What's New in Topical Anesthesia

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 232-239

  Young, Kelly D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

emergency department; EMLA; local anesthesia; pain management; procedure; topical anesthesia

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; ALUMINUM MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE; ANBESOL; AURALGAN; BENZOCAINE; BETACAINE LA; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; EMLA; LIDOCAINE; LIPOSOME; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; NITROUS OXIDE; ORAJEL; PARACETAMOL; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; SULFONAMIDE; SYNERA; TETRACAINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; WATER OIL CREAM;

ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; ARTICLE; CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CORNEA ULCER; DRUG COST; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG INDICATION; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; EMERGENCY WARD; ERYTHEMA; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERPIGMENTATION; IONTOPHORESIS; JET INJECTION; LOW BACK PAIN; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; METHEMOGLOBINEMIA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OTALGIA; OTITIS MEDIA; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; PURPURA; SKIN EDEMA; SKIN IRRITATION; STOMATITIS; TOOTH ERUPTION; TOOTH PAIN; TOPICAL ANESTHESIA; ULTRASOUND THERAPY; VEIN CATHETERIZATION; VEIN PUNCTURE;

EID: 36448993273     PISSN: 15228401     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpem.2007.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Ehrenstrom Reiz G.M., and Reiz S.L. EMLA-a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics for topical anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 26 (1982) 596-598
2. Pryor G.J., Kilpatrick W.R., and Opp D.R. Local anesthesia in minor lacerations: topical TAC vs lidocaine infiltration. Ann Emerg Med 9 (1980) 568-571
3. Bjerring P., and Arendt-Nielsen L. Depth and duration of skin analgesia to needle insertion after topical application of EMLA cream. Br J Anaesth 64 (1990) 173-177
4. Kaur G., Gupta P., and Kumar A. A randomized trial of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics during lumbar puncture in newborns. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 157 (2003) 1065-1070
5. Joly L.M., Spaulding C., Monchi M., et al. Topical lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) versus local infiltration anesthesia for radial artery cannulation. Anesth Analg 87 (1998) 403-406
6. Browne J., Fung M., Donnelly M., et al. The use of EMLA reduces the pain associated with digital ring block for ingrowing toenail correction. Eur J Anaesthesiol 17 (2000) 182-184
7. Lander J., Brady-Fryer B., Metcalfe J.B., et al. Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 278 (1997) 2157-2162
8. Ehrenstrom-Reiz G., Reiz S., and Stockman O. Topical anaesthesia with EMLA, a new lidocaine-prilocaine cream and the Cusum technique for detection of minimal application time. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 27 (1983) 510-512
9. Calamandrei M., Messeri A., Busoni P., et al. Comparison of two application techniques of EMLA and pain assessment in pediatric oncology patients. Reg Anesth 21 (1996) 557-560
10. Acharya A.B., Bustani P.C., Phillips J.D., et al. Randomised controlled trial of eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics cream for venipuncture in healthy preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 78 (1998) F138-F142
11. Essink-Tebbes C.M., Wuis E.W., Liem K.D., et al. Safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream application four times a day in premature neonates: a pilot study. Eur J Pediatr 158 (1999) 421-423
12. Taddio A., Shennan A.T., Stevens B., et al. Safety of lidocaine-prilocaine cream in the treatment of preterm neonates. J Pediatr 127 (1995) 1002-1005
13. Koh J.L., Fanurik D., Stoner P.D., et al. Efficacy of parental application of eutectic mixture of local anesthetics for intravenous insertion. Pediatrics 103 (1999) e79
14. Eidelman A., Weiss J.M., Lau J., et al. Topical anesthetics for dermal instrumentation: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Emerg Med 46 (2005) 343-351
15. Lander J.A., Weltman B.J., and So S.S. EMLA and amethocaine for reduction of children's pain associated with needle insertion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3 (2006) CD004236
16. Shomaker T.S., Zhang J., Love G., et al. Evaluating skin anesthesia after administration of a local anesthetic system consisting of an S-Caine patch and a controlled heat-aided drug delivery (CHADD) patch in volunteers. Clin J Pain 16 (2000) 200-204
17. Berman B., Flores J., Pariser D., et al. Self-warming lidocaine/tetracaine patch effectively and safely induces local anesthesia during minor dermatologic procedures. Dermatol Surg 31 (2005) 135-138
18. Sethna N.F., Verghese S.T., Hannallah R.S., et al. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate S-Caine patch for reducing pain associated with vascular access in children. Anesthesiology 102 (2005) 403-408
19. Bryan H.A., and Alster T.S. The S-Caine peel: a novel topical anesthetic for cutaneous laser surgery. Dermatol Surg 28 (2002) 999-1003 [discussion 1003]
20. Chen J.Z., Jacobson L.G., Bakus A.D., et al. Evaluation of the S-Caine Peel for induction of local anesthesia for laser-assisted tattoo removal: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Dermatol Surg 31 (2005) 281-286
21. Lander J., Nazarali S., Hodgins M., et al. Evaluation of a new topical anesthetic agent: a pilot study. Nurs Res 45 (1996) 50-53
22. Friedman P.M., Fogelman J.P., Nouri K., et al. Comparative study of the efficacy of four topical anesthetics. Dermatol Surg 25 (1999) 950-954
23. Friedman P.M., Mafong E.A., Friedman E.S., et al. Topical anesthetics update: EMLA and beyond. Dermatol Surg 27 (2001) 1019-1026
24. Zappa S.C., and Nabors S.B. Use of ethyl chloride topical anesthetic to reduce procedural pain in pediatric oncology patients. Cancer Nurs 15 (1992) 130-136
25. Biro P., Meier T., and Cummins A.S. Comparison of topical anaesthesia methods for venous cannulation in adults. Eur J Pain 1 (1997) 37-42
26. Mawhorter S., Daugherty L., Ford A., et al. Topical vapocoolant quickly and effectively reduces vaccine-associated pain: results of a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Travel Med 11 (2004) 267-272
27. Ramsook C., Kozinetz C.A., and Moro-Sutherland D. Efficacy of ethyl chloride as a local anesthetic for venipuncture and intravenous cannula insertion in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care 17 (2001) 341-343
28. Costello M., Ramundo M., Christopher N.C., et al. Ethyl vinyl chloride vapocoolant spray fails to decrease pain associated with intravenous cannulation in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 45 (2006) 628-632
29. Davies E.H., and Molloy A. Comparison of ethyl chloride spray with topical anaesthetic in children experiencing venepuncture. Paediatr Nurs 18 (2006) 39-43
30. Waibel K.H., and Katial R.K. Effect of topical vapocoolant spray on skin test wheal, flare, and pain responses. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 95 (2005) 149-153
31. DeCou J.M., Abrams R.S., Hammond J.H., et al. Iontophoresis: a needle-free, electrical system of local anesthesia delivery for pediatric surgical office procedures. J Pediatr Surg 34 (1999) 946-949
32. Galinkin J.L., Rose J.B., Harris K., et al. Lidocaine iontophoresis versus eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA) for IV placement in children. Anesth Analg 94 (2002) 1484-1488
33. Greenbaum S.S., and Bernstein E.F. Comparison of iontophoresis of lidocaine with a eutectic mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) for topically administered local anesthesia. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 20 (1994) 579-583
34. Squire S.J., Kirchhoff K.T., and Hissong K. Comparing two methods of topical anesthesia used before intravenous cannulation in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Health Care 14 (2000) 68-72
35. Baron E.D., Harris L., Redpath W.S., et al. Laser-assisted penetration of topical anesthetic in adults. Arch Dermatol 139 (2003) 1288-1290
36. Koh J.L., Harrison D., Swanson V., et al. A comparison of laser-assisted drug delivery at two output energies for enhancing the delivery of topically applied LMX-4 cream prior to venipuncture. Anesth Analg 104 (2007) 847-849
37. Singer A.J., Regev R., Weeks R., et al. Laser-assisted anesthesia prior to intravenous cannulation in volunteers: a randomized, controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med 12 (2005) 804-807
38. Singer A.J., Weeks R., and Regev R. Laser-assisted anesthesia reduces the pain of venous cannulation in children and adults: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med 13 (2006) 623-628
39. Singer A.J., Shallat J., Valentine S.M., et al. Cutaneous tape stripping to accelerate the anesthetic effects of EMLA cream: a randomized, controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med 5 (1998) 1051-1056
40. Mitragotri S., and Kost J. Low-frequency sonophoresis: a review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56 (2004) 589-601
41. Becker B.M., Helfrich S., Baker E., et al. Ultrasound with topical anesthetic rapidly decreases pain of intravenous cannulation. Acad Emerg Med 12 (2005) 289-295
42. Skarbek-Borowska S., Becker B.M., Lovgren K., et al. Brief focal ultrasound with topical anesthetic decreases the pain of intravenous placement in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 22 (2006) 339-345
43. Liu D.R., Kirchner H.L., and Petrack E.M. Does using heat with eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream shorten analgesic onset time? A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 27-33
44. Arai Y.C., and Ueda W. Warm steaming enhances the topical anesthetic effect of lidocaine. Anesth Analg 98 (2004) 982-985
45. Fein J.A., Callahan J.M., Boardman C.R., et al. Predicting the need for topical anesthetic in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatrics 104 (1999) e19
46. Fein J.A., and Gorelick M.H. The decision to use topical anesthetic for intravenous insertion in the pediatric emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 13 (2006) 264-268
47. MacLean S., Obispo J., and Young K.D. The gap between pediatric emergency department procedural pain management treatments available and actual practice. Pediatr Emerg Care 23 (2007) 87-93
48. Priestley S., Kelly A.M., Chow L., et al. Application of topical local anesthetic at triage reduces treatment time for children with lacerations: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 42 (2003) 34-40
49. Ordog G.J., and Ordog C. The efficacy of TAC (tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine) with various wound-application durations. Acad Emerg Med 1 (1994) 360-363
50. Smith G.A., Strausbaugh S.D., Harbeck-Weber C., et al. Comparison of topical anesthetics with lidocaine infiltration during laceration repair in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 36 (1997) 17-23
51. Grant S.A., and Hoffman R.S. Use of tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine as a topical anesthetic in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 21 (1992) 987-997
52. Tripp M., Dowd D.D., and Eitel D.R. TAC toxicity in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 20 (1991) 106-107
53. Eidelman A., Weiss J.M., Enu I.K., et al. Comparative efficacy and costs of various topical anesthetics for repair of dermal lacerations: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. J Clin Anesth 17 (2005) 106-116
54. Resch K., Schilling C., Borchert B.D., et al. Topical anesthesia for pediatric lacerations: a randomized trial of lidocaine-epinephrine-tetracaine solution versus gel. Ann Emerg Med 32 (1998) 693-697
55. Ferguson C., Loryman B., and Body R. Best evidence topic report. Topical anaesthetic versus lidocaine infiltration to allow closure of skin wounds in children. Emerg Med J 22 (2005) 507-509
56. Singer A.J., and Stark M.J. Pretreatment of lacerations with lidocaine, epinephrine, and tetracaine at triage: a randomized double-blind trial. Acad Emerg Med 7 (2000) 751-756
57. White N.J., Kim M.K., Brousseau D.C., et al. The anesthetic effectiveness of lidocaine-adrenaline-tetracaine gel on finger lacerations. Pediatr Emerg Care 20 (2004) 812-815
58. Nykanen D., Kissoon N., Rieder M., et al. Comparison of a topical mixture of lidocaine and prilocaine (EMLA) versus 1% lidocaine infiltration on wound healing. Pediatr Emerg Care 7 (1991) 15-17
59. Zempsky W.T., and Karasic R.B. EMLA versus TAC for topical anesthesia of extremity wounds in children. Ann Emerg Med 30 (1997) 163-166
60. Singer A.J., and Stark M.J. LET versus EMLA for pretreating lacerations: a randomized trial. Acad Emerg Med 8 (2001) 223-230
61. Lysakowski C., Dumont L., Tramer M.R., et al. A needle-free jet-injection system with lidocaine for peripheral intravenous cannula insertion: a randomized controlled trial with cost-effectiveness analysis. Anesth Analg 96 (2003) 215-219
62. Jimenez N., Bradford H., Seidel K.D., et al. A comparison of a needle-free injection system for local anesthesia versus EMLA for intravenous catheter insertion in the pediatric patient. Anesth Analg 102 (2006) 411-414
63. Migdal M., Chudzynska-Pomianowska E., Vause E., et al. Rapid, needle-free delivery of lidocaine for reducing the pain of venipuncture among pediatric subjects. Pediatrics 115 (2005) e393-e398
64. Zsigmond E.K., Darby P., Koenig H.M., et al. A new route, jet injection of lidocaine for skin wheal for painless intravenous catheterization. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 37 (1999) 90-99
65. Chen B.K., and Cunningham B.B. Topical anesthetics in children: agents and techniques that equally comfort patients, parents, and clinicians. Curr Opin Pediatr 13 (2001) 324-330
66. Saha S.A., Kordouni M.R., Siddiqui M., et al. Methemoglobinemia-induced cardio-respiratory failure secondary to topical anesthesia. Am J Ther 13 (2006) 545-549
67. Parker J.F., Vats A., and Bauer G. EMLA toxicity after application for allergy skin testing. Pediatrics 113 (2004) 410-411
68. Hahn I.H., Hoffman R.S., and Nelson L.S. EMLA-induced methemoglobinemia and systemic topical anesthetic toxicity. J Emerg Med 26 (2004) 85-88
69. Raso S.M., Fernandez J.B., Beobide E.A., et al. Methemoglobinemia and CNS toxicity after topical application of EMLA to a 4-year-old girl with molluscum contagiosum. Pediatr Dermatol 23 (2006) 592-593
70. Bahruth A.J. Peripherally inserted central catheter insertion problems associated with topical anesthesia. J Intraven Nurs 19 (1996) 32-34
71. Andrew M., Barker D., and Laing R. The use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment with EMLA cream for IV cannulation in children undergoing routine surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 30 (2002) 321-325
72. Cassidy K.L., Reid G.J., McGrath P.J., et al. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the EMLA patch for the reduction of pain associated with intramuscular injection in four to six-year-old children. Acta Paediatr 90 (2001) 1329-1336
73. Gerard L.L., Cooper C.S., Duethman K.S., et al. Effectiveness of lidocaine lubricant for discomfort during pediatric urethral catheterization. J Urol 170 2 Pt 1 (2003) 564-567
74. Siderias J., Guadio F., and Singer A.J. Comparison of topical anesthetics and lubricants prior to urethral catheterization in males: a randomized controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med 11 (2004) 703-706
75. Tanabe P., Steinmann R., Anderson J., et al. Factors affecting pain scores during female urethral catheterization. Acad Emerg Med 11 (2004) 699-702
76. Woolfson A.D., McCafferty D.F., and Boston V. Clinical experiences with a novel percutaneous amethocaine preparation: prevention of pain due to venipuncture in children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 30 (1990) 273-279
77. Goel R., and Aron M. Cooled lignocaine gel: does it reduce urethral discomfort during instillation?. Int Urol Nephrol 35 (2003) 375-377
78. Cullen L., Taylor D., Taylor S., et al. Nebulized lidocaine decreases the discomfort of nasogastric tube insertion: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Emerg Med 44 (2004) 131-137
79. Ducharme J., and Matheson K. What is the best topical anesthetic for nasogastric insertion? A comparison of lidocaine gel, lidocaine spray, and atomized cocaine. J Emerg Nurs 29 (2003) 427-430
80. Wolfe T.R., Fosnocht D.E., and Linscott M.S. Atomized lidocaine as topical anesthesia for nasogastric tube placement: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med 35 (2000) 421-425
81. Singer A.J., and Konia N. Comparison of topical anesthetics and vasoconstrictors vs lubricants prior to nasogastric intubation: a randomized, controlled trial. Acad Emerg Med 6 (1999) 184-190
82. Sharma S.K., Gajraj N.M., Sidawi J.E., et al. EMLA cream effectively reduces the pain of spinal needle insertion. Reg Anesth 21 (1996) 561-564
83. Koscielniak-Nielsen Z., Hesselbjerg L., Brushoj J., et al. EMLA patch for spinal puncture. A comparison of EMLA patch with lidocaine infiltration and placebo patch. Anaesthesia 53 (1998) 1218-1222
84. Juarez Gimenez J.C., Oliveras M., Hidalgo E., et al. Anesthetic efficacy of eutectic prilocaine-lidocaine cream in pediatric oncology patients undergoing lumbar puncture. Ann Pharmacother 30 (1996) 1235-1237
85. Russell G.N., Desmond M.J., and Fox M.A. Local anesthesia for radial artery cannulation: a comparison of a lidocaine-prilocaine emulsion and lidocaine infiltration. J Cardiothorac Anesth 2 (1988) 309-312
86. Serour F., Ben-Yehuda Y., and Boaz M. EMLA cream prior to digital nerve block for ingrown nail surgery does not reduce pain at injection of anesthetic solution. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46 (2002) 203-206
87. McIntosh N., van Veen L., and Brameyer H. Alleviation of the pain of heel prick in preterm infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 70 (1994) F177-F181
88. Hoberman A., Paradise J.L., Reynolds E.A., et al. Efficacy of Auralgan for treating ear pain in children with acute otitis media. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151 (1997) 675-678
89. Zempsky W.T., and Schechter N.L. Office-based pain management. The 15-minute consultation. Pediatr Clin North Am 47 (2000) 601-615
90. Davies P.S., and Galer B.S. Review of lidocaine patch 5% studies in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Drugs 64 (2004) 937-947
91. Argoff C.E. Conclusions: chronic pain studies of lidocaine patch 5% using the Neuropathic Pain Scale. Curr Med Res Opin 20 Suppl 2 (2004) S29-S31
92. Galer B.S., Gammaitoni A.R., Oleka N., et al. Use of the lidocaine patch 5% in reducing intensity of various pain qualities reported by patients with low-back pain. Curr Med Res Opin 20 Suppl 2 (2004) S5-S12
93. Nalamachu S., Crockett R.S., Gammaitoni A.R., et al. A comparison of the lidocaine patch 5% vs naproxen 500 mg twice daily for the relief of pain associated with carpal tunnel syndrome: a 6-week, randomized, parallel-group study. Med Gen Med 8 (2006) 33
94. Bhargava R., and Young K.D. Procedural pain management patterns in academic pediatric emergency departments. Acad Emerg Med 14 (2007) 479-482