Prolactin does not cause breast cancer and may prevent it or be therapeutic in some conditions

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 244-251

  Goodman, Geoffrey ^a   Bercovich, Dani ^b,c  

^a Migal Biotechnology Centre Galilee ^*  (Israel)

^b MIGAL GALILEE TECHNOLOGY CENTER   (Israel)

^c TEL HAI COLLEGE   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; ESTROGEN; PROLACTIN; TAMOXIFEN;

ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG MEGADOSE; FOLLOW UP; HOMEOSTASIS; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; CARCINOGENS; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PREGNANCY; PROLACTIN;

RODENTIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 37449025886     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.027     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Barrington E.J.W. Hormones and evolution (1964), English Universities Press, London
2. Nicoll C.S. Ontogeny and evolution of prolactin's functions. Fed Proc 39 (1980) 2563-2566
3. Freeman M.E., Kanyicska B., Lerant A., and Nagy G. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Phys Rev 80 (2000) 1523-1631
4. In: Williams R.H. (Ed). Textbook of endocrinology (1981), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London
5. Clevenger C.V., Furth P.A., Hankinson S.E., and Schuler L.A. The role of prolactin in mammary carcinoma. Endocrinol Rev 24 (2003) 1-27
6. Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Colditz G.A., et al. Circulating levels of insulin growth factor I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 351 (1998) 1393-1396
7. Vonderhaar B.K. Prolactin involvement in breast cancer. Endocr-Relat Cancer 6 (1999) 389-404
8. Key T., Appleby P., Barnes I., and Reeves G. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer in post-menopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (2002) 606-616
9. Welsch C.W., and Nagasawa H. Prolactin and murine mammary tumorigenesis: a review. Cancer Res 37 (1977) 951-963
10. Nagasawa H. Prolactin and human breast cancer: a review. Eur J Cancer 15 (1979) 267-279
11. Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Michaud D S., et al. Plasma prolactin levels and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (1999) 629-634
12. Tworoger S.S., Eliassen A.H., Rosner B., Sluss P., and Hankinson S.E. Plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res 64 (2004) 6814-6819
13. Manjer J., Johansson R., Janzon L., Kaaks R., Agren A., and Lenner P. Postmenopausal breast cancer risk in relation to sex steroid hormones, prolactin and SHBG (Sweden). Cancer Causes Control 14 (2003) 599-607
14. Manhes C., Kayser C., Bertheau P., et al. Local over-expression of prolactin in differentiating mouse mammary gland induces functional defects and benign lesions, but no carcinoma. J Endocrin 190 (2006) 271-285
15. Nouhi Z., Chughtai N., Hartley S., Cocolakis E., Lebrun J.-J., and Ali S. Defining the role of prolactin as an invasion suppressor hormone in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 66 (2006) 1824-1832
16. Clapp C., Martial J.A., Guzman R.C., Rentier-Delure F., and Weiner R.I. The 16-kilodalton N-terminal fragment of human prolactin is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Endocrinology 133 (1993) 1292-1299
17. Tworoger S.S., and Hankinson S.E. Prolactin and breast cancer risk. Cancer Lett 243 (2006) 160-169
18. Hall P., Ploner A., Bjohle J., et al. Hormone-replacement therapy influences gene xpression profiles and is associated with breast-cancer prognosis: a cohort study. BMC Med 4 (2006) 16
19. Harvey P.W. Human relevance of rodent prolactin-induced non-genotoxic mammary carcinogenesis: prolactin involvement in human breast cancer and significance for toxicology risk assessments. J Appl Toxicol 25 (2005) 179-183
20. Bernstein L., and Ross R.K. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 15 (1993) 48-65
21. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53, 297 women with breast cancer and 100, 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 347 (1996) 1713-1727
22. Colditz G.A. Relationship between estrogen levels, use of hormone replacement therapy, and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998) 814-823
23. Tworoger S.S., Missmer S.S., Barbieri R.L., Willett W.C., Colditz G.A., and Hankinson S.E. Plasma sex hormone concentrations and subsequent risk of breast cancer among women using postmenopausal hormones. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 (2005) 595-602
24. Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Manson J.E., et al. Alcohol, height, and adiposity in relation to estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 87 (1995) 297-302
25. Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Manson J.E., et al. Plasma sex steroid hormone levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998) 1292-1299
26. Endogenous Hormones Breast Cancer Collaboration Group. Body mass index, serum sex hormones and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 (2003) 1218-1226
27. Rajkumar L., Guzma R.C., Yang J., Thordarson G., Talamantes F., and Nandi S. Short-term exposure to pregnancy levels of estrogen prevents mammary carcinogenesis. PNAS 98 (2001) 11755-11759
28. Ingle J.N. Estrogen as therapy for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 4 (2002) 133-136
29. Turkington R.W., Underwood L.E., and Van Wyk J.J. Elevated serum prolactin levels after pituitary-stalk section in man. N Engl J Med 285 (1971) 707-710
30. Bole-Feysot C., Goffin V., Edery M., Binart N., and Kelly P.A. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes. Observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr Rev 19 (1998) 225-268
31. Llovera M., Touraine P., Kelly P.A., and Goffin V. Involvement of prolactin in breast cancer: redefining the molecular targets. Exp Gerontol 35 (2000) 41-51
32. Mittra I. A novel "cleaved prolactin" in the rat pituitary: Part II. In vivo mammary mitogenic activity of its N-terminal 16K moiety. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 95 (1980) 1760-1767
33. Haro L.S., Lee D.W., Singh R.N., Bee G., Markoff E., and Lewis U.J. Glycosylated human prolactin: alterations in glycosylation pattern modify affinity for lactogen receptor and values in prolactin radioimmunoassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71 (1990) 379-383
34. Fonseca M.E., Ochoa R., Moran C., and Zarate A. Variations in the molecular forms of prolactin during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation. J Endocrinol Invest 14 (1991) 907-912
35. Andries M., Tilemans D., and Denef C. Isolation of cleaved prolactin variants that stimulate DNA synthesis in specific cell types in rat pituitary cell aggregates in culture. Biochem J 281 (1992) 393-400
36. Hoffmann T., Penel C., and Ronin C. Glycosylation of human prolactin regulates hormone bioactivity and metabolic clearance. J Endocrinol Invest 16 (1993) 807-816
37. Nicoll C.S. Cleavage of prolactin by its target organs and the possible significance of this process. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2 (1997) 81-89
38. Rose D.P., and Pruitt B.T. Plasma prolactin levels in patients with breast cancer. Cancer 48 (1981) 2687-2691
39. Waseda N., Kato Y., Imura H., and Kurata M. Prognostic value of estrogen and prolactin receptor analysis in human breast cancer. Jpn J Cancer Res 76 (1985) 517-523
40. Wang D.Y., de Stavola B.L., Bulbrook R.D., et al. The relation between blood prolactin levels and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 10 (1987) 1541-1548
41. Wang D.Y., de Stavola B.L., Bulbrook R.D., et al. The permanent effect of reproductive events on blood prolactin levels and its relation to breast cancer risk: a population study of postmenopausal women. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 10 (1988) 1225-1231
42. De Placido S., Gallo C., Perrone F., et al. Prolactin receptor does not correlate with oestrogen and progesterone receptors in primary breast cancer and lacks prognostic significance. Ten year results of the Naples adjuvant (GUN) study. Br J Cancer 62 (1990) 643-646
43. Love R.R., Rose D.R., Surawicz T.S., and Newcomb P.A. Prolactin and growth hormone levels in premenopausal women with breast cancer and healthy women with a strong family history of breast cancer. Cancer 68 (1991) 1401-1405
44. Wang D.Y., De Stavola B.L., Bulbrook R.D., et al. Relationship of blood prolactin levels and the risk of subsequent breast cancer. Int J Epidemiol 21 (1992) 214-221
45. Hankinson S.E., Colditz G.A., Hunter D.J., et al. Reproductive factors and family history of breast cancer in relation to plasma estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women in the Nurses' Health Study (United States). Cancer Causes Control 6 (1995) 217-224
46. Battin D.A., Marrs R.P., Fleiss P.M., and Mishell Jr. D.R. Effect of suckling on serum prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol during prolonged lactation. Obstet Gynecol 65 (1985) 785-788
47. Michels K.B., Willett W.C., Rosner B.A., et al. Prospective assessment of breast feeding and breast cancer incidence among 89,887 women. Lancet 347 (1996) 431-436
48. Newcomb P.A., Storer B.E., Longnecker M.P., et al. Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. N Eng J Med 330 (1994) 81-87
49. Layde P.M., Webster L.A., Baughman A.L., Wingo P.A., Rubin G.L., and Ory H.W. The independent associations of parity, age at first full term pregnancy, and duration of breastfeeding with the risk of breast cancer. Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study Group. J Clin Epidemiol 42 (1989) 963-973
50. Clavel-Chapelon F., and E3N-Epic Group. Differential effects of reproductive factors on the risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer: results from a large cohort of French women. Br J Cancer 86 (2002) 723-727
51. Steinetz B.G., Gordon T., Lasano S., et al. The parity-related protection against breast cancer is compromised by cigarette smoke during rat pregnancy: observations on tumorigenesis and immunological defenses of the neonate. Carcinogenesis 27 (2006) 1146-1152
52. Becu D., and Libertun C. Serotoninergic involvement in the cimetidine-induced prolactin release. Endocrinol 113 (1983) 1980-1984
53. Ross R.K., Paganini-Hill A., Krailo M.D., Gerkins V.R., Henderson B.E., and Pike M.C. Effects of reserpine on prolactin levels and incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Cancer Res 44 (1984) 3106-3108
54. Messinis I.E., Tsirkas N., Diamantis K., Vasakos S., Tsolas O., and Lolis D. Effect of cimetidine on maternal and fetal prolactin secretion during labor. J Endocrinol Invest 11 (1988) 785-788
55. Colin-Jones D.G., Langman M.J.S., Lawson D.H., Logan R.F.A., Paterson K.R., and Vessey M.P. Postmarketing surveillance of the safety of cimetidine: 10 year mortality report. Gut 33 (1992) 1280-1284
56. Rossing M.A., Scholes D., Cushing-Haugen K.L., and Voigt L.F. Cimetidine use and risk of prostate and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 9 (2000) 319-323
57. Gbay M.P. Galactogogues: medications that induce lactation. J Hum Lact 18 (2002) 274-279
58. Coogan P.F., Zhang Y., Palmer J.R., Strom B.L., and Rosenberg L. Cimetidine and other histamine-receptor antagonist use in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 14 (2005) 1012-1015
59. Kraemer R.R., Johnson L.G., Haltom R., et al. Effects of hormone replacement on growth hormone and prolactin exercise responses in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol 84 (1998) 703-708
60. Pitsiladis Y.P., Strachan A.T., Davidson I., and Maughan R.J. Hyperprolactinaemia during prolonged exercise in the heat: evidence for a centrally mediated component of fatigue in trained cyclists. Exp Physiol 87 (2002) 215-226
61. Strachan A.T., Leiper J.B., and Maughan R.J. Paroxetine administration to influence human exercise capacity, perceived effort or hormone responses during prolonged exercise in a warm environment. Exp Physiol 89 (2004) 657-664
62. Rockhill B., Willett W.C., Hunter D.J., et al. Physical activity and breast cancer risk in a cohort of young women. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998) 1155-1160
63. Wyshak G., and Frisch R.E. Breast cancer among former college athletes compared to non-athletes: a 15-year follow-up. Br J Cancer 82 (2000) 726-730
64. Tehard B., Friedenreich C.M., Oppert J.M., and Clavel-Chapelon F. Effect of physical activity on women at increased risk of breast cancer: results from the E3N cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 (2006) 57-64
65. Kroenke C.H., Hankinson S.E., Schernhammer E.S., Colditz G.A., Kawachi I., and Holmes M.D. Caregiving stress, endogenous sex steroid hormone levels, and breast cancer incidence. Am J Epidemiol 59 (2004) 1019-1027
66. Wilson R.G., Forrest A.P.M., Boyns A.R., and Griffiths K. Phenothiazines and breast cancer. In: Pasteels J.L., and Robyn C. (Eds). Human prolactin (1973), Elsevier, NY
67. Dumitrescu R.G., and Cotarla I. Understanding breast cancer risk - where do we stand in 2005?. J Cell Mol Med l 9 (2005) 208-221
68. Goffin V., Bernichtein S., Touraine P., and Kelly P.A. Development and potential clinical uses of human prolactin receptor antagonists. Endocr Rev 26 (2005) 400-422
69. Vaclavicek A., Hemminki K., Bartram C.R., et al. Association of prolactin and its receptor gene regions with familial breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 (2006) 1513-1519
70. Albrektsen G., Heuch I., Thoresen S., and Kvale G. Clinical stage of breast cancer by parity, age at birth, and time since birth: a progressive effect of pregnancy hormones?. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15 (2006) 65-69
71. Harvey P.W., Everett D.J., and Springall J. Hyperprolactinaemia as an adverse effect in regulatory and clinical toxicology: role in breast and prostate cancer. Human Exper Toxicol 25 (2006) 395-404
72. Seeman M.V. Gender differences in the prescribing of antipsychotic drugs. Focus 4 (2006) 115
73. Gutzman JH, Rugowski DE, Nikolai SE, Schuler LA. Stat5 activation inhibits prolactin-induced AP-1 activity: distinct prolactin initiated signals in tumorigenesis dependent on cell context. Oncogene advance online publication; April, 2007. p. 1-8.
74. Eferl R., and Wagner E.F. AP-1: a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 3 (2003) 859-868
75. Dolled-Filhard M., Camp R.L., Kowalski D.P., Smith B.L., and Rimm D.L. Tissue microarray analysis of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Stat3) and phospho-Stat3 (Tyr705) in node-negative breast cancer shows nuclear localization is associated with a better prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 594-600
76. Cotarla I., Ren S.X., Zhang Y., Gehan E., Singh B., and Furth P.A. Stat5a is tyrosine phosphorylated and nuclear localized in a high proportion of human breast cancers. Int J Cancer 108 (2004) 665-671
77. Nevalainen M.T., Xie J., Torhorst J., et al. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 activation and breast cancer prognosis. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 2053-2060
78. Utama F.E., LeBaron M.J., Neilson L.M., et al. Human prolactin receptors are insensitive to mouse prolactin: implications for xenotransplant modeling of human breast cancer in mice. J Endocrinol 188 (2006) 589-601
79. Sultan A.S., Xie J., LeBaron M.J., Ealley E.L., Nevalainen M.T., and Rui H. Stat5 promotes homotypic adhesion and inhibits invasive characteristics of human breast cancer cells. Oncogene 24 (2005) 746-760
80. Gutzman J.H., Miller K.K., and Schuler L.A. Endogenous human prolactin and not exogenous human prolactin induces estrogen receptor and prolactin receptor expression and increases estrogen responsiveness in breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 88 (2004) 69-877
81. Ethier S.P., Kudla A., and Cundiff K.C. Influence of hormone and growth factor interactions on the proliferative potential of normal rat mammary epithelial cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 132 (1987) 161-167
82. Fenton S.E., and Sheffield L.G. Control of mammary epithelial cell DNA synthesis by epidermal growth factor, cholera toxin, and IGF-1: specific inhibitory effect of prolactin on EGF-stimulated cell growth. Exp Cell Res 210 (1994) 102-106
83. Hinuma S., Habata Y.R., et al. A prolactin-releasing peptide in the brain. Nature 393 (1998) 272-276
84. Moriyama S., Ito T., Takahashi A., et al. A homolog of mammalian PRL-releasing peptide (fish arginyl-phenylalanyl-amide peptide) is a major hypothypothalamic peptide of PRL release in teleost fish. Endocrinology 143 (2002) 2071-2079
85. Zhang X., Danila D.C., Katai M., Swearingen B., and Klibanski A. Expression of prolactin-releasing peptide and its receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in normal human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. J. Clin Endocrinol Metabol 84 (1999) 4652-4655
86. Struman I., Bentzien F., Lee H., et al. Opposing actions of intact and N-terminal fragments of the human prolactin/growth hormone family members on angiogenesis: An efficient mechanism for the regulation of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 1246-1251
87. Wang D.Y., Hampson S., Kwa H.G., et al. Serum prolactin levels in women with breast cancer and their relationship to survival. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 22 (1986) 487-492
88. Mandala M., Lissoni P., Ferretti G., et al. Postoperative hyperprolactinemia could predict longer disease-free and overall survival in node-negative breast cancer patients. Oncology 63 (2002) 370-377