Fast-track anesthetic techniques for ambulatory surgery

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 545-557

  White, Paul F ^a,b   Eng, Matthew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Ambulatory anesthesia; Fast track surgery; Multidisciplinary team; Perioperative care; Postoperative side effects

Indexed keywords

ATENOLOL; CISATRACURIUM; CLONIDINE; CYCLODEXTRIN; DESFLURANE; DEXAMETHASONE; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; DROPERIDOL; ESMOLOL; LABETALOL; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MIDAZOLAM; MIVACURIUM; NITROUS OXIDE; PROPOFOL; REMIFENTANIL; ROCURONIUM; SEVOFLURANE; SUGAMMADEX; SUXAMETHONIUM; TRAMADOL; VECURONIUM;

AMBULATORY SURGERY; ANESTHESIST; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DEHYDRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INHIBITION; FLUID THERAPY; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; HYDRATION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; LOCAL ANESTHESIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PAIN; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POSTOPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW; TECHNIQUE; THERMOREGULATION;

AMBULATORY SURGICAL PROCEDURES; ANESTHESIA RECOVERY PERIOD; ANESTHESIOLOGY; DRUG MONITORING; HUMANS; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; PHYSICIAN'S ROLE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 35948992264     PISSN: 09527907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0b013e3282f16bf1     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Kehlet H, Wilmore DW. Multimodal strategies to improve surgical outcome. Am J Surg 2002; 183:630-641.
2. White PF. Ambulatory anesthesia advances into the new millennium. Anesth Analg 2000; 90:1234-1235.
3. Halaszynski TM, Juda R, Silverman DG. Optimizing postoperative outcomes with efficient preoperative assessment and management. Crit Care Med 2004; 32 (suppl):S76-S86.
4. Hensel M, Schwenk W, Bloch A, et al. The role of anesthesiology in fast track concepts in colonic surgery. Anaesthesist 2006; 55:80-92.
5. White PF, Song D. New criteria for fast-tracking after outpatient anesthesia: a comparison with the modified Aldrete's scoring system. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:1069-1072.
6. White PF. Pharmacologic and clinical aspects of preoperative medication. Anesth Analg 1986; 65:963-974.
7. van Vlymen JM, Sa Rego MM, White PF. Benzodiazepine premedication: can it improve outcome in patients undergoing breast biopsy procedures? Anesthesiology 1999; 90:740-747.
8. Zaugg M, Tagliente T, Lucchinetti E, et al. Beneficial effects from beta-adrenergic blockade in elderly patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:1674-1686.
9. Johansen JW, Flaishon R, Sebel PS. Esmolol reduces anesthetic requirement for skin incision during propofol/nitrous oxide/morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997; 86:364-371.
10. Chia YY, Chan MH, Ko NH, Liu K. Role of beta-blockade in anaesthesia and postoperative pain management after hysterectomy. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93:799-805.
11. Segal IS, Jarvis DJ, Duncan SR, et al. Clinical efficacy of oral-transdermal clonidine combinations during the perioperative period. Anesthesiology 1991; 74:220-225.
12. Aho MS, Erkola OA, Scheinin H. Effect of intravenously administered dexmedetomidine on pain after laparoscopic tubal ligation. Anesth Analg 1991; 73:112-118.
13. Okuyama K, Inomata S, Toyooka H. The effects of prostaglandin E1 or oral clonidine premedication on blood loss during paranasal sinus surgery. Can J Anesth 2005; 52:546-547.
14. Mertes N, Goetters C, Kuhlmann M, Zander JF. Postoperative alpha-2 adrenergic stimulation attenuates protein catabolism. Anesth Analg 1996; 82:258-263.
15. Belhoula M, Ciebiera JP, De La Chapelle A, et al. Clonidine premedication improves metabolic control in type 2 diabetic patients during ophthalmic surgery. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90:434-439.
16. Wallace AW, Galindez D, Salahieh A, et al. Effect of clonidine on cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:284-293.
17. Lindenauer PK, Pekow P, Wang K, et al. Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:349-361.
18. Devereaux P, Beattie W, Choi P, et al. How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative beta-blockers in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery? A systematic review and metaanalysis. BMJ 2005; 331:313-321.
19. Maltby JR, Sutherland AD, Sale JP, Shaffer EA. Preoperative oral fluids: is a five-hour fast justified prior to elective surgery? Anesth Analg 1986; 11:1112-1116.
20. Maltby JR, Pytka S, Watson NC, et al. Drinking 300 mL of clear fluid two hours before surgery has no effect on gastric fluid volume and pH in fasting and nonfasting obese patients. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:111-115.
21. Yogendran S, Asokumar B, Cheng D, Chung F. A prospective, randomized double-blind study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes after outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 1995; 80:682-686.
22. Maharaj CH, Kallam SR, Malik A, et al. Preoperative intravenous fluid therapy decreases postoperative nausea and pain in high risk patients. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:675-682.
23. -1. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93:381-385.
24. Holte K, Klarskov B, Christensen DS, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid administration to improve recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, double-blind study. Ann Surg 2004; 240:892-899.
25. Ljungqvist O, Nygren J, Thorell A. Insulin resistance and elective surgery. Surgery 2000; 128:757-760.
26. Hausel J, Nygren J, Thorell A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of oral preoperative carbohydrates on postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2005; 92:415-421.
27. Bisgaard T, Kristiansen VB, Hjortsoe NC, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing an oral carbohydrate beverage with placebo before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2004; 91:151-158.
28. Noblett SE, Watson DS, Huong W, et al. Preoperative oral carbohydrate loading in colorectal surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis 2006; 8:563-569.
29. Grocott MP, Mythen MG, Gan TJ. Perioperative fluid management and clinical outcomes in adults. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:1093-1106.
30. Holte K, Kehlet H. Fluid therapy and surgical outcomes in elective surgery: a need for reassessment in fast-track surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 202:971-989.
31. Holte K, Kristensen BB, Valentiner L, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid management in knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind study. Anesth Analg 2007; 205:465-474. This paper compares a liberal with a restrictive fluid regimen and concludes that there is a significant reduction in vomiting with a liberal fluid regimen in fast-track knee arthroplasty.
32. McAlister FA, Majumdar SR, Blitz S, et al. The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2471 patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:810-815.
33. Gandhi GY, Nuttall GA, Abel MD, et al. Intraoperative hyperglycemia and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2005; 80:862-866.
34. London MJ, Grunwald GK, Shroyer AL, Grover FL. Association of fast-track cardiac management and low-dose to moderate-dose glucocorticoid administration with perioperative hyperglycemia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2000; 14:631-638.
35. Kurz A, Sessler DI, Lenhardt R. Perioperative normothermia to reduce the incidence of surgical-wound infection and shorten hospitalization. Study of wound infection and temperature group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1209-1215.
36. Nesher N, Zisman E, Wolf T, et al. Strict thermoregulation attenuates myocardial injury during coronary artery bypass graft surgery as reflected by reduced levels of cardiac-specific troponin I. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:328-335.
37. Schmied H, Kurz A, Sessler DI, et al. Mild hypothermia increases blood loss and transfusion requirements during total hip arthroplasty. Lancet 1996; 347:289-292.
38. Lenhardt R, Marker E, Goll V, et al. Mild intraoperative hypothermia prolongs postanesthetic recovery. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1318-1323.
39. Smith I, Newson CD, White PF. Use of forced-air warming during and after outpatient arthroscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 1994; 78:836-841.
40. Hamza MA, Schneider BE, White PF, et al. Heated and humidified insufflation during laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery: Effect on temperature, postoperative pain, and recovery outcomes. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2005; 15:6-12.
41. Chung F, Ritchie E, Su J. Postoperative pain in ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:808-816.
42. Andersen FM, Nielsen K, Kehlet H. Combined ilioinguinal blockade and local infiltration anaesthesia for groin hernia repair - a double-blind randomized study. Br J Anaesth 2005; 94:520-523.
43. Callesen T, Bech K, Kehlet H. One-thousand inguinal hernia repairs under unmonitored local anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1373-1376.
44. Ben-David B, DeMeo PJ, Lucyk C, Solosko D. A comparison of mini-dose lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia and local anesthesia/propofol infusion for outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:319-325.
45. Kehlet H, White PF. Optimizing anesthesia for inguinal herniorraphy: General, regional, or local anesthesia? [editorial]. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1367-1369.
46. Song D, Greilich NB, White PF, et al. Recovery profiles and costs of anesthesia for outpatient unilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:876-881.
47. Sa Régo M, Watcha MF, White PF. The changing role of monitored anesthesia care in the ambulatory setting. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:1020-1036.
48. Bhananker SM, Posner KL, Cheney FW, et al. Injury and liability associated with monitored anesthesia care: a closed claims analysis. Anesthesiology 2006; 104:228-234. In this study, the authors demonstrate that over-sedation when using a combination of sedative-hypnotics and opioid analgesics is a leading cause of respiratory depression and is an important mechanism of patient injury during MAC.
49. Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet 2006; 367:1618-1625. This paper outlines strategies for identification of patients at risk and for prevention and possible treatment of postsurgical chronic pain.
50. White PF. The changing role of nonopioid analgesic techniques in the management of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:S5-S22.
51. Liu SS, Richman JM, Thirlby R, Wu CL. Efficacy of continuous wound catheters delivering local anesthetic for postoperative analgesia: a quantitative and qualitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 203:914-932.
52. White PF, Rawal S, Latham P, et al. Use of a continuous local anesthetic infusion for pain management after median sternotomy. Anesthesiology 2003; 99:918-923.
53. Gupta A, Thorn SE, Axelsson K, et al. Postoperative pain relief using intermittent injections of 0.5% ropivacaine through a catheter after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:450-456.
54. Li S, Coloma M, White PF, et al. Comparison of the costs and recovery profiles of three anesthetic techniques for ambulatory anorectal surgery. Anesthesiology 2000; 93:1225-1230.
55. Jensen P, Mikkelsen T, Kehlet H. Postherniorraphy urinary retention - effect of local, regional, and general anesthesia: a review. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2002; 27:587-589.
56. Chan VWS, Peng PWH, Kaszas Z, et al. A comparative study of general anesthesia, intravenous regional anesthesia, and axillary block for outpatient hand surgery: clinical outcome and cost. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1181-1184.
57. Hadzic A, Arliss J, Kerimoglu B, et al. A comparison of infraclavicular nerve block versus general anesthesia for hand and wrist day-case surgeries. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:127-132.
58. Ritchie E, Tong D, Chung F, et al. Suprascapular nerve block for postoperative pain relief in arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a new modality? Anesth Analg 1997; 84:1306-1312.
59. Neal JM, McDonald SB, Larkin KL, Polissar NL. Suprascapular nerve block prolongs analgesia after nonarthroscopic shoulder surgery, but does not improve outcome. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:982-986.
60. McCartney CJ, Brull R, Chan VW, et al. Early but no long-term benefit of regional compared with general anesthesia for ambulatory hand surgery. Anesthesiology 2004; 101:461-467.
61. Hadzic A, Williams BA, Karaca PE, et al. For outpatient rotator cuff surgery, nerve block anesthesia provides superior same-day recovery after general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2005; 102:1001-1007.
62. Hadzic A, Kerimoglu B, Loreio D, et al. Paravertebral blocks provide superior same-day recovery over general anesthesia in patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1076-1081.
63. Hadzic A, Karaca PE, Hobeika P, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks result in superior recovery profile compared with general anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:976-981.
64. Hadzic A. Is regional anesthesia really better than general anesthesia? [editorial]. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:1631-1633.
65. Liu SS, Strodtbeck WM, Richman JM, Wu CL. A comparison of regional versus general anesthesia for ambulatory anesthesia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:1634-1642.
66. Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Enneking FK. Continuous infraclavicular brachial plexus block for postoperative pain control at home: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology 2002; 96:1297-1304.
67. White PF, Issioui T, Skrivanek GD, et al. The use of a continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block after surgery involving the foot and ankle: does it improve the quality of recovery? Anesth Analg 2003; 97:1303-1309.
68. Ilfeld BM, Enneking FK. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks at home: a review. Anesth Analg 2005; 100:1822-1833.
69. Capdevilla X, Dadure C, Bringuier S, et al. Effect of patient-controlled perineural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after ambulatory orthopaedic surgery: a multicenter randomized trial. Anesthesiology 2006; 105:566-573.
70. Richman JM, Liu SS, Courpas G, et al. Does continuous peripheral nerve block provide superior pain control to opioids. A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:248-257. This meta-analysis compares a peripheral catheter technique with opioid analgesia, and concludes that the peripheral catheters provided superior analgesia to opioids with fewer opioid-related side effects.
71. Liu S, Chiu A, Carpenter R, et al. Fentanyl prolongs lidocaine spinal anesthesia without prolonging recovery. Anesth Analg 1995; 80:730-734.
72. Ben-David B, Solomon E, Levin H, et al. Intrathecal fentanyl with small-dose dilute bupivacaine: Better anesthesia without prolonging recovery. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:560-565.
73. Ben-David B, Maryanovsky M, Gurevitch A, et al. A comparison of minidose lidocaine - fentanyl and conventional dose lidocaine spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:865-870.
74. Vaghadia H, McLeod DH, Mitchell GW, et al. Small-dose hypobaric lidocaine-fentanyl spinal anesthesia for short duration outpatient laparoscopy. I. A randomised comparison with conventional dose hyperbaric lidocaine. Anesth Analg 1997; 84:59-64.
75. Lennox PH, Vaghadia H, Henderson C, et al. Small-dose selective spinal anesthesia for short-duration outpatient laparoscopy: recovery characteristics compared with desflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:346-350.
76. Taqi A, Hong X, Mistraletti G, et al. Thoracic epidural analgesia facilitates the restoration of bowel function and dietary intake in patients undergoing laparoscopic colon resection using a traditional, nonaccelerated, perioperative care program. Surg Endosc 2006; 20:1-7.
77. Lee SJ, Hyung WJ, Koo BN, et al. Laparoscopy-assisted subtotal gastrectomy under thoracic epidural-general anesthesia leading to the effects on postoperative micturition. Surg Endosc 2007 [Epub ahead of print].
78. Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM, et al., Alvimopan Postoperative Ileus Study Group. Alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting mu opioid antagonist: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg 2004; 240:728-734.
79. White PF. Choice of peripheral nerve block for inguinal herniorrhaphy: Is better the enemy of good? Anesth Analg 2006; 102:1073-1075. It is unclear whether the use of a more complicated peripheral nerve block technique represents a clinically meaningful advance in anesthesia for outpatient herniorrhaphy. The author recommends the simplest local anesthetic technique in order to minimize side effects and complications.
80. Taylor E, Ghouri AF, White PF. Midazolam in combination with propofol for sedation during local anesthesia. J Clin Anesth 1992; 4:213-216.
81. Arain SR, Ebert TJ. The efficacy, side effects, and recovery characteristics of dexmedetomidine versus propofol when used for intraoperative sedation. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:461-466.
82. Badrinath S, Avramov MN, Shadrick M, et al. The use of a ketamine-propofol combination during monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg 2000; 90:858-862.
83. Gesztesi Z, Sa Rego MM, White PF. The comparative effectiveness of fentanyl and its newer analogs during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy under monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg 2000; 90:567-570.
84. Sa Rego MM, Inagaki Y, White PF. Remifentanil administration during monitored anesthesia care: Are intermittent boluses an effective alternative to a continuous infusion? Anesth Analg 1999; 88:518-522.
85. White PF, Rohrich RJ. Safety of outpatient surgery: is mandatory accreditation of outpatient surgery centers enough? Plast Reconstr Surg 2001; 107:189-192.
86. Cinnella G, Meola S, Portincasa A, et al. Sedation analgesia during office-based plastic surgery procedures: comparison of two opioid regimens. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 119:2263-2270.
87. Pavlin DJ, Rapp SE, Polissar NL, et al. Factors affecting discharge time in adult outpatients. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:816-826.
88. Tang J, Chen L, White PF, et al. Recovery profile, costs, and patient satisfaction with propofol and sevoflurane for fast-track office-based anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1999; 91:253-261.
89. Song D, Joshi GP, White PF. Fast-track eligibility after ambulatory anesthesia: A comparison of desflurane, sevoflurane, and propofol. Anesth Analg 1998; 86:267-273.
90. Fredman B, Sheffer O, Zohar E, et al. Fast-track eligibility of geriatric patients undergoing short urologic surgery procedures. Anesth Analg 2002; 94:560-564.
91. Tang J, White PF, Wender RH, et al. Fast-track office-based anesthesia: a comparison of propofol versus desflurane with antiemetic prophylaxis in spontaneously breathing patients. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:95-99.
92. Tang J, Chen L, White PF, et al. A use of propofol for office-based anesthesia: effect of nitrous oxide on recovery profile. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11:226-230.
93. Song D, White PF. Remifentanil as an adjuvant during desflurane anesthesia facilitates early recovery after ambulatory surgery. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11:364-367.
94. Song D, Whitten CW, White PF. Remifentanil infusion facilitates early recovery for obese outpatients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 2000; 90:1111-1113.
95. Smith I, Van Hemelrijck J, White PF. Efficacy of esmolol versus alfentanil as a supplement to propofol-nitrous oxide anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1991; 73:540-546.
96. Coloma M, Chiu JW, White PF, Armbruster SC. The use of esmolol as an alternative to remifentanil during desflurane anesthesia for fast-track outpatient gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:352-357.
97. White PF, Wang B, Tang J, et al. The effect of intraoperative use of esmolol and nicardipine on recovery after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:1633-1638.
98. Joshi GP, Inagaki Y, White PF, et al. Use of the laryngeal mask airway as an alternative to the tracheal tube during anesthesia. Anesth Analg 1997; 85:573-577.
99. Tang J, Joshi GP, White PF. Comparison of rocuronium and mivacurium to succinylcholine during outpatient laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 1996; 82:994-998.
100. Murphy GS, Szokol JW, Marymont JH, et al. Impact of shorter-acting neuromuscular blocking agents on fast-track recovery of the cardiac surgery patient. Anesthesiology 2002; 96:600-606.
101. Hunter JM, Flockton EA. The doughnut and the hole: a new pharmacological concept for anaesthetists. Br J Anaesth 2006; 97:123-126.
102. Sacan O, White PF, Tufanogullari B, Klein K. Sugammadex reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade: a comparison with neostigmine - glycopyrrolate and edroponium - atrophine. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:569-574. This study compares a new neuromuscular reversal drug, sugammadex, with neostigmine - glycopyrrolate or edrophonium - atropine. It demonstrates a signifi-cantly faster reversal of blockade with the new drug, without anticholinergic side effects.
103. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH, et al. Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a randomized controlled trial of factorial design. Br J Anaesth 2002; 88:659-668.
104. 3 receptor antagonists beneficial? Anesthesiology 2003; 98:293-298.
105. Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, et al. A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2441-2451.
106. Romundstad L, Breivik H, Roald H, et al. Methylprednisolone reduces pain, emesis, and fatigue after breast augmentation surgery: a single-dose, randomised, parallel-group study with methylprednisolone 125 mg, parecoxib 40 mg, and placebo. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:418-425.
107. Kehlet H. Postoperative opioid sparing to hasten recovery. What are the issues? Anesthesiology 2005; 102:1983-1985.
108. Coloma M, Zhou T, White PF, et al. Fast-tracking after outpatient laparoscopy: Reasons for failure after propofol, sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:112-115.
109. Apfelbaum JL, Walawander CA, Grasela TH, et al. Eliminating intensive postoperative care in same-day surgery patients using short-acting anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2002; 97:66-74.
110. Patel RI, Verghese ST, Hannallah RS, et al. Fast-tracking children after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:918-922.
111. Gan TJ, Glass PS, Windsor A, et al. Bispectral index monitoring allows faster emergence and improved recovery from propofol, alfentanil, and nitrous oxide anesthesia. BIS Utility Group. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:808-817.
112. Song D, Joshi GP, White PF. Titration of volatile anesthetics using bispectral index facilitates recovery after ambulatory anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:842-848.
113. Song D, van Vlymen J, White PF. Is the bispectral index useful in predicting fast-track eligibility after ambulatory anesthesia with propofol and desflurane? Anesth Analg 1998; 87:1245-1248.
114. White PF, Ma H, Tang J, et al. Does the use of electroencephalographic bispectral index or auditory evoked potential index monitoring facilitate recovery after desflurane anesthesia in the ambulatory setting? Anesthesiology 2004; 100:811-817.
115. Zohar E, Luban I, White PF, et al. Bispectral index monitoring does not improve early recovery of geriatric outpatients undergoing brief surgical procedures. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53:20-25. In this report, the use of bispectral index monitoring for titrating the maintenance anesthetic (sevoflurane) in a nonparalyzed elderly outpatient surgery population failed to improve the early recovery process.
116. Pavlin DJ, Chen C, Penazola DA, et al. Pain as a factor complicating recovery and discharge after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2003; 97:1627-1632.
117. Strassels SA, McNicol E, Wagner AK, et al. Persistent postoperative pain, health-related quality of life, and functioning 1 month after hospital discharge. Acute Pain 2004; 6:95-104.
118. Mattila K, Toivonen J, Janhunen L, et al. Postdischarge symptoms after ambulatory surgery: first-week incidence, intensity, and risk factors. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:1643-1650.
119. Wu Cl, Rowlingson AJ, Partin AW, et al. Correlation of postoperative pain to quality of recovery in the immediate postoperative period. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2005; 30:516-522.
120. Liu SS, Wu CL. Effect of postoperative analgesia on postoperative complications: a systematic update of the evidence. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:689-702.
121. Guignard B, Bossard AE, Coste C, et al. Acute opioid tolerance: intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement. Anesthesiology 2000; 93:409-417.
122. Oderda GM, Evans S, Lloyd J, et al. Cost of opioid-related adverse drug events in surgical patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003; 25:276-283.
123. Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF. Patient-controlled analgesia. Does a concurrent opioid infusion improve pain management after surgery? JAMA 1991; 266:1947-1952.
124. White PF, Kehlet H. Improving pain management: are we jumping from the frying pan into the fire? Anesth Analg 2007; 105:10-12. This editorial describes the importance of a 'balanced' approach to acute and chronic pain management, with an emphasis on opioid-sparing techniques for facilitating postoperative recovery and rehabilitation.
125. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. The value of 'multimodal' or 'balanced analgesia' in postoperative pain treatment. Anesth Analg 1993; 77:1048-1056.
126. Michaloliakou C, Chung F, Sharma S. Preoperative multimodal analgesia facilitates recovery after ambulatory laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:44-51.
127. Eriksson H, Tenhunen A, Korttila K. Balanced analgesia improves recovery and outcome after outpatient tubal ligation. Acta Anaesth Scand 1996; 40:151-155.
128. Kehlet H, Dahl JB. Anesthesia, surgery and challenges in postoperative recovery. Lancet 2003; 362:1921-1928.
129. Rawal N, Allvin R, Amilon A, et al. Postoperative analgesia at home after ambulatory hand surgery: a controlled comparison of tramadol, metamizol, and paracetamol. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:347-351.
130. White PF, Kehlet H, Neal JM, et al. Role of the anesthesiologist in fast-track surgery: From multimodal analgesia to perioperative medical care. Anesth Analg 2007; 104:1380-1396. This paper discusses the important role of the anesthesiologist as the key perioperative physician in the surgical care team in terms of developing a successful fast-track ambulatory surgery program by optimizing preoperative preparation, choosing the optimal anesthetic technique, and minimizing postoperative complications.
131. White PF, Kehlet H. Postoperative pain management and patient outcome: Time to return to work! Anesth Analg 2007; 104:487-490.
132. Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, Kim A. Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:652-658.
133. Brennan F, Carr DB, Cousins M. Pain management: a fundamental human right. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:205-221.
134. Yamamoto S, Yamaguchi H, Sakaguchi M, et al. Preoperative droperidol improved postoperative pain relief in patients undergoing rotator-cuff repair during general anesthesia using intravenous morphine. J Clin Anesth 2003; 15:525-529.
135. Bisgaard T, Klarskov B, Kehlet H, Rosenberg J. Preoperative dexamethasone improves surgical outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg 2003; 238:651-660.
136. Aasboe V, Raeder JC, Groegaard B. Betamethasone reduces postoperative pain and nausea after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 1998; 87:319-323.
137. Romundstad L, Breivik H, Niemi G, et al. Methylprednisolone intravenously 1 day after surgery has sustained analgesic and opioid-sparing effects. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48:1223-1231.
138. Kim KS, Nam YM. The analgesic effects of capsicum plaster at the Zusanli point after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 2006; 103:709-713.
139. White PF. Use of alternative medical therapies in the perioperative period: is it time to get 'on board'? Anesth Analg 2007; 104:251-254. This editorial describes the use of alternative medical therapies during the postoperative period, including capsaicin and nonpharmacologic approaches (e.g. acustimulation), to minimize side effects.
140. Woolf CJ, Chong M-S. Preemptive analgesia: treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesth Analg 1993; 77:362-379.
141. Bisgaard T. Analgesic treatment after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a critical assessment of the evidence. Anesthesiology 2006; 104:835-846.
142. Moiniche S, Kehlet H, Dahl JB. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief. Anesthesiology 2002; 96:725-741.
143. Kaba A, Laurent SR, Detroz BJ, et al. Intravenous lidocaine infusion facilitates acute rehabilitation after laparoscopic colectomy. Anesthesiology 2007; 106:11-18.
144. Cottam DR, Fisher B, Atkinson J, et al. A randomized trial of bupivicaine pain pumps to eliminate the need for patient controlled analgesia pumps in primary laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2007; 17:595-600.
145. Watcha M, White PF. Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment, and prevention. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:162-184.
146. Apfel CC, Roewer N. Risk assessment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2003; 41:13-32.
147. Feo CV, Sortini D, Ragazzi R, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of preoperative dexamethasone on nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg 2006; 93:295-299.
148. Bianchin A, De Luca A, Caminiti A. Postoperative vomiting reduction after laparoscopic cholecystectomy with single dose of dexamethasone. Minerva Anestesiol 2007; 73:343-346.
149. White PF, Watcha M. Postoperative nausea and vomiting: prophylaxis versus treatment. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:1337-1339.
150. Kim KS, Koo MS, Jeon JW. Capsicum plaster at the korean hand acupuncture point reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 2002; 95:1103-1107.
151. Ionescu D, Badescu C, Acalovschi I. Nicotine patch for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a prospective randomised trial. Clin Drug Investig 2007; 27:559-564.
152. Scuderi PE, James RL, Harris L, Mims GR. Multimodal antiemetic management prevents early postoperative vomiting after outpatient laparoscopy. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:1408-1414.
153. Thagaard KS, Jensen HH, Raeder J. Analgesic and antiemetic effect of ketorolac vs. betamethasone or dexamethasone after ambulatory surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51:271-277.
154. Lee A, Done M. The use of nonpharmacologic techniques to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 1999; 88:1362-1369.
155. White PF, Issioui T, Hu J, et al. Comparative efficacy of acustimulation (ReliefBand) versus ondansetron (Zofran) in combination with droperidol for preventing nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology 2002; 97:1075-1081.
156. Gan TJ, Jiao KR, Zenn M, Georgiade G. A randomized controlled comparision of electro-acupoint stimulation or ondansetron versus placebo for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:1070-1075.
157. Holte K, Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus: a preventable event. Br J Surg 2000; 87:1480-1493.
158. Baig MK, Wexner SD. Postoperative ileus: a review. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47:516-526.
159. Basse L, Torbol JE, Lossel K, Kehlet H. Colonic surgery with accelerated rehabilitation or conventional care. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47:271-278.
160. Joshi GP. Intraoperative fluid restriction improves outcome after major elective gastrointestinal surgery. Anesth Analg 2005; 101:601-605.
161. Lobo DN, Bostock KA, Neal KR, et al. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359:1812-1818.
162. Delaney CP, Weese JL, Hyman NH, et al. Phase III trial of alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting, mu opioid antagonist, for postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2005; 48:1114-1125.
163. Viscusi ER, Goldstein S, Witkowski T, et al. Alvimopan, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, compared with placebo in postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Surg Endosc 2006; 20:64-70.
164. Raeder JC, Steine S, Vatsgar TT. Oral ibuprofen versus paracetamol plus codeine for analgesia after ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2001; 92:1470-1472.
165. Watkins AC, White PF. Fast-tracking after ambulatory surgery. J Perianesth Nurs 2001; 16:379-387.
166. White PF, Rawal S, Nguyen J, Watkins A. PACU fast-tracking: an alternative to 'bypassing' the PACU for facilitating the recovery process after ambulatory surgery. J Perianesth Nurs 2003; 18:247-253.
167. Pasero C, Belden J. Evidence-based perianesthesia care; accelerated postoperative recovery programs. J Perianesth Nurs 2006; 21:168-176.
168. Papadakos PJ. Physician and nurse consideration for recovery fast-track patients in the ICU. J Cardiothorac Vas Anesth 1995; 9:21-23.
169. Davenport DL, Henderson WG, Kuhri SF, Mentzer RM. Preoperative risk factors and surgical complexity are more predictive of costs than postoperative complications: a case study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Ann Surg 2005; 242:463-471.
170. Gramke HF, de Rijke JM, van Kleef M, et al. The prevalence of postoperative pain in a cross-sectional group of patients after day-case surgery in a university hospital. Clin J Pain 2007; 23:543-548.
171. White PF, O'Hara JF, Roberson CR, Wender RH, Candiotti KA. Impact of current antiemetic practices on patient outcomes of postoperative emetic symptoms: prospective study in high-risk patients. Anesth Analg 2007 (in press).
172. Kehlet H. Surgical stress and outcome: from here to where? Reg Anest Pain Med 2006; 31:47-52.
173. Awad IT, Chung F. Factors affecting recovery and discharge following ambulatory surgery. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53:858-872.
174. Dahl JB, Kehlet H. Perioperative medicine: a new sub-specialty or a multidisciplinary strategy to improve perioperative management and outcome? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:121-122.
175. Hudson ME, Handley L, Dunworth B, et al. Implementation of a multidisciplinary OR management team improves overall operating room efficiency [abstract]. Anesth Analg 2006; 102:A1300.