Antipsychotic medication use in the elderly patient

Journal of Pharmacy Practice

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 318-326

  Malone, Matthew ^a,d   Carnahan, Ryan M ^b   Kutscher, Eric C ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH DAKOTA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY   (United States)

^c SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d Avera Health   (United States)

Author keywords

Adverse effects; Antipsychotics; Elderly patients

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BENZATROPINE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BUTYROPHENONE DERIVATIVE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR; CLOZAPINE; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; FLUPHENAZINE; HALOPERIDOL; LITHIUM; LOXAPINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OLANZAPINE; PERPHENAZINE; PLACEBO; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; THIORIDAZINE; TRIHEXYPHENIDYL; VALPROIC ACID; ZIPRASIDONE;

AGING; AKATHISIA; ANTICHOLINERGIC EFFECT; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BLURRED VISION; BRADYKINESIA; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; DEATH; DELIRIUM; DEMENTIA; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRY EYE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; DYSTONIA; ELDERLY CARE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYNDROME; FALLING; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LEUKOPENIA; LUNG DISEASE; NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PHARMACOKINETICS; PHARMACOLOGY; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; STOMACH EMPTYING; STROKE; SWEATING; TACHYCARDIA; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; TREMOR; URINE RETENTION; VISUAL HALLUCINATION; WEIGHT GAIN; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 36248933136     PISSN: 08971900     EISSN: 15311937     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0897190007304982     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Himes, CL Elderly Americans. Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau ; 2001. http://www.prb.org/.Accessed January 2007.
2. Borkan GA, Hults DE, Gerzof SG, et al. Age changes in body composition revealed by computed tomography. J Gerontol. 1983 ; 38: 673-677.
3. Sotaniemi EA, Arranto AF, Pelkonen O, Pasanen M. Age and cytochrome P450-linked drug metabolism in humans: an analysis of 226 subjects with equal histopathologic conditions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1997 ; 61: 331-339.
4. Greenblatt DJ, Sellers EM, Shader RI Drug disposition in old age. N Engl J Med. 1982 ; 306: 1081-1088.
5. von Moltke L., Greenblatt DJ, Court MH, et al. Inhibition of alprazolam and desipramine hydroxylation in vitro by paroxetine and fluvoxamine: comparison with other serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychoparmacol. 1995 ; 15: 125-131.
6. Thyrum PT, Wong YW, Yeh C. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of quetiapine in subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2000 ; 24: 521-533.
7. Davies SJ, Lennard MS, Ghahramani P., Pratt P., Robertson A., Potokar J. PRN prescribing in psychiatric inpatients-potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions. J Psychopharmacol. 2007 ; 21: 153-160.
8. Lubran MM Renal function in the elderly. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1995 ; 25: 122-133.
9. Kapur S., Mamo D. Half a century of antipsychotics and still a central role for D2 receptors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2003 ; 27: 1081-1090.
10. Tran-Johnson TK, Krull AJ, Jeste DV Late life schizophrenia and its treatment: pharmacologic issues in older schizophrenic patients. Clin Geriatr Med. 1992 ; 8: 401-410.
11. Miyamoto S., Duncan GE, Marx CE, Lieberman JA Treatments for schizophrenia: a critical review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action of antipsychotic drugs. Mol Psychiatry. 2005 ; 10: 79-104.
12. Madhusoodanan S., Brenner R., Araujo L., Abaza A. Efficacy of risperidone treatment for psychoses associated with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or senile dementia in 11 geriatric patients: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995 ; 56: 514-518.
13. Kirkwood CK, Givone DM Advances in pharmacotherapy of psychotic disorders in the elderly. Consult Pharm. 2003 ; 18: 539-550.
14. Goldstein BI, Herrmann N., Shulman KI Comorbidity in bipolar disorder among the elderly: results from an epidemiological community sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 ; 163: 319-321.
15. Perlis RH, Welge JA, Vornik LA, Hirschfeld RM, Keck PE Jr. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of mania: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006 ; 67: 509-516.
16. Dunner DL Atypical antipsychotics: efficacy across bipolar disorder subpopulations. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 ; 66 (suppl 3). 20-27.
17. Lyketsos CG, Steinberg M., Tschanz JT, Norton MC, Steffens DC, Breitner JC Mental and behavioral disturbances in dementia: findings from the Cache County Study on Memory in Aging. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 ; 157: 708-714.
18. Lyketsos CG, Lopez O., Jones B., Fitzpatrick AL, Breitner J., DeKosky S. Prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: results from the cardiovascular health study. JAMA. 2002 ; 288: 1475-1483.
19. Webster J., Grossberg GT Late-life onset of psychotic symptoms. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998 ; 6: 196-202.
20. Wancata J., Windhaber J., Krautgartner M., Alexandrowicz R. The consequences of non-cognitive symptoms of dementia in medical hospital departments. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2003 ; 33: 257-271.
21. Sink KM, Covinsky KE, Barnes DE, Newcomer RJ, Yaffe K. Caregiver characteristics are associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 ; 54: 796-803.
22. Alexopoulos GS, Streim J., Carpenter D., Docherty JP Using antipsychotic agents in older patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 ; 65 (suppl 2). 5-99.
23. Madhusoodanan S., Shah P., Brenner R., Gupta S. Pharmacological treatment of the psychosis of Alzheimer's disease: what is the best approach? CNS Drugs. 2007 ; 21: 101-115.
24. Schneider LS, Tariot PN, Dagerman KS, et al. Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2006 ; 355: 1525-1538.
25. Schneider LS, Dagerman KS, Insel P. Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. JAMA. 2005 ; 294: 1934-1943.
26. Schweeness S., Setoguchi S., Brookhart A., Dormuth C., Wang PS Risk of death associated with conventional versus atypical antipsychotic drugs among elderly patients. CMAJ. 2007: 176: 627-632.
27. Wang PS, Schneeweiss S., Avorn J., et al. Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications. N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 353: 2335-2341.
28. Sink KM, Holden KF, Yaffe K. Pharmacological treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. JAMA. 2005 ; 293: 596-608.
29. Thapa PB, Meador KG, Gideon P., Fought RL, Ray WA Effects of antipsychotic withdrawal in elderly nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994 ; 42: 280-286.
30. Ballard CG, Thomas A., Fossey J., et al. A 3-month, randomized, placebo-controlled neuroleptic discontinuation study in 100 people with dementia: the neuropsychiatric inventory median cutoff as a predictor of clinical outcome. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 ; 65: 114-119.
31. Cohen-Mansfield J. Non-pharmacologic interventions for agitated behaviors in dementia: a review, summary, and critique. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001 ; 9: 361-381.
32. Cohen-Mansfield J., Mintzer JE Time for change: the role of nonpharmacological interventions in treating behavior problems in nursing home residents with dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005 ; 19: 37-40.
33. American College of Critical Care Medicine of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, American College of Chest Physicians. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2002 ; 59: 150-178.
34. Parellada E., Baeza I., de Pablo J., Martinez G. Risperidone in the treatment of patients with delirium. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 ; 65: 348-353.
35. Skrobik YK, Bergeron N., Dumont M., Gottfried SB Olanzapine vs haloperidol: treating delirium in a critical care setting. Intensive Care Med. 2004 ; 30: 444-449.
36. Kapur S., Seeman P. Does fast dissociation from the dopamine D2 receptor explain the action of atypical antipsychotics?: A new hypothesis. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 ; 158: 360-369.
37. Kane J., Honigfeld G., Singer J., Meltzer H. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 ; 45: 789-796.
38. Saltz BL, Woerner MG, Kane JM Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia incidence in the elderly. JAMA. 1991 ; 266: 2402-2406.
39. Leucht S., Wahlbeck K., Hamann J., Kissling W. New generation antipsychotics versus low-potency conventional antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003 ; 361: 1581-1589.
40. Davis JM, Chen N., Glick ID A meta-analysis of the efficacy of second-generation antipsychotics. Arch Int Med. 2003 ; 60: 553-564.
41. Rosenheck R., Perlick D., Bingham S., et al. Effectiveness and cost of olanzapine and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003 ; 290: 2693-2702.
42. Raedler TJ Comparison of the in-vivo muscarinic receptor availability in patients treated with clozapine and olanzapine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 ; 10: 275-280.
43. Goldstein JM, Brecher M. Clarification of anticholinergic effects of quetiapine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000 ; 61: 680.
44. Peters NL Snipping the thread of life: antimuscarinic side effects of medications in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 1989 ; 149: 2414-2420.
45. Miller DD Atypical antipsychotics: sleep, sedation, and efficacy. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 ; 6 (suppl 2). 3-7.
46. Wirshing WC, Cummings JL Extrapyramidal syndromes in the elderly: diagnosis and management. Geriatrics. 1989 ; 44: 47-51, 54.
47. Tauscher J., Kufferle B., Asenbaum S., Tauscher-Wisniewski S., Kasper S. Striatal dopamine-2 receptor occupancy as measured with [123I]iodobenzamide and SPECT predicted the occurrence of EPS in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics and haloperidol. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002 ; 162: 42-49.
48. Wirshing WC Movement disorders associated with neuroleptic treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 ; 62 (suppl 21). 15-18.
49. Lima AR, Bacalcthuk J., Barnes TR, Soares-Weiser K. Central action beta-blockers versus placebo for neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004: CD001946.
50. Vinson DR Diphenhydramine in the treatment of akathisia induced by prochlorperazine. J Emerg Med. 2004 ; 26: 265-270.
51. Sachdev P., Loneragan C. Intravenous benztropine and propranolol challenges in acute neuroleptic-induced akathisia. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993 ; 16: 324-331.
52. Hirose S., Ashby CR Immediate effect of intravenous diazepam in neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia: an open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 ; 63: 524-527.
53. Jeste DV, Wyatt RJ Aging and tardive dyskinesia. In: Miller NE, Cohen GD, eds. Schizophrenia and Aging: Schizophrenia, Paranoia, and Schizophreniform Disorders in Later Life. New York, NY: Guilford ; 1987: 275-286.
54. Sweet RA, Mulsant BH, Gupta B., et al. Duration of neuroleptic treatment and prevalence of tardive dyskinesia in late life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995 ; 52: 478-486.
55. Saltz BL, Woerner MG, Kane JM Prospective study of tardive dyskinesia incidence in the elderly. JAMA. 1991 ; 266: 2402-2406.
56. Jeste DV Tardive dyskinesia rates with atypical antipsychotics in older adults. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 ; 65 (suppl 9). 21-24.
57. Lee PE, Sykora K., Gill SS, et al. Antipsychotic medications and drug-induced movement disorders other than parkinsonism: a population-based cohort study in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 ; 53: 1374-1379.
58. Spivak B., Mester R., Abesgaus J., et al. Clozapine treatment for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia, parkinsonism, and chronic akathisia in schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997 ; 58: 318-322.
59. Reilly JG, Ayis SA, Ferrier IN, et al. QTc-interval abnormalities and psychotropic drug therapy in psychiatric patients. Lancet. 2000 ; 355: 1048-1052.
60. Haddad PM, Anderson IM Antipsychotic-related QTc prolongation, torsade de pointes and sudden death. Drugs. 2002 ; 62: 1649-1671.
61. Czekalla J., Kollack-Walker S., Beasley CM Cardiac safety parameters of olanzapine: comparison with other atypical and typical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 ; 62 (suppl 2). 35-40.
62. Nemeroff CB, Lieberman JA, Weiden PJ, et al. From clinical research to clinical practice: a 4-year review of ziprasidone. CNS Spectr. 2005 ; 10: s1 - s20.
63. Sala M., Vicentini A., Brambilla P., et al. QT interval prolongation related to psychoactive drug treatment: a comparison of monotherapy versus polytherapy. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2005 ; 4: 1.
64. Ray WA, Griffin MR, Schaffner W., et al. Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture. N Engl J Med. 1987 ; 316: 363-369.
65. Allison DB, Mentore JL, Heo M., et al. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 ; 156: 1686-1696.
66. Newcomer JW Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics and metabolic effects: a comprehensive literature review. CNS Drugs. 2005 ; 19 (suppl 1). 1-93.
67. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005 ; 353: 1209-1223.
68. Kane J., Honigfeld G., Singer J., Meltzer H. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 ; 45: 789-796.
69. Nicholson D., Chiu W. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Geriatrics. 2004 ; 59: 36-40.
70. Aarsland D., Perry R., Larsen JP, et al. Neuroleptic sensitivity in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian dementias. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 ; 66: 633-637.
71. Rao SS, Hofmann LA, Shakil A. Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2006 ; 74: 2046-2054.
72. Poewe W. Treatment of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. Mov Disord. 2005 ; 20 (suppl 12). S77 - S82.
73. Herrmann N., Mamdani M., Lanctot KL Atypical antipsychotics and risk of cerebrovascular accidents. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 ; 161: 1113-1115.