12. CHALLENGES AND APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING LEADERSHIP EFFICACY IN MULTI-CULTURAL TEAMS

Advances in Human Performance and Cognitive Engineering Research

Volumn 4, Issue , 2004, Pages 341-384

  Salas, Eduardo ^a   Burke, C Shawn ^a   Fowlkes, Jennifer E ^a   Wilson, Katherine A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 36148958633     PISSN: 14793601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1479-3601(03)04012-8     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Adler, N. J. (1997). International dimensions of organizational behavior (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: International Thomson Publishing.
2. R Ayman M.M Chemers Relationship of supervisory behavior ratings to work group effectiveness and subordinate satisfaction among Iranian managers Journal of Applied Psychology 68 2 1983 338 341
3. Bass, B. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s handbook of leadership (3rd ed.). New York: Free Press.
4. B.M Bass Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist 52 2 1997 130 139
5. J.M Bennett A developmental approach to training for intercultural sensitivity International Journal of Intercultural Relations 10 1986 179 196
6. D.P.S Bhawuk R.W Brislin Cross-cultural training: A review Applied Psychology: An International Review 49 1 2000 162 191
7. J.S Black M Mendenhall Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research The Academy of Management Review 15 1 1990 113 136
8. Brislin, R., & Yoshida, T. (1994). Improving intercultural interactions: Modules for cross-cultural training programs . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9. Brislin, R. W., Cushner, K., Cherrie, C., & Yong, M. (1986). Intercultural interactions: A practical guide. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
10. Brodbeck, F. C., Frese, Akerblom, Audia, Bakacsi, & Bendova (2000). Cultural variation of leadership prototypes across 22 European countries. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 73 , 1–29.
11. J.C Bruschke C Gartner J.S Seiter Student ethnocentrism, dogmatism, and motivation: A study of BAFA BAFA Simulation and Gaming 21 1 1993 9 20
12. Burke, C. S. (1999). Examination of the cognitive mechanisms through which team leaders promote effective team processes and adaptive team performance . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, George Mason University, Virginia.
13. Burke, C. S., Salas, E., Stagl, K., & Fowlkes, J. (2002, April). Leading multi-national teams. In: J. C. Zeigert & K. Klein (Co-chairs), Team Leadership: Current Theoretical and Research Perspectives . Symposium conducted at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Canada.
14. M.A Campion G.J Medsker A.C Higgs Relationships between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups Personnel Psychology 46 1993 823 850
15. Cannon-Bowers, J. A., Tannenbaum, S. I., Salas, E., & Volpe, C. E. (1995). Defining team competencies and establishing team training requirements. In: R. Guzzo, E. Salas & Associates (Eds), Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations (pp. 333–380). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
16. Cherrie, S. F. (1998). Multinational mine-strike recovery operation . Retrieved on April 25, 2002 from http://call.army.mil/products/trngqtr/tq2–98/cherrie.htm .
17. I Choi R.E Nisbett Cultural psychology of surprise: Holistic theories and recognition of contradiction Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79 6 2000 890 905
18. I Choi R Dalal C Kim-Prieto H Park Culture and judgment of causal relevance Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 1 2003 46 59
19. R.K Conyne F.R Wilson M Tang K Shi Cultural similarities and differences and differences in group work: Pilot study of a U.S.-Chinese task group comparison Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice 3 1 1999 40 50
20. Cooke, N. J. (1999). Knowledge elicitation. In: F. T. Durso, R. S. Nickerson, R. W. Schvaneveldt, S. T. Dumais, D. S. Lindsay & M. T. H. Chi (Eds), Handbook of Applied Cognition (pp. 479–509). Sussex, England: Wiley.
21. T.H Cox S.A Lobel P.L McLeod Effects of ethnic group cultural differences on cooperative and competitive behavior on a group task Academy of Management Journal 34 4 1991 827 847
22. L.J Cronbach P.E Meehl Construct validity in psychological tests Psychological Bulletin 52 1955 281 302
23. Cushner, K., & Brislin, R. W. (Eds) (1997). Improving intercultural interactions: Models for cross cultural training programs (Vol. 2). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. B Daily A Whatley S.R Ash R.L Steiner The effects of a group decision support system on culturally diverse and culturally homogeneous group decision making Information & Management 30 1996 281 289
25. D.N Den Hartog R.J House P.J Hanges S.A Ruiz-Quintanilla Culture specific and cross-culturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed? Leadership Quarterly 10 2 1999 219 256
26. S.P Deshpande C Viswesvaran Is cross-cultural training of expatriate managers effective: A meta analysis International Journal of Intercultural Relations 16 3 1992 295 310
27. J.J Distefano M.L Maznevski Creating value with diverse teams in global management Organizational Dynamics 29 1 2000 45 63
28. Dodd, C. H. (1991). Dynamics of intercultural communication (3rd ed.). Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.
29. Dorfman, P. W., & Howell, J. P. (1988). Managerial leadership in the United States and Mexico. In: C. S. Granrose & S. Oskamp (Eds), Cross-Cultural Work Groups (pp. 234–264). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
30. J.E Driskell J.H Johnston E Salas Does stress training generalize to novel settings Human Factors 43 1 2001 99 110
31. Driskell, J. E., & Johnston, J. H. (1998). Stress exposure training. In: J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas (Eds), Making Decisions Under Stress: Implications for Individual and Team Training (pp. 191–217). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
32. Dwyer, D. J., Fowlkes, J. E., Oser, R. L., Salas, E., & Lane, N. E. (1997). Team performance measurement in distributed environments: The TARGET’s methodology. In: M. T. Brannick, E. Salas & C. Prince (Eds), Assessment and Management of Team Performance: Theory, Research, and Applications (pp. 137–154). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
33. Earley, P. C., & Gibson, C. B. (2002). Multinational work teams: A new perspective . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
34. P.C Earley E Mosakowski Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning Academy of Management 43 1 2000 26 49
35. L.T Eby G.H Dobbins Collectivistic orientation in teams: An individual and group-level analysis Journal of Organizational Behavior 18 3 1997 275 295
36. D Elmuti Preliminary analysis of the relationship between cultural diversity and technology in corporate America Equal Opportunities International 20 8 2001 1 16
37. E Elron Top management teams within multinational corporations: Effects of cultural heterogeneity Leadership Quarterly 8 4 1997 393 412
38. Erez, M., & Earley, P. C. (1993). Culture, self-identity, and work . New York: Oxford University Press.
39. E.A Fleishman M.D Mumford S.J Zaccaro K.Y Kevin A.L Korotkin M.B Hein Taxonomic efforts in the description of leader behavior: A synthesis and functional interpretation Leadership Quarterly 2 4 1991 245 287
40. Fleishman, E. A., & Zaccaro, S. J. (1992). Toward a taxonomic classification of team performance functions: Initial considerations, subsequent evaluations and current formulations. In: R. W. Sweezy & E. Salas (Eds), Teams: Their Training and Performance (pp. 31–56). New Jersey: ABLEX.
41. J.E Fowlkes N.E Lane E Salas T Franz R Oser Improving the measurement of team performance: The targets methodology Military Psychology 6 1 1994 47 61
42. J.E Fowlkes E Salas D.P Baker J.A Cannon-Bowers R.J Stout The utility of event-based knowledge elicitation Human Factors 42 1 2000 24 35
43. S.L Gaertner J Mann A Murrell J Dovidio Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 57 2 1989 239 249
44. Gelfand, M. J., & Arad, S. (2002). Theoretical and methodological issues in cross-cultural I-O psychology . Tutorial conducted at the 17th Annual Conference for the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Canada.
45. Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., & Ehrhart, K. H. (2002). Methodological issues in cross-cultural organizational research. In: S. G. Rogelberg (Ed.), Handbook of Research Methods in Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 216–246). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
46. C.B Gibson Do they do what they believe they can? Group efficacy and group effectiveness across tasks and cultures Academy of Management Journal 42 2 1999 138 152
47. Gibson, C. G., & Zellmer-Bruhn, M. (2001, June). Metaphors and meaning: An intercultural analysis of the concept of teamwork. Administrative Science Quarterly , 1–26.
48. D.L Gladstein Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness Administrative Science Quarterly 29 1984 499 517
49. Glaser, R. (1992). Learning, cognition, and education: Then and now. In: H. L. Pick, P. Van Den Broek, D.C. Knill & H. L. Pick, Jr. (Eds), Cognition: Conceptual and Methodological Issues (pp. 239–265). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
50. C Gomez B.L Kirkman D.L Shapiro The impact of collectivism and in-group/out-group membership on the evaluation generosity of team members Academy of Management Journal 43 6 2000 1097 1106
51. G.B Graen M Uhl-Bien Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective Leadership Quarterly 6 2 1995 219 247
52. Graen, G. B., & Wakabayashi, M. (1994). Cross-cultural leadership making: Bridging American and Japanese diversity for team advantage. In: H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds), Handbook of Industrial of Organizational Psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 4, pp. 415–446). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
53. J.L Grahn D.X Swenson Cross-cultural perspectives for quality training Cross-cultural Management: An International Journal 7 3 2000 19 24
54. Gudykunst, W. B., & Hammer, M. R. (1983). Basic training design: Approaches to intercultural training. In: D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds), Handbook of Intercultural Training: Issues in Theory and Design (Vol. 1, pp. 118–154). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
55. W.B Gudykunst Y Matsumoto S Ting-Toomey T Nishida K Kim S Heyman The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self-construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures Human Communication Research 22 1996 510 543
56. Hackman, J. R. (1987). The design of work teams. In: J. W. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of Organizational Behavior (pp. 315–342). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
57. Hackman, J. R., & Walton, R. E. (1986). Leading groups in organizations. In: P. S. Goodman and Associates (Eds), Designing Effective Work Groups (pp. 72–119). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
58. Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (1990). Understanding cultural differences . Garden City, NY: Intercultural Press.
59. Harper, L. F., & Rifkind, L. J. (1995). Intercultural communication in the diversified quality workplace. In: L. F. Harper & L. R. Rifkind (Eds), Cultural Collision: Quality Teamwork in the Diverse Workplace (pp. 41–61). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
60. G.L Harrison J.L McKinnon A Wu C.W Chow Cultural influences on adaptation to fluid workgroups and teams Journal of International Business Studies 31 3 2000 489 505
61. D.A Harrison K.H Price M.P Bell Beyond relational demography: Time and the effects of surface and deep level diversity on work group cohesion Academy of Management Journal 41 1 1998 96 107
62. Hazucha, J. F., Hezlett, S. A., Bontems-Wackens, S., & Ronnqvist, R. (1999). In search of the Euro-manager: Management competencies in France, Germany, Italy, and the United States. In: W. H. Mobley (Ed.), Advances in Global Leadership (Vol. 1, pp. 267–290). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
63. R.L Helmreich Anatomy of a system accident: The crash of Avianca Flight 052 International Journal of Aviation Psychology 4 3 1994 265 284
64. R Helmreich On error management: Lessons from aviation BMJ 320 2000 781 785
65. Hodgetts, R. M., & Luthans, F. (2000). International management: Culture, strategy, and behavior . New York: McGraw-Hill.
66. P.J Hoffman The problem of extracting the knowledge of experts from the perspective of experimental psychology The AI Magazine 8 1987 53 66
67. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
68. G Hofstede Cultural constraints in management theories Academy of Management Executive 7 1 1993 81 94
69. G Horenczyk Z Berkerman The effects of intercultural acquaintance and structured intergroup interaction on ingroup, outgroup, and reflected ingroup stereotypes International Journal of Intercultural Relations 21 1 1997 71 83
70. House, R. J., et al. (1999). Cultural influences on leadership and organizations: Project globe. In: W. H. Mobley (Ed.), Advances in Global Leadership (Vol. 1., pp. 171–233). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
71. R.J House R.N Aditya The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of Management 23 3 1997 409 473
72. Hutchins, E., Holder, B. E., & Pérez, R. A. (2002). Culture and Flight Deck Operations. Unpublished internal report prepared for the Boeing Company [Sponsored Research Agreement 22-5003]. San Diego: University of California San Diego.
73. Ilgen, D. R., LePine, J. A., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (1997). Effective decision making in multinational teams. In: P. C. Earley & M. Erez (Eds), New Perspectives on International Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 377–409). San Francisco, CA: New Lexington Press/Jossey-Bass.
74. Jackson, S. E. (1992). Team composition in organizational settings: Issues in managing a diverse workforce. In: S. Worchel, W. Wood & J. Simpson (Eds), Group Process and Productivity (pp. 138–173). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
75. Jackson, S. E., May, K. E., & Whitney, K. (1995). Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making teams. In: R. A. Guzzo, E. Salas & Associates (Eds), Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations (pp. 204–261). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
76. Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign-policy decisions and fiascoes. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
77. L Ji K Peng R.E Nisbett Culture, control, and perception of relationships in the environment Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 5 2000 943 955
78. Johnston, J. H., Smith-Jentsch, K. A., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1997). Performance measurement tools for enhancing team decision-making training. In: M. T. Brannick & E. Salas (Eds), Team Performance Assessment and Measurement: Theory, Methods, and Applications (pp. 311–327). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
79. Jung, D. I., & Yammarino, F. J. (2001). Perceptions of transformational leadership among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans: A level of analysis perspective [Publication No. 102]. Ciber Working Paper Series, San Diego, CA: San Diego State University.
80. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York: Wiley.
81. C Kirchmeyer Multicultural task groups Small Group Research 24 1 1993 127 148
82. Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (under review). Two decades of culture’s consequences: A review of the empirical research on Hofstede’s cultural values framework .
83. 2 decision making. Presented at the 2000 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
84. Kluckhohn, C., & Strodbeck, F. (1961). Variations in value orientations . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
85. Kozlowski, S. W. J., Gully, S. M., & McHugh, P. P. (1993). Leadership and team effectiveness: A developmental-task contingent model. In: J. A. Cannon-Bowers (Chair), Optimizing Team Performance Through Team Leader Behavior . Symposium conducted at the 8th annual conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Francisco, CA.
86. Kozlowski, S. W. J., Gully, S. M., Salas, E., & Cannon-Bowers, J. A. (1996). Team leadership and development: Theory, principles, and guidelines for training leaders and teams. In: M. Beyerlein, S. Beyerlein & D. Johnson (Eds), Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams: Team Leadership (Vol. 3, pp. 253–292). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
87. Kuang, J. C. Y., & Davis, D. D. (2001). Culture and team performance in foreign flightcrews. Paper presented at the 109th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
88. F Lee M Hallahan T Herzog Explaining real-life events: How culture and domain shape attributions Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22 7 1996 732 741
89. Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science; selected theoretical papers . D. Cartwright (Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
90. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1994). Goal setting theory. In: H. F. O’Neil Jr. & M. Drillings (Eds), Motivation: Theory and Research (pp. 13–29). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
91. R.G Lord Functional leadership behavior: Measurement and relation to social power and leadership perceptions Administrative Science Quarterly 22 1977 114 133
92. Lord, R. G., & Foti, R. J. (1985). Schema theories, information processing, and organizational behavior. In: H. P. Sims & D. A. Gioia (Eds), The Thinking Organization (pp. 21–48). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
93. R.S Malpass G.R Salancik Linear and branching formats in culture assimilator training International Journal of Intercultural Relations 1 2 1977 76 87
94. M.A Marks J.E Mathieu S.J Zaccaro A temporally based framework and taxonomy of team process Academy of Management Review 26 3 2001 356 376
95. M.A Marks S.J Zaccaro J.E Mathieu Performance implications of leader briefings and team interaction training for team adaptation to novel environments Journal of Applied Psychology 85 6 2000 971 986
96. Morgan, B. B., Jr., Glickman, A. S., Woodard, E. A., Blaiwes, A. S., & Salas, E. (1986). Measurement of team behaviors in a Navy environment (Technical Report Number 86–014). Orlando, FL: Naval Training Systems Center.
97. M.W Morris K Peng Culture and cause: American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 6 1994 949 971
98. M.D Mumford Leadership in the organizational context: A conceptual approach and its applications Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16 1986 508 531
99. Neville, K., Fowlkes, J., Milham, L., Bergondy, M., & Glucroft, B. (2001). Team coordination expertise in complex distributed teams: A preliminary cognitive task analysis of the Navy carrier air wing strike team. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium of Aviation Psychology [CDROM], Columbus, OH.
100. Nichols, P. D., Chipman, S. F., & Brennan, R. L. (Eds) (1995). Cognitively diagnostic assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
101. G.E O’Brien F.E Fiedler T Hewett The effects of programmed culture training upon the performance of volunteer medical teams in Central America Human Relations 24 3 1970 209 231
102. G.E O’Brien D Plooji Comparison of programmed and prose culture training upon attitudes and knowledge Journal of Applied Psychology 62 1977 499 505
103. J.G Oetzel Culturally homogeneous and heterogeneous groups: Explaining cultural communication processes through individualism-collectivism and self-construal International Journal of Intercultural Relations 22 2 1998 135 161
104. Orasanu, J., & Salas, E. (1993). Team decision making in complex environment. In: G. Klein, J. Orasanu, R. Calderwood & C. E. Zsambok (Eds), Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods (pp. 327–345). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
105. D Oyserman H.M Coon M Kemmelmeier Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses Psychological Bulletin 128 1 2002 3 72
106. Parsons, T., & Shils, E. (1951). Toward a general theory of social action . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
107. K Peng R.E Nisbett Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction American Psychologist 54 9 1999 741 754
108. Pierce, L. G. (n.d.). Barriers to adaptability in a multinational team . Unpublished manuscript.
109. Pierce, L. G., & Klein, G. (n.d.). Preparing and supporting adaptable leaders and teams for support and stability operations . Unpublished manuscript.
110. R Pillai J.R Meindl Context and charisma: A “meso” level examination of the relationship of organic structure, collectivism, and crisis to charismatic leadership Journal of Management 24 5 1998 643 671
111. Ravlin, E. C., & Meglino, B. M. (1993). The influence of value congruence on performance of routine and non-routine tasks. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Atlanta, GA.
112. C Robie K.M Johnson D Nilsen J.F Hazucha The right stuff: Understanding cultural differences in leadership performance Journal of Management Development 20 7 2001 639 649
113. E Salas C.A Bowers L Rhodenizer It is not how much you have but how you use it: Toward a rational use of simulation to support aviation training International Journal of Aviation Psychology 8 1998 197 208
114. Salas, E., Burke, C. S., & Stagl, K. C. (in press). Developing teams and team leaders: Strategies and principles. To appear in: D. Day, S. J. Zaccaro & S. M. Halpin (Eds), Leader Development for Transforming Organizations . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
115. Salas, E., Dickinson, T. L., Converse, S. A., & Tannenbaum, S. I. (1992). Toward an understanding of team performance and training. In: R. J. Swezey & E. Salas (Eds), Teams: Their Training and Performance (pp. 3–29). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
116. E Salas J.A Cannon-Bowers The science of training: A decade of progress Annual Review of Psychology 52 2001 471 499
117. J.C Sarros J.C Santora Leaders and values: A cross-cultural study Leadership & Organizational Development Journal 22 5 2001 243 248
118. Scandura, T. (1995). Leader member exchange model of leadership fairness issues . Unpublished manuscript.
119. J.R Schermerhorn M.H Bond Cross-cultural leadership dynamics in collectivism and high power distance settings Leadership & Organizational Development Journal 18 4 1997 187 193
120. Schvaneveldt, R. (Ed.) (1990). Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization . Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing.
121. Smith-Jentsch, K. A., Johnston, J. H., & Payne, S. C. (1998). Measuring team-related expertise in complex environments. In: J. A. Cannon-Bowers & E. Salas (Eds), Making Decisions under Stress: Implications for Individual and Team Training (pp. 61–87). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
122. G Stasser W Titus Effects of information load and percentage of shared information on the dissemination of unshared information during group discussion Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53 1987 81 93
123. Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group process and productivity . New York: Academic Press.
124. G.L Stewart C.C Manz Leadership for self-managing work teams: A typology and integrative model Human Relations 48 7 1995 747 770
125. P.A Stoeberl I.G Kwon D Han M Bae Leadership and power relationships based on culture and gender Women in Management Review 13 6 1998 208 216
126. Tannenbaum, S. I., Beard, R. L., & Salas, E. (1992). Team building and its influence on team effectiveness: An examination of conceptual and empirical developments. In: K. Kelley (Ed.), Issue, Theory, and Research in Industrial/Organizational Psychology (pp. 117–153). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
127. Tesluk, P. E., & Gerstner, C. R. (2002). Leading self-managing work groups: Effects on processes and performance. Paper presented at the 17th Annual Conference for the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Toronto, Canada.
128. P.E Tetlock Close-call counterfactuals and belief-system defenses: I was not almost wrong but I was almost right Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 75 3 1998 639 652
129. D.C Thomas Cultural diversity and work group effectiveness Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology 30 2 1999 242 263
130. Ting-Toomey, S. (1985). Toward a theory of conflict and culture. In: W. B. Gudykunst, L. P., Stewart & S. Ting-Toomey (Eds), Communication, Culture, and Organizational Processes . Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
131. H.C Triandis Some dimensions of intercultural variation and their implications for community psychology Journal of Community Psychology 11 4 1983 285 302
132. H.C Triandis The self and behavior in different cultural contexts Psychological Review 96 1989 506 520
133. Triandis, H. C. (1993). The contingency model in cross-cultural perspective. In: M. M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds), Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions (pp. 167–188). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
134. Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior . New York: McGraw-Hill.
135. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism . Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
136. H.C Triandis Culture and conflict International Journal of Psychology 35 2 2000 145 152
137. Trifonovitch, G. (1977). On cross-cultural orientation techniques. In: R. W. Brislin (Ed.), Culture Learning: Concepts, Applications, and Research (pp. 213–222). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
138. K.A Wade-Benzoni T Okumura J.M Brett D.A Moore A.E Tenbrunsel M.H Bazerman Cognitions and behavior in asymmetric social dilemmas: A comparison of two cultures Journal of Applied Psychology 87 1 2002 87 95
139. W.E Watson K Kumar L.K Michaelsen Cultural diversity’s impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups Academy of Management Journal 36 3 1993 590 602
140. R.M Wentling N Palma-Rivas Components of effective diversity training programmes International Journal of Training and Development 3 3 1999 215 226
141. Wigdor, A. K., & Green, B. F. (Eds) (1991). Performance assessment for the workplace: Technical issues (Vols 1 and 2). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
142. S Worchel T.R Mitchell An evaluation of the effectiveness of the culture assimilator in Thailand and Greece Journal of Applied Psychology 56 1972 472 479
143. Yukl, G. A. (1989). Leadership in organizations (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
144. S.J Zaccaro J.A Gilbert K.K Thor M.M Mumford Leadership and social intelligence: Linking social perceptiveness and behavioral flexibility to leader effectiveness Leadership Quarterly 2 1991 317 342
145. S.J Zaccaro A Rittman M.A Marks Team leadership Leadership Quarterly 12 2001 451 483