The influence of cultural individualism-collectivism, self construals, and individual values on communication styles across cultures

Human Communication Research

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 510-543

  Gudykunst, William B ^a   Matsumoto, Yuko ^b   Ting Toomey, Stella ^a   Nishida, Tsukasa ^c   Kim, Kwangsu ^d   Heyman, Sam ^e  

^a CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NIHON UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d Kwangwoon University   (South Korea)

^e NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001081862     PISSN: 03603989     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1996.tb00377.x     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Ball-Rokeach, S., Rokeach, M., & Grube, J. (1984). The great American values test. New York: Free Press.
2. Bellah, R., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W., Swidler, A., & Tipton, S. (1985). Habits of the heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3. Blalock, H. (1979). Social statistics (Rev. 2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
4. Bond, M. H. (1988). Finding universal dimensions of individual variation in multicultural studies of values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 1009-1015.
5. Bond, M. H. (1993). Emotions and their expression in Chinese culture. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 17, 245-262.
6. Booth-Butterfield, M., & Booth-Butterfield, S. (1990). Conceptualizing affect as information in communication production. Human Communication Research, 16, 451-476.
7. Cegala, D., Savage, G., Brunner, C., & Conrad, A. (1982). An elaboration of the meaning of interaction involvement. Communication Monographs, 49, 229-248.
8. Chinese Culture Connection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-146.
9. Feather, N. (1990). Bridging the gap between values and action. In E. Higgins & R. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 151-192). New York: Guilford.
10. Feather, N. (1995). Values, valences, and choice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1135-1151.
11. Frymier, A., Klopf, D., & Ishii, S. (1990). Japanese and Americans compared on the affect orientation construct. Psychological Reports, 66, 985-986.
12. Gaetz, L., Klopf, D., & Ishii, S. (1990, June). Predispositions toward verbal behavior of Japanese and Americans. Paper presented at the Communication Association of Japan convention, Tokyo.
13. Grice, H. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics: Vol.3. Speech acts (pp. 107-142). New York: Academic Press.
14. Gudykunst, W. B., & Nishida, T. (1986). Attributional confidence in low-and high-context cultures. Human Communication Research, 12, 525-549.
15. Gudykunst, W. B., Nishida, T., Chung, L., & Sudweeks, S. (1992, January). The influence of strength of cultural identity and perceived typicality on individualistic and collectivistic values in Japan and the United States. Paper presented at the Asian Regional Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
16. Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting-Toomey, S. (with Chua, E.). (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
17. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York: Doubleday.
18. Hamaguchi, E. (1980). Nihonjin no rentaiteki jiritsusei: Kanjinshugi to kojinshugi [Japanese connected autonomy: Contexualism and individualism]. Gendai no Esupuri, 160, 127-143.
19. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
20. Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
21. Hui, C. H. (1988). Measurement of individualism-collectivism. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 17-36.
22. Kagitcibasi, C. (1994). A critical appraisal of individualism-collectivism. In U. Kim, H. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and application (pp. 52-65). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
23. Kashima, Y. (1989). Conceptions of persons: Implications in individualism/collectivism research. In C. Kagitcibasi (Ed.), Growth and progress in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 104-112). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
24. Kashima, Y., Siegel, M., Tanaka, K., & Kashima, E. (1992). Do people believe behaviors are consistent with attitudes? British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 111-124.
25. Keesing, R. (1974). Theories of culture. Annual Review of Anthropology, 3, 73-97.
26. Kim, M. S. (1994). Cross-cultural comparisons of the perceived importance of conversational constraints. Human Communication Research, 21, 128-151.
27. Kim, M. S., & Sharkey, W. (1995). Independent and interdependent construals of self: Patterns of communication in multi-cultural organizational settings. Communication Quarterly, 43, 20-38.
28. Kim, M. S., Sharkey, W., & Singelis, T. (1994). The relationship between individuals' self construals and perceived importance of interactive constraints. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18, 117-140.
29. Kim, M. S., & Wilson, S. R. (1994). A cross-cultural comparison of implicit theories of requesting. Communication Monographs, 61, 210-235.
30. Kluckhohn, F., & Strodtbeck, F. (1961). Variations in value orientations. New York: Row, Peterson.
31. Lebra, T. S. (1976). Japanese patterns of behavior. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
32. Lebra, T. S. (1987). The cultural significance of silence in Japanese communication. Multilingua, 6, 343-357.
33. Leung, K. (1989). Cross-cultural differences: Individual-level vs. culture-level analyses. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 703-719.
34. Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (1989). On the empirical identification of dimensions for cross-cultural comparisons. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 20, 133-151.
35. Levine, K. (1985). The flight from ambiguity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
36. Mare, L. D. (1990). Ma and Japan. The Southern Communication Journal, 55, 319-328.
37. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
38. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994a). A collective fear of the collective: Implications for selves and theories of selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 568-579.
39. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994b). The cultural construction of self and emotion. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Culture, self, and emotion (pp. 89-130). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
40. Miyanaga, K. (1991). The creative edge: Individualism in Japan. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
41. Norton, R. (1978). Foundations of a communicator style construct. Human Communication Research, 4, 99-112.
42. Okabe, R. (1983). Cultural assumptions of East and West: Japan and the United States. In W. Gudykunst (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 21-44). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
43. Parsons, T., & Shils, E. (1951). Toward a general theory of action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
44. Patai, R. (1976). The Arab mind. New York: Scribners.
45. Rencher, A. (1995). Methods of multivariate analysis. New York: John Wiley.
46. Rokeach, M. (1972). Beliefs, attitudes, and values. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
47. Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
48. Sagiv, L., & Schwartz, S. (in press). Value priorities and readiness for out-group contact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
49. Schwartz, S. (1990). Individualism-collectivism: Critique and proposed refinements. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 21, 139-157.
50. Schwartz, S., (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). New York: Academic Press.
51. Schwartz, S. (1994a). Are there universal aspects in the structure and content of values? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19-45.
52. Schwartz, S. (1994b). Beyond individualism-collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and application (pp. 85-119). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
53. Schwartz, S., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562.
54. Schwartz, S., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 879-891.
55. Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.
56. Singelis, T. M., & Brown, W. J. (1995). Culture, self, and collectivist communication: Linking culture to individual behavior. Human Communication Research, 21, 354-389.
57. Singelis, T. M., & Sharkey, W. F. (1995). Culture, self construal, and embarrassability. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 622-644.
58. Stevens, S. (1986). Applied multivariate methods for the social sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
59. Takai, J., & Ota, H. (1994). Assessing Japanese interpersonal communication competence. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 224-236.
60. Triandis, H. C. (1988). Collectivism vs. individualism: A reconceptualization of a basic concept in cross-cultural psychology. In G. Verma & C. Bagley (Eds.), Cross-cultural studies of personality, attitudes and cognition (pp. 60-95). London: Macmillan.
61. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-517.
62. Triandis, H. C. (1990). Cross-cultural studies of individualism-collectivism. In J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1989 (Vol. 37, pp. 41-133). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
63. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
64. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Betancourt, H., Bond, M., Leung, K., Brenes, A., Georgas, J., Hui, C., Marin, G., Setiadi, B., Sinha, J., Verma, J., Spangenberg, J., Touzard, H., & Montmollin, G. (1986). The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38, 257-267.
65. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism-collectivism: Cross-cultural studies on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323-338.
66. Triandis, H. C., Leung, K., Villareal, M., & Clack, F. (1985). Allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies. Journal of Research in Personality, 19, 395-415.
67. Turner, R. (1987). Articulating self and social structure. In K. Yardley & T. Honess (Eds.), Self and society (pp. 119-132). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
68. Verma, J. (1992). Allocentrism and relational orientation. In S. Iwawaki, Y. Kashima, & K. Leung (Eds.), Innovations in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 152-163). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
69. Wiemann, J., Chen, V., & Giles, H. (1986, November). Beliefs about talk and silence in cultural context. Paper presented at the Speech Communication Association convention, Chicago.
70. Yamaguchi, S. (1994). Collectivism among the Japanese: A perspective from the self. In U. Kim, H. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and application (pp. 175-188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.