The origin of breast cancer

Menopause

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1060-1068

  Wren, Barry G ^a  

^a NONE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Breast cancer; Sex hormones; Spontaneous mutations

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MEGESTROL ACETATE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; PROGESTERONE; SEX HORMONE;

APOPTOSIS; BREAST CANCER; BREAST CELL; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIVISION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL LINE; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; DRUG MEGADOSE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HUMAN; MITOSIS; ONCOGENE; REVIEW; STEM CELL;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MUTATION;

EID: 36048952055     PISSN: 10723714     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31803816db     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Milner R, Maestro V, Behe MJ, et al. Evolution: science and belief. Intelligent design. Nat Hist Magazine 2002. Available at: http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/nhmag.html. Accessed January 8, 2007.
2. Behe M. On the Theory of Irreducible Complexity-Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. New York, NY: Free Press, 1996.
3. Sjoblom T, Jones S, Wood LD, et al. The consensus coding sequence of human breast and colorectal cancers. Sci Express 2006:1-12. Available at: www.sciencexpress.org/7September2006/1133427. Accessed October 17, 2006.
4. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P, eds. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th ed. New York, NY: Garland Publishing, 2002.
5. Hanahan D, Weinberg R. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 2000;100:57-70.
6. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 2002;288:321-333.
7. Million Women Study Collaborators. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 2003;362:419-427.
8. Liehr JG. Is estradiol a genotoxic mutagenic carcinogen? Endocr Rev 2000;21:40-54.
9. US Preventive Services Task Force. Recommendation on safety of hormone therapy. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:855-860.
10. European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products. Safety of HRT. Public Health Link. Available at: http://www.emea.eu.int 03.12. 2003. Accessed July 28, 2006.
11. Schairer C, Lubin J, Troisi R, et al. Menopausal estrogen and estrogenprogestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. JAMA 2000;283:485-491.
12. Ross RK, Paganini-Hill A, Wan PC, Pike MC. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:328-332.
13. Weiss LK, Burkman RT, Cushing-Haugen KL, et al. Hormone therapy regimens and breast cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:1148-1158.
14. Hormones cause cancer. Sydney Morning Herald [Australia]. July 11, 2002:3.
15. Love S. Researchers stop HRT study due to breast cancer risk. New York Times July 16, 2002:A21.
16. Sprecher Institute for Comparative Cancer Research. Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors. Fact sheet No. 45, July, 2001. Available at: http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/factsheet/general/fs45.chemical.cfm. Accessed April 17, 2007.
17. Sprecher Institute for Comparative Cancer Research. Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors. Fact sheet No. 1, 2002. Available at: http://envirocancer.cornell.edu/FactSheet/Diet/fsl.phyto.cfm. Accessed April 17, 2007.
18. Whanger PD. Selenium and its relationship to cancer: an update. Br J Nutr 2004;91:11-28.
19. Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:1079-1085.
20. Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Guideline no. 12: pregnancy and breast cancer. RCOG Publishing, Regents Park, London. Revised January 2004.
21. Bush T, Whiteman M, Flaws JA. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer: a qualitative review. Obstet Gynecol 2001;98:498-508.
22. The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA 2004;291:1701-1712.
23. Stefanic ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, et al. Effect of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA 2006;18:10-13.
24. Lando JF, Heck KE, Brett KM. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk in a nationally representative cohort. Am J Prev Med 1999;17:176-180.
25. Woese C. On the evolution of cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:8742-8747.
26. 16INK4a promoters occurs in vivo in histologically normal human mammary epithelia. Cancer Res 2003;63:1596-1601.
27. Fedi P, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA. Growth factor. In: Holland JF, Bast RC, Morton DL, et al, eds. Cancer Medicine. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:41-64.
28. Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, et al. Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 1987;235:177-182.
29. Medema RH, Bos JL. The role of p21-ras in receptor tyrosine kinase signalling. Crit Rev Oncog 1993;4:615-661.
30. Rommel C, Hafen E. Ras-a versatile cellular switch. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1998;8:412-418.
31. Sutherland RL, Watts CKW, Musgrove EA. Cell cycle control by steroid hormones in breast cancer: implications for endocrine resistance. Endocr Relat Cancer 1995;2:87-96.
32. 1 expression and decreased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor association with cyclin E-Cdk2. J Biol Chem 1997;272:10882-10894.
33. Sherr CJ, Roberts JM. Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev 1995;9:1149-1163.
34. Sherr CJ. G1 phase progression: cycling on cue. Cell 1994;79:551-555.
35. Weinberg RA. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 1995;81:323-330.
36. Chu EC, Tarnawski AS. PTEN regulatory functions in tumor suppression and cell biology. Med Sci Monit 2004;10:235-241.
37. Ashkenazi A, Dixit VM. Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1999;11:255-260.
38. Parton M, Dowsett M, Smith I. Studies of apoptosis in breast cancer. BMJ 2001;322:1528-1532.
39. Steel M. Telomerase that shapes our ends. Lancet 1995;345:935-936.
40. Chin K, Ortiz de Solorzano C, Knowles D, et al. In situ analysis of genome instability in breast cancer. Nat Genet 2004;36:984-988.
41. Aplin AE, Howe A, Alahari SK, Juliano RL. Signal transduction and signal modulation by cell adhesion receptors: the role of integrins, cadherins and immunoglobulin-cell adhesion molecules and selectins. Pharmacol Rev 1998;50:197-263.
42. Christofori G, Semb H. The role of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin as a tumor suppressor gene. Trends Biochem Sci 1999;24:73-76.
43. Gianccotti FG, Ruoslahti E. Integrin signalling. Science 1999;285:1028-1032.
44. Hansen RK, Bissell MJ. Tissue architecture and breast cancer: the role of extra-cellular matrix and steroid hormones. Endocr Relat Cancer 2000;7:95-113.
45. Bouck N, Stellmach V, Hsu SC. How tumors become angiogenic. Adv Cancer Res 1996;69:135-174.
46. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996;86:353-364.
47. Furuta S, Wang J-M, Wei S, et al. Removal of BRCA1/CtIP/ZBRK1 repressor complex on ANG1 promoter leads to accelerated mammary tumor growth contributed by prominent vasculature. Cancer Cell 2006;10:13-24.
48. Keith WN. From stem cell to cancer: balancing immortality and cancer. Oncogene 2004;23:5095-5098.
49. Lanza R, Rosenthal N, Soares C. The stem cell challenge. Sci Am 2004;290:92-99.
50. Lewis R. Stem cells - an emerging portrait. Scientist 2005;19:14-21.
51. Maitra A, Erking DE, Shivapurkar N, et al. Genomic alterations in cultured human embryonic stem cells. Nat Genet 2005;6:906-911.
52. Lu YJ, Osin P, Lakhani SR, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of lobular carcinoma in situ and atypical lobular hyperplasia and potential roles for gains and losses of genetic material in breast cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:4721-4728.
53. Kang JH, Kim SJ, Noh DY, et al. The timing and characterization of p53 mutations in progression from atypical ductal hyperplasia to invasive lesions in the breast cancer. J Mol Med 2001;79:648-655.
54. Cahill DP, Lengauer C, Yu J, et al. Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers. Nature 1998;392:300-303.
55. Welch HG, Black WC. Using autopsy series to estimate the disease reservoir for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Ann Intern Med 1997;127:1023-1028.
56. Alpers CE, Wellings SR. The prevalence of carcinoma in situ in normal and cancer-associated breasts. Hum Pathol 1985;16:796-807.
57. Bhathal PD, Brown RW, Lesueur GC, Russell IS. Frequency of benign and malignant breast lesions in 207 consecutive autopsies in Australian women. Br J Cancer 1985;51:271-278.
58. Nielson M, Thomsen JL, Primdahl S, et al. Breast cancer and atypia among young and middle aged women: a study of 110 medico-legal studies. Br J Cancer 1987;56:814-819.
59. Dupont WD, Page DL. Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. N Engl J Med 1985;312:144-151.
60. Carter CL, Corle DK, Micozzi MS, et al. A prospective study of the development of breast cancer in 16,692 women with benign breast disease. Am J Epidemiol 1988;128:467-477.
61. Tavassoli FA, Norris HJ. A comparison of the results of long-term follow up for atypical intraduct hyperplasia and intraduct hyperplasia of the breast. Cancer 1990;65:518-529.
62. Feuer EJ, Wun LM. Probability of developing or dying of breast cancer. DEVCANYNational Cancer Institute, 1999. Available at: http://imaginis.com/ breasthealth/statistics.asp. Accessed July 28, 2006.
63. Millikan R. Maximizing the impact of the CBCRP: studying environmental influences and breast cancer. The Californian Breast Cancer Research Program, commissioned paper for discussion, 2003. Available at: www.cbcrp.org/ publications/papers/milikan/page_02.php. Accessed September 23, 2006.
64. Lando JF, Heck KE, Brett KM. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk in a nationally representative cohort. Am J Prev Med 1999;17:176-180.
65. National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet. Pregnancy and breast cancer. December 30, 2003. US National Institutes of Health. Available at: www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/pregnancy. Accessed July 28, 2006.
66. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors and Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53,297 women with breast cancer and 100,239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996;347:1713-1727.
67. Milne RL, Knight JA, John EM, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of early onset breast cancer in carriers and non-carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Cancer Epidemiol Bio Prev 2005;14:350-356.
68. Anderson GL, Chlebowski R, Rossouw JE, et al. Prior hormone therapy and breast cancer risk in the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial of estrogen plus progestogen. Maturitas 2006;55:103-115.
69. Russo J, Russo IH. The role of hormones in breast development: the menopausal breast. In: Wren BG, ed. Progress in Management of the Menopause. New York, NY: Parthenon Publishing, 1996:184-193.
70. Russo J, Russo IH. Molecular and biological basis of mammary carcinoma. Lab Invest 1987;57:112-137.
71. Clarke CL, Sutherland RL. Progestin regulation of cellular proliferation. Endocr Rev 1990;1:266-300.
72. Graham JD, Clarke CL. Physiological action of progesterone in target tissue. Endocr Rev 1997;18:502-518.
73. Musgrove EA, Lee CSL, Sutherland RL. Progestins both stimulate and inhibit breast cancer cell cycle progression while increasing expression of transforming growth factor α epidermal growth factor receptor, c-fos and c-myc genes. Mol Cell Biol 1991;11:5032-5043.
74. Musgrove EA, Swarbrick A, Lee CSL, et al. Mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase inactivation by progesterone. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:1812-1825.
75. Chang K-J, Lee TTY, Linares-Cruz G, et al. Influences of per cutaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on human breast epithelial cell cycle in vivo. Fertil Steril 1995;63:785-791.
76. Rose C, Mouridsen HT. Endocrine management of advanced breast cancer. Horm Rev 1989;32(Suppl 1):189-197.
77. Ingle JN, Ahman DL, Green SJ, et al. Randomised clinical trial of megestrol acetate versus tamoxifen in perimenopausal or castrated women with advanced breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1982;5:155-160.
78. Plu-Bureau G, Le MG, Sitruk-Ware R, et al. Progestogen use and decreased risk of breast cancer in a cohort study of pre-menopausal women with benign breast disease. Br J Cancer 1995;70:270-277.
79. Farmer R. The Million Women Study - is it believable? Climacteric 2005;8:210-213.
80. Burger HG. Another look at WHI and its implications for hormone therapy. Changes 2006;2:4-7.