The legal basis for using principles in WTO disputes

Journal of International Economic Law

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 795-835

  Mitchell, Andrew D ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

^b BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 36949024694     PISSN: 13693034     EISSN: 14643758     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jiel/jgm037     Document Type: Article

References (253)

1. Andrew Mitchell, 'Good Faith in WTO Dispute Settlement' 7(2) Melbourne Journal of International Law (2006) 339. 〈http://mjil.law.unimelb.edu.au/ issues/archive/2006(2)/ 04Mitchell.pdf〉.
2. Andrew Mitchell, 'Due Process in WTO Disputes' in Rufus Yerxa and Bruce Wilson (eds), Key Issues in WTO Dispute Settlement: The First Ten Years (Cambridge: WTO/Cambridge University Press, 2005) 144;
3. Andrew Mitchell, 'Fair Crack of the Whip: Examining Procedural Fairness in WTO Disputes Using an Australian Administrative Law Framework' in WTO Trade Law Branch, DFAT (eds), Ten Years of WTO Dispute Settlement: Australian Perspectives (Canberra: DFAT, 2006) 45 〈http://www.dfat.gov.au/ publications/10yrs_wto_disputes/ 1 Oyrs_wto_disputes.pdf〉.
4. Andrew Mitchell, 'Proportionality as a Principle of WTO Dispute Settlement' 17(5) European Journal of International Law (2006) 985.
5. Andrew Mitchell, 'A Legal Principle of Special & Differential Treatment for WTO Disputes?' 5(3) World Trade Review (2006) 445.
6. Larry Alexander and Ken Kress, 'Against Legal Principles' 82 Iowa Law Review (1997) 739, 745-754.
7. Joseph Raz, Practical Reason and Norms, (rev edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999) Ch I;
8. Brian Bix, A Dictionary of Legal Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004) 149.
9. '5. a. A fundamental truth or proposition, on which many others depend; a primary truth comprehending, or forming the basis of, various subordinate truths; a general statement or tenet forming the (or a) ground of, or held to be essential to, a system of thought or belief; a fundamental assumption forming the basis of a chain of reasoning': John Simpson and Edmund Weiner, The Oxford English Dictionary, (2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) Vol. 12, 499.
10. Neil MacCormick, Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
11. Sujit Choudhry, 'Globalization in Search of Justification: Toward a Theory of Comparative Constitutional Interpretation' 74 Indiana Law Journal (1999) 819, 843;
12. 'Principles are the pinnacle of the legal system and are intended to serve as basic guidelines for the life of the whole community.': Antonio Cassese, International Law, (2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) 46.
13. See also Fallon who uses the terms 'first principles' and 'doctrine': Richard Fallon, 'Foreword: Implementing the Constitution' 111 Harvard Law Review (1997) 54, 60-61.
14. Gerald Fitzmaurice, 'The General Principles of International Law Considered from the Standpoint of the Rule of Law' (1957-11) Recueil des Cours 1, 7.
15. HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961) 120.
16. The view that all law has a settled core and an uncertain penumbra has been taken further in Timothy Endicott, Vagueness in Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Endicott argues that all rules are radically indeterminate owing to the vagueness of legal language and concepts.
17. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977) 24-28.
18. 'A "rule" ... "is essentially practical and, moreover, binding ...; there are rules of art as there are rules of government" while principle "expresses a general truth, which guides our action, serves as a theoretical basis for the various acts of our life, and the application of which to reality produces a given consequence."': The Umpire in the Gentini Case of the ItalianVenezuelan Mixed Claims Commission (H Ralston and W Doyle, Venezuelan Arbitrations of 1903, etc (1904) 720, 725)
19. quoted in Bin Cheng, General Principles of Law as applied by International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge: Grotius Publications, 1987) 376.
20. Ronald Dworkin takes a different view in Law's Empire (London: Fontana, 1986), but this is not widely shared.
21. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977) 24-28.
22. On the incommensurability of values, see generally: Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (London: Oxford University Press, 1969) 'Two Concepts of Liberty';
23. Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986) ch 13;
24. Ruth Chang (ed.), Incommensurability, Incomparability and Practical Reason (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997);
25. William Lucy, 'Adjudication' in Jules Coleman and Scott Shapiro (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Jurisprudence & Philosophy of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) 206, 234-247.
26. Martti Koskenniemi, 'General Principles: Reflexions on Constructivist Thinking in International Law' XVIII Oikeustiede-Jurisprudentia (1985) 117, 135.
27. Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
28. In the case of permissive rules of customary international law.
29. See e.g. Patrick Kelly, 'The Twilight of Customary International Law' 40 Virginia Journal of International Law (2000) 449; Vladimir Degan, Sources of International Law (The Hague: Martinus Nijoff Publishers, 1997) 146.
30. Bin Cheng, General Principles of Law as applied by International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge: Grotius Publications, 1987) 2-3 (footnotes omitted).
31. Christian Dominicé, 'Methodology of International Law' in Rudolf Bernhardt Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (gen edn, North-Holland, Amsterdam Elsevier, 2003) Vol. 3, 354, 358.
32. See the ICJ's references to clearly 'international' principles of non-intervention and the use of force (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America) (Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14, 99-100, 106-7) and the principle that delimitations of the continental shelf should occur by agreement where possible (Case Concern Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada v United States of America) (Merits) [1984] ICJ Rep 246, 292-3).
33. See Maurice Mendelson, 'The International Court of Justice and the Sources of International Law' in Vaughan Lowe and Malgosia Fitzmaurice (eds), Fifty Years of the International Court of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) 63, 80;
34. 'It is not clear whether general principles refers to those of the international legal system or those of municipal legal systems. Such ambiguity is advantageous, as it imposes no restraint on the principles which may be applied.': Rebecca Wallace, International Law, (4th edn, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2002) 22;
35. 'It is now widely accepted that article 38(1)(c) applies to principles of both international and domestic law.': Hilary Charlesworth and Christine Chinkin, The Boundaries of International Law: A Feminist Analysis (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000) 64;
36. Daniel O'Connell, International Law, (2nd edn, London: Stevens, 1970) Vol. 1, 9.
37. Cheng suggests that general principles of law may be inferred not only from domestic practice but also from the practice of international tribunals. See Bin Cheng, General Principles of Law as applied by International Courts and Tribunals (Cambridge: Grotius Publications, 1987) 309.
38. Christian Dominicé, 'Methodology of International Law' in Rudolf Bernhardt Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (gen edn, North-Holland: Amsterdam Elsevier, 2003) Vol. 3, 354, 358.
39. Ibid.
40. DSU, Art 3.2.
41. Francis Jacobs, 'Varieties of Approach to Treaty Interpretation: With Special Reference to the Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties Before the Vienna Diplomatic Conference' 18 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1969) 318, 318.
42. Ian Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd edn, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) 114-115.
43. Ibid 115.
44. Hersch Lauterpacht, 'De l'Interprétation des traités' 43 Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International (1950) 366.
45. Julius Stone, 'Fictional Elements in Treaty Interpretation -A Study in the International Judicial Process' 1 Sydney Law Review (1953-55) 344, 347-8.
46. Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless Chicken Cuts (EC - Chicken Cuts), WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, and Corr.l, adopted 27 September 2005, para 250.
47. Jeff Waincymer, WTO Litigation: Procedural Aspects of Formal Dispute Settlement (London: Cameron May, 2002) 397.
48. Gerald Fitzmaurice, 'The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice 1951-4: Treaty Interpretation and Other Treaty Points' 33 British Yearbook of International Law (1957) 203, 204.
49. Professor Pescatore cited in L Neville Brown and Francis Jacobs, The Court of Justice of the European Communities (2nd edn, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1983) 245.
50. Gerald Fitzmaurice, 'The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice 1951-4: Treaty Interpretation and Other Treaty Points' 33 British Yearbook of International Law (1957) 203, 205.
51. Harvard Research in International Law, 'Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties' 29 American Journal of International Law (Supp) (1935) 697, 947.
52. Francis Jacobs, 'Varieties of Approach to Treaty Interpretation: With Special Reference to the Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties Before die Vienna Diplomatic Conference' 18 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1969) 318, 319.
53. Gerald Fitzmaurice, "The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice 1951-4: Treaty Interpretation and Other Treaty Points' 33 British Yearbook of International Law (1957) 203, 208.
54. Harvard Research in International Law, 'Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties' (1935) 29 American Journal of International Law (Supp) (1957) 697, 947.
55. Gerald Fitzmaurice, 'The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice 1951-4: Treaty Interpretation and Other Treaty Points' 33 British Yearbook of International Law (1957) 203, 208.
56. Kent Greenawalt, 'Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation' in Jules Coleman and Scott Shapiro (eds), Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) 268, 288;
57. Hersch Lauterpacht, 'Restrictive Interpretation and the Principle of Effectiveness in the Interpretation of Treaties' 26 British Yearbook of International Law (1949) 48, 83-84.
58. Appellate Body Report, United States - Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products (US - Shrimp), WT/DS58/AB/R, adopted 6 November 1998, DSR 1998:VII, 2755, para 17.
59. Above n 4.
60. Above n 3.
61. Above n 2.
62. Gerald Fitzmaurice, 'The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice 1951-4: Treaty Interpretation and Other Treaty Points' 33 British Yearbook of International Law (1957) 203, 208-209;
63. Francis Jacobs, 'Varieties of Approach to Treaty Interpretation: With Special Reference to the Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties Before the Vienna Diplomatic Conference' 18 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1969) 318, 319.
64. Ian Brownlie, Principles of Public International Law, (5th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) 637.
65. Julius Stone, 'Fictional Elements in Treaty Interpretation -A Study in the International Judicial Process' 1 Sydney Law Review (1953-1955) 344, 349.
66. Anti-Dumping Agreement, Art 17.6(ii).
67. Appellate Body Report, United States - Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (US - Gasoline), WT/DS2/AB/R, adopted 20 May 1996, DSR 1996:1, 3, page 17.
68. Panel Report, Korea - Measures Affecting Government Procurement (Korea - Procurement), WT/DS163/R, adopted 19 June 2000, DSR 2000:VIII, 3541, para 7.96.
69. Appellate Body Report, US - Gasoline, above n 53, page 17; Appellate Body Report, Japan Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages (Japan -Alcoholic Beverages II), WT/DS8/AB/R, WT/DSIO/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R, adopted 1 November 1996, DSR 1996:1, 97, page 10;
70. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp, above n 45, para 114, n 152;
71. Appellate Body Report, United States Countervailing Duties on Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Flat Products from Germany (US - Carbon Steel), WT/DS213/AB/R and Corr.1, adopted 19 December 2002, DSR 2002:DC, 3779, para 61;
72. Panel Report, European Communities - Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless Chicken Cuts, Complaint by Brazil, WT/DS269/R, adopted 27 September 2005, modified by Appellate Body Report, WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, para 7.88;
73. Panel Report, European Communities - Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless Chicken Cuts, Complaint by Thailand, WT/DS286/R, adopted 27 September 2005, modified by Appellate Body Report, WT/DS269/AB/R, WT/DS286/AB/R, para 7.88.
74. Below page 16.
75. Appellate Body Report, Japan -Alcoholic Beverages II, above n 55, page 31.
76. Appellate Body Report, Japan - Alcoholic Beverages II, above n 55, page 14.
77. William Edmundson, "The Antinomy of Coherence and Determinacy' 82 Iowa Law Review (1996) 1, 2;
78. Rolf Sartorius, 'The Justification of the Judicial Decision' 78 Ethics (1968) 184.
79. United Kingdom v Iceland (Merits) [1974] ICJ Rep 3, 19.
80. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons [1996] ICJ Rep 226, 237.
81. Appellate Body Report, Chile - Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages (Chile - Alcoholic Beverages), WT/DS87/AB/R, WT/DS110/AB/R, adopted 12 January 2000, DSR 2000:1, 281, para 79.
82. Robert Howse, 'The Most Dangerous Branch? WTO Appellate Body Jurisprudence on the Nature and Limits of the Judicial Power' in Thomas Cottier and Petros Mavroidis (eds), The Role of the Judge in International Trade Regulation: Experience and Lessons for the WTO (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003) Vol. 4, 11, 15.
83. Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) 353.
84. Cf Appellate Body Report, India - Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products (India - Patents (US)), WT/DS50/AB/R, adopted 16 January 1998, DSR 1998:1, 9, para 46.
85. See e.g. Appellate Body Report, US - Gasoline, above n 53, page 10;
86. Territorial Dispute Case (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v Chad) [1994] 60 ICJ Rep 6, [41].
87. Articles 31 and 32 do not necessarily exhaust the rules of treaty interpretation under customary international law: Campbell McLachlan, 'The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention' 54 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2005) 279, 291.
88. Ian Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) 154.
89. This is requirement is found in VCLT, Art 26 and is part of the rule pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept). Arnold McNair, The Law of Treaties (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961) 465.
90. Aerial Incident of July 27, 1955 (Preliminary Objections) (Israel v Bulgaria) [1959] ICJ Rep 127, 188 Judges Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, Wellington Koo and Sir Percy Spender).
91. See e.g. J O'Connor, Good Faith in International Law (Aldershot: Darthmouth Publishing, 1991) 110;
92. Ian Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd edn, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) 120;
93. Francis Jacobs, 'Varieties of Approach to Treaty Interpretation: With Special Reference to the Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties Before the Vienna Diplomatic Conference' 18 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1969) 318, 333-334.
94. Ian Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd edn, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) 120;
95. Francis Jacobs, 'Varieties of Approach to Treaty Interpretation: With Special Reference to the Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties Before the Vienna Diplomatic Conference' 18 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1969) 318, 333-334.
96. 1966 Yearbook of the International Law Commission, Vol. II, 219.
97. Ian Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd edn, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) 121. However, Article 31(4) states that 'a special meaning shall be given to a term if it is established that the parties so intended'.
98. Panel Report, Mexico - Measures Affecting Telecommunications Services (Mexico - Telecoms), WT/DS204/R, adopted 1 June 2004, DSR 2004:IV, 1537, paras 7.175, 7.177.
99. For some of the limitations of using dictionaries in interpretation, see: Note, 'Looking It Up: Dictionaries and Statutory Interpretation' 107 Harvard Law Review (1994) 1437;
100. Cabell v Markham, 148F.2d 737, 739 (2d Cir 1945) Judge Learned Hand).
101. Panel Report, United States - Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services (US-Gambling), WT/DS285/R, adopted 20 April 2005, modified by Appellate Body Report, WT/DS285/AB/R, para 6.67.
102. Appellate Body Report, United States-Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000 (US-Offset Act (Byrd Amendment)), WT/DS217/AB/R, WT/DS234/AB/R, adopted 27 January 2003, DSR 2003:1, 375, para 248.
103. Appellate Body Report, Canada - Measures Affecting the Export of Civilian Aircraft (Canada - Aircraft), WT/DS70/AB/R, adopted 20 August 1999, DSR 1999:111, 1377, para 153.
104. Appellate Body Report, United States-Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services (US - Gambling), WT/DS285/AB/R, adopted 20 April 2005, para 164.
105. See generally: Federico Ortino, "Treaty Interpretation and the WTO Appellate Body Report in £75-Gambling: A Critique' 9 Journal of International Economic Law (2006) 117.
106. Panel Report, European Communities-Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products (EC - Biotech), WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, WT/DS293/R, Corr.1 and Add.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, adopted 21 November 2006, para 7.92.
107. See e.g. Ian Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd edn, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) 212;
108. Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003) 268;
109. Michael Lennard, 'Navigating by the Stars: Interpreting the WTO Agreements' 5 Journal of International Economic Law (2002) 17, 21-22;
110. Campbell McLachlan, "The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31 (3) (c) of the Vienna Convention' 54 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2005) 279, 292-293, 316-318.
111. See e.g. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp, above n 45, para 130; Duncan French, 'Treaty Interpretation and the Incorporation of Extraneous Legal Rules' 55 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2006) 281, 295-300.
112. Ian Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd edn, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) 121.
113. Francis Jacobs, 'Varieties of Approach to Treaty Interpretation: With Special Reference to the Draft Convention on the Law of Treaties Before the Vienna Diplomatic Conference' 18 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (1969) 318, 336.
114. Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, [5(a)].
115. Appellate Body Report, EC - Chicken Cuts, above n 34, para 238.
116. Appellate Body Report, EC - Chicken Cuts, above n 34, para 238.
117. Ian Sinclair, The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (2nd edn, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) 130.
118. Anne Winckel, "The Contextual Role of a Preamble in Statutory Interpretation' 23 Melbourne University Law Review (1999) 184.
119. See eg: Appellate Body Report, Chile - Price Band System and Safeguard Measures Relating to Certain Agricultural Products (Chile - Price Band System), WT/DS207/AB/R, adopted 23 October 2002, DSR 2002:VIII, 3045, paras 196-197;
120. Appellate Body Report, EC Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) (EC - Hormones), WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/ DS48/AB/R, adopted 13 February 1998, DSR 1998:1, 135, paras 124, 165;
121. Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas (EC - Bananas III), WT/DS27/AB/R, adopted 25 September 1997, DSR 1997:11, 591, paras 155, 197;
122. Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Measures Affecting Desiccated Coconut (Brazil Desiccated Coconut), WT/DS22/AB/R, adopted 20 March 1997, DSR 1997:1, 167, page 18.
123. Appellate Body Report, US - Shrimp, above n 45, para 129.
124. See also Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (EC - Tariff Preferences), WT/DS246/AB/R, adopted 20 April 2004, DSR 2004:111, 925, para 161.
125. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) (Advisory Opinion) [1971] ICJ Rep 16, 31.
126. Robert Howse, 'Adjudicative Legitimacy and Treaty Interpretation in International Trade Law: The Early Years of WTO Jurisprudence' in Joseph Weiler (ed.), The EU, the WTO and the NAFTA (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000) 35, 58.
127. Robert Howse and Kalypso Nicolaïdis, 'Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity?' 16 Governance (2003) 73, 75.
128. Panel Report, EC - Biotech, above n 79, para 7.69.
129. Panel Report, Turkey - Restrictions on Imports of Textile and Clothing Products (Turkey -Textiles), WT/DS34/R, adopted 19 November 1999, modified by Appellate Body Report, WT/DS34/AB/R, DSR 1999:VI, 2363, paras 9.33-9.43.
130. Lorand Bartels, 'Applicable Law in WTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 499, 512.
131. Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America) (Merits), ICJ, 6 November 2003.
132. Duncan French, 'Treaty Interpretation and the Incorporation of Extraneous Legal Rules' 55 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2006) 281, 287-291.
133. See e.g. Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) 261;
134. Duncan French, 'Treaty Interpretation and the Incorporation of Extraneous Legal Rules' 55 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2006) 281, 305-307.
135. See e.g. Gabrielle Marceau, 'Conflicts of Norms and Conflicts of Jurisdictions: The Relationship between the WTO Agreement and MEAs and other Treaties' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 1081, 1087;
136. Wolfgang Weiss, 'Security and predictability under WTO law' 2 World Trade Review (2003) 183, 196;
137. Duncan French, 'Treaty Interpretation and the Incorporation of Extraneous Legal Rules' 55 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2006) 281, 305-307.
138. Campbell McLachlan, 'The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention' 54 International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2005) 279, 290.
139. Ibid 313.
140. Gabrielle Marceau, 'Conflicts of Norms and Conflicts of Jurisdictions: The Relationship between the WTO Agreement and MEAs and other Treaties' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 1081, 1087.
141. See also Golder v United Kingdom (1975) 18 Eur Court HR (ser A), [35].
142. Wolfgang Weiss, 'Security and predictability under WTO law' 2 World Trade Review (2003) 183, 199;
143. Georges Abi-Saab, 'The WTO Dispute Settlement and General International Law' in Rufus Yerxa and Bruce Wilson (eds), Key Issues in WTO Dispute Settlement: The First Ten Years (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 7, 11.
144. See e.g. Appellate Body Report, Japan - Alcoholic Beverages II, above n 55, fn 39;
145. Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Measures Affecting the Importation of Certain Poultry Products (EC - Poultry), WT/DS69/AB/R, adopted 23 July 1998, DSR 1998:V, 2031, pars 83, 100;
146. Appellate Body Report, US - Gambling, above n 78, paras 236-237.
147. See e.g. Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Export Subsidies on Sugar (EC - Export Subsidies on Sugar), WT/DS265/AB/R, WT/DS266/AB/R, WT/DS283/AB/R, adopted 19 May 2005, para 180;
148. Appellate Body Report, United States - Subsidies on Upland Cotton (US - Upland Cotton), WT/DS267/AB/R, adopted 21 March 2005, paras 623-625, 636-638.
149. See e.g. Robert Jennings and Arthur Watts, Oppenheim's International Law, (9th edn, Harlow: Longman 1992) Vol. 1, 1268;
150. Arnold McNair, 'The Functions and Differing Legal Character of Treaties' 11 British Yearbook of International Law (1930) 100.
151. Tetsuo Sato, Evolving Constitutions of International Organizations (London: Kluwer Law International, 1996) 8.
152. Ibid 12; Frederic Kirgis, 'Evolving Constitutions of International Organizations by Tetsuo Sato' 92 American Journal of International Law (1998) 153, 154;
153. Reparation for Injuries (Advisory Opinion) [1949] ICJ Rep 174.
154. See e.g. Appellate Body Report, Brazil - Desiccated Coconut, above n 89, pages 12-13.
155. An exception is Annex 4 to the WTO Agreement, which contains four plurilateral agreements (of which two have expired) applying to only certain WTO Members.
156. Maurice Mendelson, 'Reservations to the Constitutions of International Organizations' 45 British Yearbook of International Law (1971) 137, 146.
157. Ibid. See Tetsuo Sato, Evolving Constitutions of International Organizations (London: Kluwer Law International, 1996) 229.
158. Alexander Orakhelashvili, 'Questions of International Judicial Jurisdiction in the LaGrand Case' 15 Leiden Journal of International Law (2002) 105, 118.
159. Thomas Cottier, Matthias Oesch and Thomas Fischer, International Trade Regulation: Law and Policy in the WTO, the EU and Switzerland (London: Cameron May, 2005) 534.
160. Deborah Cass, 'The "Constitutionalization" of International Trade Law: Judicial NormGeneration as the Engine of Constitutional Development in International Trade' 12 European Journal of International Law (2001) 39, 39, 41-42.
161. See generally Deborah Cass, The Constitutionalization of the World Trade Organization: Legitimacy, Democracy, and Community in the International Trading System (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
162. Appellate Body Report, India - Patents (US), above n 64, paras 33-48.
163. See also Appellate Body Report, European Communities - Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment (EC - Computer Equipment), WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, adopted 22 June 1998, DSR 1998:V, 1851, paras 83-88.
164. Robert Howse, 'The Jurisprudential Achievement of the WTO Appellate Body: A Preliminary Appreciation' (Working paper, University of Michigan, 2004) 9.
165. Ibid.
166. Ibid 8-9.
167. Ibid 10.
168. Ibid 15.
169. Cf Joost Pauwelyn, "The Nature of WTO Obligations' (Working paper 1/02, Jean Monnet Working Paper, 2002) 16.
170. Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann, 'Trade Policy as a Constitutional Problem: On the Domestic Policy Functions of International Rules' 41 Aussenwirtschaft (1996) 405.
171. Panel Report, United States - Sections 301-310 of the Trade Act of 1974 (US - Section 301 Trade Act), WT/DS152/R, adopted 27 January 2000, DSR 2000:11, 815, paras 7.76.
172. Peter Nygh and Peter Butt (eds), Australian Legal Dictionary (Sydney: Butterworths, 1997) 651.
173. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994) Art 288(1), (2).
174. GATT 1994, Art XXIII: 1(a);
175. GATS, Art XXIII: 1. If made out, such a violation is presumed to nullify or impair benefits accruing under the WTO agreements: DSU, Art 3.8.
176. GATT 1994) Art XXIII:1(b);
177. GATS, Art XXIII:3; DSU, Art 26.1.
178. Emphasis added.
179. Gabrielle Marceau, 'Conflicts of Norms and Conflicts of Jurisdictions -The Relationship between the WTO Agreement and MEAs and other Treaties' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 1081, 1107;
180. Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) 444.
181. Cf Joel Trachtman, 'Book Review of Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law' 98 American Journal of International Law (2004) 855, 857.
182. DSU, Art 7.3.
183. Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) 444.
184. Ibid 445.
185. Appellate Body Report, EC - Hormones, above n 89, para 124.
186. See Joel Trachtman, 'The Jurisdiction of the World Trade Organization' 98 American Society of International Law Proceedings (2004) 139, 140 (referring to these provisions in connection with applicable law).
187. See eg Appellate Body Report, Canada - Aircraft, above n 77, para 211.
188. See eg Appellate Body Report, EC - Poultry, above n 104, para 107.
189. See Appellate Body Report, United States-Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities (US-Countervailing Measures on Certain EC Products), WT/DS212/AB/R, adopted 8 January 2003, DSR 2003:1, 5, para 74.
190. See eg Award of the Arbitrator, United States-Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services-Arbitration under Article 21.3(c) of the DSU (US-Gambling), WT/DS285/13, 19 August 2005, paras 28, 33.
191. Appellate Body Report, Brazil-Export Financing Programme for Aircraft-Recourse by Canada to Article 21.5 of the DSU (Brazil-Aircraft (Article 21.5-Canada)), WT/DS46/AB/RW, adopted 4 August 2000, DSR 2000:VIII, 4067, paras 35-36, 40;
192. Appellate Body Report, European Communities-Anti-Dumping Duties on Imports of Cotton-Type Bed Linen from India - Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by India, WT/DS141/AB/RW, adopted 24 April 2003, DSR 2003:111, 965, para 79.
193. DSU, Art 22.4.
194. Some arbitrators have also assessed the consistency of compliance measures, in the absence of prior Article 21.5 proceedings (see Decision by the
195. Arbitrators, European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas - Recourse to Arbitration by the European Communities under Article 22.6 of the DSU (EC - Bananas III (US) (Article 22.6-EC)), WT/DS27/ARB, 9 April 1999, DSR 1999:II, 725, paras 4.1-4.15). This is now rare due to the common practice of the parties to reach an agreement on sequencing of proceedings under Articles 21.5 and 22.6, pending resolution of this sequencing issue in the Doha negotiations.
196. Above n 130.
197. Joost Pauwelyn, "The Role of Public International Law in the WTO: How Far Can We Go?' 95 American Journal of International Law (2001) 535, 561.
198. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (Advisory Opinion) [1970] 1971 ICJ Rep 16, [96].
199. See e.g. Lorand Bartels, 'Applicable Law in WTO Dispute Settlement Proceedings' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 499, 503.
200. Ibid.
201. Ibid 506-509.
202. Panel Report, Korea-Procurement, above n 54, para 7.96 (footnotes omitted).
203. Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary (Rann of Kutch) Case (India v Pakistan) (1968) 50 ILR 2.
204. Agreement to Arbitrate the Boundary Dispute concerning the Taba Beachfront, Egypt-Israel (1986) text in (1987) 26 ILR 1;
205. Boundary Dispute Concerning the Taba Area, Arbitration Award, 1988, text in (1988) 27 ILM 1421.
206. J Merrills, International Dispute Settlement, (3rd edn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998) 100.
207. Joel Trachtman, 'Jurisdiction in WTO Disputes' in Rufus Yerxa and Bruce Wilson (eds), Key Issues in WTO Dispute Settlement (Cambridge: WTO/Cambridge University Press, 2005) 132, 140.
208. Joel Trachtman, 'The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution' 40 Harvard International Law Journal (1999) 333, 342;
209. Gabrielle Marceau, 'Conflicts of Norms and Conflicts of Jurisdictions: The Relationship between the WTO Agreement and MEAs and other Treaties' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 1081, 1102.
210. Gabrielle Marceau, 'Conflicts of Norms and Conflicts of Jurisdictions: The Relationship between the WTO Agreement and MEAs and other Treaties' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 1081, 1102.
211. Wolfgang Weiss, 'Security and predictability under WTO law' 2 World Trade Review (2003) 183, 193.
212. Emphasis added.
213. See e.g. Gabrielle Marceau, 'Conflicts of Norms and Conflicts of Jurisdictions: The Relationship between the WTO Agreement and MEAs and other Treaties' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 1081, 1102;
214. Joel Trachtman, 'The Domain of WTO Dispute Resolution' 40 Harvard International Law Journal (1999) 333, 342; 144;
215. Debra Steger, 'Jurisdiction of the WTO' 98 American Society of International Law Proceedings (2004) 142, 144.
216. Wolfgang Weiss, 'Security and predictability under WTO law' 2 World Trade Review (2003) 183, 193.
217. Mitsuo Matsushita, Thomas Schoenbaum and Petros Mavroidis, The World Trade Organization -Law and Practice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) 55;
218. David Palmeter and Petros Mavroidis, 'The WTO legal system: sources of law' 92 American Journal of International Law (1998) 398, 399.
219. Joel Trachtman, 'The Jurisdiction of the World Trade Organization' 98 American Society of International Law Proceedings (2004) 139, 139-140.
220. Peter Nygh and Peter Butt (eds), Australian Legal Dictionary (Sydney: Butterworths, 1997) 599.
221. See generally Joost Pauwelyn, 'The Role of Public International Law in the WTO: How Far Can We Go?' 95 American Journal of International Law (2001) 535, 553.
222. Joseph Weiler, 'The Rule of Lawyers and the Ethos of Diplomats -Reflections on the Internal and External Legitimacy of WTO Dispute Settlement' 35 Journal of World Trade (2001) 191, 201.
223. Donald McRae, 'What is the Future of WTO Dispute Settlement?' 7 Journal of International Economic Law (2004) 3, 8.
224. H Briggs, 'The Incidential Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice as Compulsory Jurisdiction' in FA Frhr vd Heydte et al. (ed.), Völkerrecht und Rechtliches Weltbild. Festschrift für Alfred Verdross (Vienna: Springer, 1960).
225. Nuclear Tests (Australia v France) (Merits) [1974] ICJ Rep 253, 259-260.
226. Alexander Orakhelashvili, 'Questions of International Judicial Jurisdiction in the LaGrand Case' 15 Leiden Journal of International Law (2002) 105, 115.
227. Ibid 107.
228. Reparation for Injuries (Advisory Opinion) [1949] ICJ Rep 174.
229. Kupreskic et al. Case (IT-95-16), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Judgment of 14 January 2000, [739].
230. Nuclear Tests (Australia v France) (Merits) [1974] ICJ Rep 253, 259
231. quoting in parts Northern Cameroons (Cameroons v United Kingdom) [1963] ICJ Rep 15, 29.
232. See also Bremer Vulkan v South India Shipping [1981] AC 909, 971.
233. Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) 447-448.
234. Nuclear Tests (Australia v France) (Merits) [1974] ICJ Rep 253, 262.
235. The principle of compétence de la compétence. See: Joost Pauwelyn, Conflict of Norms in Public International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) 448;
236. H Thirlway, 'The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice' 69 British Yearbook of International Law (1998) 1, 21;
237. Appellate Body Report, United States - Anti-Dumping Act of 1916 (US - 1916 Act), WT/DS136/AB/R, WT/DS162/AB/R, adopted 26 September 2000, DSR 2000:X, 4793, fn 30.
238. Appellate Body Report, United States - Measure Affecting Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India (US - Wool Shirts and Blouses), WT/DS33/AB/R and Corr.l, adopted 23 May 1997, DSR 1997:1, 323, page 19.
239. Joost Pauwelyn, "The Role of Public International Law in the WTO: How Far Can We Go?' 95 American Journal of International Law (2001) 535, 555.
240. Appellate Body Report,US - 1916 Act, above n 175, para 54.
241. Appellate Body Report, Mexico - Anti-Dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States - Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States (Mexico - Corn Syrup (Article 21.5 - US)), WT/DS132/AB/RW, adopted 21 November 2001, DSR 2001:XIII, 6675, para [36].
242. Appellate Body Report, US - Offset Act (Byrd Amendment), above n 76, para 208.
243. Andrew Mitchell and Gavan Griffith, 'Contractual Dispute Resolution in International Trade: The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (1976) and the UNCITRAL Conciliation Rules (1980)' 3 Melbourne Journal of International Law (2002) 184.
244. Debra Steger, 'Jurisdiction of the WTO' 98 American Society of International Law Proceedings (2004) 142, 146.
245. Appellate Body Report, US - Wool Shirts and Blouses, above n 176, page 14.
246. Appellate Body Report, India - Patents (US), above n 64, para 65.
247. Appellate Body Report, Canada - Aircraft, above n 77, para 202.
248. DSU, Arts 3.4, 3.7.
249. Georges Abi-Saab, "The WTO Dispute Settlement and General International Law' in Rufus Yerxa and Bruce Wilson (eds), Key Issues in WTO Dispute Settlement: The First Ten Years (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005) 7, 10.
250. DSU, Art 3.10.
251. Andrew Mitchell, 'Good Faith in WTO Dispute Settlement' 7 Melbourne Journal of International Law (2006) 339, 356-362;
252. See generally on the scope of this article the text accompanying fns 1-4.
253. For example the Appellate Body's use of the principle of proportionality in relation to the imposition of safeguards: Andrew Mitchell, Proportionality and Remedies in WTO Disputes' 17 European Journal of International Law (2007) 985, 1004-1008.