A scientific standard and an agency's legal independence: Which of these reputation protection mechanisms is less susceptible to political moves?

Public Administration

Volumn 85, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 961-978

  Maor, Moshe ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LEGAL SYSTEM; MODEL; STANDARD (REFERENCE);

EID: 36348982203     PISSN: 00333298     EISSN: 14679299     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00676.x     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Arnold, R.D. 1979. Congress and the Bureaucracy: A Theory of Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2. Arnold, R.D. 1987. 'Political Control of Administrative Officials', Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 3, 279-86.
3. Aroni, R., R. de Boer and K. Harvey. 2003. 'The Viagra Affair: Evidence as the Terrain for Competing Partners', in V. Lin and B. Gibson (eds), Evidence-based Health Policy: Problems and Possibilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 97-109.
4. Banks, J.S. and B.R. Weingast. 1992. 'The Political Control of Bureaucracies under Asymetric Information', American Journal of Political Science, 36, 509-24.
5. Bawn, K. 1995. 'Political Control versus Expertise: Congressional Choices About Administrative Procedures', American Political Science Review, 89, 62-73.
6. Birkett, D.J., A.S. Mitchell and P. McManus. 2001. 'A Cost-Effectiveness Approach to Drug Subsidy and Pricing in Australia', Health Affairs, 20, 3, 104-14.
7. Bloomfield, A. 2003. 'New Zealand', in C. Ham and G. Roberts (eds), Reasonable Rationing. International Experience of Priority Setting in Health Care. Maidenhead: Open University Press, pp. 16-41.
8. Braae, R., W. McNee and D. Moore. 1999. 'Managing the Pharmaceutical Expenditure while Increasing Access: The Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) Experience', Pharmacoeconomics, 16, 6, 649-60.
9. Brehm, J., and S. Gates. 1997. Working, Shirking and Sabotage. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
10. Brunt, J.H., N.L. Chappell, M. Maclure and A. Cassels. 1998. 'Assessing the Effectiveness of Government and Media Campaigns on Seniors' Perceptions of Reference-Based Pricing Policy', Journal of Applied Gerontology, 17, 276-95.
11. Cassels, A. 2002. 'Paying for What Works: BC Experience with the Reference Drug Program as a Model for Rational Policy Making', Unpublished paper. Vancouver, BC: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
12. Carpenter, D.P. 1996. 'Adaptive Signal Processing, Hierarchy and Budgetary Control in Federal Regulation', American Political Science Review, 90, 2, 283-302.
13. Carpenter, D.P. 2001. The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Reputations, Networks and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862-1928. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
14. Carpenter, D.P. 2002. 'Groups, the Media, Agency Waiting Costs, and FDA Drug Approval', American Journal of Political Science, 46, 490-505.
15. Carpenter, D.P. 2003. 'Why Do Bureaucrats Delay? Lessons from a Stochastic Optimal Stopping Model of Agency Timing, with Applications to the FDA', in G.A. Krause and K.J. Meier (eds), Politics, Policy, and Organizations Frontiers in the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, pp. 23-40.
16. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aging. 2002. Guidelines for the Pharmaceutical Industry on Preparation of Submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee. Canberra: Publications Production Unit.
17. Davis, P. 2004. '"Tough but fair"? The Active Management of the New Zealand Drug Benefits Scheme by an Independent Crown Agency', Australian Health Review, 28, 2, 171-81.
18. Goodin, R.E. 1996. 'Institutions and Their Design', in R.E. Goodin (ed.), The Theory of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
19. Gore, S.M. 1981. 'Assessing Clinical Trials - Why Randomized?', British Medical Journal, 282, 1958-60.
20. Hall, P. and R. Taylor. 1996. 'Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms', Political Studies, 44, 4, 936-57.
21. Hammond, T.H., and J.H. Knott. 1996. 'Who Control the Bureaucracy? Presidential Power, Congressional Dominance, Legal Constraints, and Bureaucratic Autonomy in a Model of Multi-institutional Policymaking', Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, 12, 119-66.
22. Heimann, C.F. Larry. 1997. Acceptable Risks: Politics, Policy and Risky Technologies. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
23. Henry, D.A. and D.J. Birkett. 2001. 'Changes to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee', Medical Journal of Australia, 174, 209-10.
24. Hill, S., D. Henry and A. Stevens. 2001. 'The Use of Evidence in Drug Selection: The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme', in The Cochrane Collaboration and Milbank Memorial Fund (eds), Informing Judgment: Case Studies of Health Policy and Research in Six Countries. New York, NY: Milbank Memorial Fund, pp. 7-28.
25. Huber, J.D. and C.R. Shipan. 2002. Deliberate Discretion? The Institutional Foundations of Bureaucratic Autonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Immergut, E.M. 1992. 'The Rules of the Game: The Logic of Health Policy-Making in France, Switzerland, and Sweden', in S. Steinmo, K. Thelen and F. Longstreth (eds), Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57-89.
27. Krause, G.A. 1996. 'The Institutional Dynamics of Policy Administration: Bureaucratic Influence over Securities Regulation', American Journal of Political Science, 40, 4, 1083-121.
28. Krause, G.A., and J.W. Douglas. 2005. 'Institutional Design versus Reputational Effects on Bureaucratic Performance: Evidence from US Government Macroeconomic and Fiscal Projections', Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15, 281-306.
29. Langley, P.C. 1996. 'The November 1995 Revised Australian Guidelines for the Economic Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals', Pharmacoeconomics, 9, 4, 341-52.
30. Lexchin, J. and D. Caygill. 2000. Report to the Minister of Health and the Health Funding Authority on the Proposed Revisions to PHARMAC's Operation Politics and Procedures. Wellington: New Zealand Health Funding Authority.
31. Laupacis, A., G. Anderson and B. O'Brien. 2002. 'Drug Policy: Making Effective Drugs Available Without Bankrupting the Healthcare System', Healthcare Papers, 3, 1, 12-31.
32. Maclure, M. and T.M. Potashnik. 1997. 'What is Direct Evidence-Based Policy-Making? Experience from the Drug Benefits Program for Seniors in British Columbia', Canadian Journal of Aging, 16, 132-46.
33. Maclure, M., R.S. Nakagawa and B.C. Carleton. 2001. 'Applying Research to the Policy Cycle: Implementing and Evaluating Evidence-Based Drug Policies in British Columbia', in Cochrane Collaboration and Milbank Memorial Fund (eds), Informing Judgment: Case Studies of Health Policy and Research in Six Countries. New York, NY: Milbank Memorial Fund, pp. 35-70.
34. Maor, M. 1999a. 'Electoral Competition and the Oversight Game: A Transaction Cost Approach and the Norwegian Experience', European Journal of Political Research, 35, 3, 371-88.
35. Maor, M. 1999b. 'The Paradox of Managerialism', Public Administration Review, 59, 1, 5-18.
36. Maor, M. 2004a. 'Feeling the Heat? Anti-Corruption Mechanisms in Comparative Perspective', Governance, 17, 1, 1-28.
37. Maor, M. 2004b. 'The Classification of Drug Reimbursement Mechanisms', Unpublished Paper. Jerusalem: Department of Political Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
38. Maor, M. 2006. 'Organizational Reputation and the Observability of Public Warnings in 10 Pharmaceutical Markets', Paper prepared for presentation at the 20th IPSA World Congress, Fukuoka.
39. Martin, J. and E. Begg. 2000. 'Reference Pricing - Is it in the Public Interest?', New Zealand Medical Journal, 113, 422-4.
40. McAlister, F.A., A. Laupacis, G.A. Wells and D.L. Sackett. 1999. 'User Guide to the Medical Literature XIX. Applying Clinical Trials Result B. Guidelines for the Determination Whether a Drug Is Exerting (More Than) a Class Effect', Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 1371-7.
41. McCubbins, M.D., R.G. Noll and B.R. Weingast. 1989. 'Structure and Process, Politics and Policy: Administrative Arrangements and the Political Control of Agencies', Virginia Law Review, 75, 431-82.
42. McCubbins, M.D. and T. Schwartz. 1984. 'Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Policy Patrols versus Fire Alarms', American Journal of Political Science, 28, 165-79.
43. Moe, T.M. 1982. 'Regulatory Performance and Presidential Administration', American Journal of Political Science, 26, 197-224.
44. Moe, T.M. 1985. 'Control and Feedback in Economic Regulation: The Case of the NLRB', American Political Science Review, 79, 1094-117.
45. Moe, T.M. 1989. 'The Politics of Structural Choice: Toward a Theory of Public Bureaucracy', in O.E. Williamson (ed.), Organization Theory: From Chester Bernard to the Present and Beyond. New York, NY and Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 116-45.
46. Moe, T.M. 1990. 'The Politics of Bureaucratic Structure', in J. Chubb and P. Peterson (eds), Can the Government Govern?, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, pp. 267-329.
47. Moynihan, R. 2000. 'A Dose of Drama in the Debate on Drugs', Australian Financial Review, 8th December, p. 64.
48. Moynihan, R. 2001. 'Update to the Australian Case Study', in Cochrane Collaboration and Milbank Memorial Fund (eds), Informing Judgment: Case Studies of Health Policy and Research in Six Countries. New York, NY: Milbank Memorial Fund, pp. 30-4.
49. Mullett, J. and R. Coughlan. 1998. 'Clinicians' and Seniors' Views of Reference-Based Pricing: Two Sides of a Coin', Journal of Applied Gerontology, 17, 296-317.
50. Mulrow, C.D. and K.N. Lohr. 2001. 'Proof and Policy from Medical Research Evidence', Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 26, 2, 249-66.
51. New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act. 2000. Wellington, New Zealand. Pfizer Pty vs. Birkett. 2000. Federal Court of Australia 303 Judgment from Justice Mathews, 20 March.
52. Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC). 1995. Guidelines for the Pharmaceutical Industry on Preparation of Submission to the PBAC (http://www.health.gov.au/pbs/pubs/pharmpac/part1.htm).
53. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 1993a. Operating Policies and Procedures of the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC). Wellington: PHARMAC.
54. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 1993b. Briefing Paper for the Minister of Health. Wellington: PHARMAC.
55. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 1998. Annual Review. Wellington: PHARMAC.
56. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 1999. Briefing Paper for the Minister of Health. Wellington: PHARMAC.
57. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 2000. Annual Review. Wellington: PHARMAC.
58. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 2001a. Annual Review. Wellington: PHARMAC.
59. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 2001b. Operating Policies and Procedures of the Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC), 2nd edn. Wellington: PHARMAC.
60. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 2002. Annual Review. Wellington: PHARMAC.
61. Pharmaceutical Management Agency Ltd (PHARMAC). 2003. Annual Review. Wellington: PHARMAC.
62. Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA). 2002. 'submission of PhRMA for the "Special 301"', Report on Intellectual Property Barriers, September http://www.phrma.org/ international/special301/nzealand.cfm).
63. Pharmacology and Therapeutic Advisory Committee (PTAC). 2002. 'Guidelines for the Pharmacology and Therapeutic Advisory Committee and its Subcommittees' http://www.PHARMAC.govt.nz/download/ ptac_guidelines.pdf), accessed 1 January 2003.
64. Pierson, P. 2000. 'The Limits of Design: Explaining Institutional Origins and Change', Governance, 13, 4, 475-99.
65. Quirk, P. 1980. 'The Food and Drug Administration', in J.Q. Wilson (ed.), The Politics of Regulation, New York, NY: Basic Books, pp. 191-235.
66. Rawson, N. 2001. 'Effectiveness in the Evaluation of New Drugs: A Misunderstood Concept?', The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 2 (http://www.pulsus.com/clin-pha/08_02/raws_ed.htm), accessed 18 July 2007.
67. RDP Consultation Panel. 2002. 'Report of the Reference Drug Program Consultation Panel' (http://www.healthplanning.gov.bc.ca/cpa/ publications/rdppanel/pdf), accessed 17 February 2003.
68. Revicki, D.A., and L. Frank. 2000. 'Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation in the Real World', Pharmacoeconomics, 15, 5, 423-34.
69. Ringquist, E. 1995. 'Political Control and Policy Impact in EPA's Office of Water Quality', American Journal of Political Science, 39, 336-63.
70. Rodwin, M.A. 2001. 'The Politics of Evidence-Based Medicine', Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 26, 2, 439-46.
71. Rourke, F.E. 1984. Bureaucracy, Politics, and Public Policy. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
72. Sackett, D.L., W.S. Richardson, W. Rosenberg and R.B. Haynes (eds). 1997. Evidence-based Medicines: How to Practice and Teach EBM. London: Churchill Livingstone.
73. Scholz, J., J. Twombly and B. Headrick. 1991. 'street-Level Political Controls over Federal Bureaucracy', American Political Science Review, 85, 829-50.
74. Sinclair, S. 2004. 'Evidence-based Medicine: A New Ritual in Medical Teaching', British Medical Bulletin, 69, 179-96.
75. Spiller, P. 1990. 'Politicians, Interest Groups, and Regulations: A Multiple-principals Agency Theory of Regulation, or Let Them Be Bribed', Journal of Law and Economics, 33, 65-101.
76. Stone, D. 2002. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
77. Therapeutic Initiative (TI). 1995-2007. 'Therapeutic Letter' (http://www.ti.ubc.ca/en/Therapeuticletters), accessed 8 August 2007.
78. Tuohy, C.H. 1999. Accidental Logics: The Dynamics of Change in the Health Care Arena in the United States, Britain and Canada. New York: Oxford University Press.
79. Weingast B.R. 1984. 'The Congressional Bureaucratic System: A Principal-Agent Perspective (with Application to the SEC)', Public Choice, 44, 2, 147-91.
80. Weingast, B.R., and M.J. Moran. 1983. 'Bureaucratic Discretion or Congressional Control: Regulatory Policymaking by the FTC', Journal of Political Economy, 91, 765-800.
81. Whitford, A.B. 2002. 'Bureaucratic Discretion, Agency Structure, and Democratic Responsiveness: The Case of the United States Attorneys', Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 12, 3-27.
82. Wilson, J.Q. 1989. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York: Basic Books.
83. Wood, B.D. 1988. 'The Principals, Bureaucrats, and Responsiveness in Clean Air Enforcement', American Political Science Review, 82, 213-34.
84. Wood, B.D. and R.W. Waterman. 1991. 'The Dynamics of Political Control of the Bureaucracy', American Political Science Review, 85, 801-28.
85. Worall, J. 2002. 'What Evidence in Evidence-Based Medicine?', Philosophy of Science, 69, 316-30.
86. Yandle, B. 1988. 'Antitrust Actions and the Budgeting Process', Public Choice, 59, 263-75.