity in dopamine nerve endings of the striatum is associated with microglial activation. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311 (2004) 1-7
119. Truong J.G., Wilkins D.G., Baudys J., Crouch D.J., Johnson-Davis K.L., Gibb J.W., Hanson G.R., and Fleckenstein A.E. Age-dependent methamphetamine-induced alterations in vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function: implications for neurotoxicity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314 (2005) 1087-1092
120. 2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. Am. J. Psychiatry 158 (2001) 2015-2021
121. Wallace T.L., Gudelsky G.A., and Vorhees C.V. Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity alters locomotor activity, stereotypic behavior, and stimulated dopamine release in the rat. J. Neurosci. 19 (1999) 9141-9148
122. Williamson, L.L., Cheng, R.K., Etchegaray, M., Meck, W.H., in press. "Speed" warps time: methamphetamine's interactive roles in drug abuse, habit formation, and the biological clocks of circadian and interval timing. Cur. Drug Abuse Rev.
123. Wilpizeski C.R., and Hamilton C.L. Drug-induced decrement in spatial reversal learning in the white rat. Psychopharmacologia 6 (1964) 475-479
124. Wilson J.M., Kalasinsky K.S., Levey A.I., Bergeron C., Reiber G., Anthony R.M., Schmunk G.A., Shannak K., Haycock J.W., and Kish S.J. Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users. Nat. Med. 2 (1996) 699-703
125. Worsley J.N., Moszczynska A., Falardeau P., Kalasinsky K.S., Schmunk G., Guttman M., Furukawa Y., Ang L., Adams V., Reiber G., Anthony R.A., Wickham D., and Kish S.J. Dopamine D1 receptor protein is elevated in nucleus accumbens of human, chronic methamphetamine users. Mol. Psychiatry 5 (2000) 664-672
126. Xie T., Tong L., Barrett T., Yuan J., Hatzidimitriou G., McCann U.D., Becker K.G., Donovan D.M., and Ricaurte G.A. Changes in gene expression linked to methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 274-283