How messages affect their senders: A more general model of message effects and implications for deliberation

Communication Theory

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 439-461

  Pingree, Raymond J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNICATION; MODELING;

EID: 35648997003     PISSN: 10503293     EISSN: 14682885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2885.2007.00306.x     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Armor, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (2003). The effects of mindset on behavior: Self-regulation in deliberative and implemental frames of mind. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1), 86-95.
2. Arvai, J. L., Gregory, R., & McDaniels, T. L. (2001). Testing a structured decision approach: Value-focused thinking for deliberative risk communication. Risk Analysis, 21, 1065-1076.
3. Barber, B. (1984). Strong democracy. Berkeley: University California Press.
4. Bargh, J. A., & Schul, Y. (1980). On the cognitive benefits of teaching. Journal of Educational Psychology, 5, 593-604.
5. Bem, D. J. (1967). Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. Psychological Review, 74, 183-200.
6. Benhabib, S. (1996). Toward a deliberative model of democratic legitimacy. In S. Benhabib (Ed.), Democracy and difference (pp. 67-94). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
7. Benware, C. A., & Deci, E. L. (1984). Quality of learning with an active versus passive motivational set. American Educational Research Journal, 21, 755-765.
8. Blumler, J. G., & Katz, E. (1974). The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
9. Cappella, J. N., Price, V., & Nir, L. (2002). Argument repertoire as a reliable and valid measure of opinion quality: Electronic dialogue during campaign 2000. Political Communication, 19, 73-93.
10. Chaffee, S. H., & Schleuder, J. (1986). The measurement and effects of attention to news media. Human Communication Research, 13, 76-107.
11. Christiano, T. (1996). Deliberative equality and democratic order. In J. Shapiro & R. Hardin (Eds.), Political Order: NOMOS XXXVII (pp. 251-287). New York/London: New York University Press.
12. Cohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and democratic legitimacy. In A. Hamlin & P. Pettit (Eds.), The good polity: Normative analysis of the state (pp. 17-34). Cambridge, UK: Basil Blackwell.
13. De Dreu, C. K. W., & van Knippenberg, D. (2005). The possessive self as a barrier to conflict resolution: Effects of mere ownership, process accountability, and self-concept clarity on competitive cognitions and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 345-357.
14. Delli Carpini, M. X., Cook, F. L., & Jacobs, L. R. (2004). Public deliberation, discursive participation, and citizen engagement: A review of the empirical literature. Annual Review of Political Science, 7, 315-344.
15. Delli Carpini, M. X., & Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
16. Eagly, A. H., Chen, S., Chaiken, S., & Shaw-Barnes, K. (1999). The impact of attitudes on memory: An affair to remember. Psychological Bulletin, 125(1), 64-89.
17. Elster, J. (1998). Introduction. In J. Elster (Ed.), Deliberative democracy (pp. 1-18). New York: Cambridge University Press.
18. Eveland, W. P. (2001). The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news: Evidence from nonelection, off-year election, and presidential election contexts. Communication Research, 28, 571-601.
19. Eveland, W. P. (2004). The effect of political discussion in producing informed citizens: The roles of information, motivation, and elaboration. Political Communication, 21, 177-193.
20. Fearson, J. (1998). Deliberation as discussion. In J. Elster (Ed.), Deliberative democracy (pp. 44-68). New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Fishkin, J. (1991). Democracy and deliberation. Binghamton, NY: Vail-Ballou Press.
22. Fishkin, J. (1995). The voice of the people. Binghamton, NY: Vail-Ballou Press.
23. Fung, A. (2003). Associations and democracy: Between theories, hopes, and realities. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 515-539.
24. Gastil, J., Deess, E. P., & Weiser, P. (2002). Civic awakening in the jury room: A test of the connection between jury participation and political participation. Journal of Politics, 64, 585-595.
25. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1980). Aging with television: Images on television drama and conceptions of social reality. Journal of Communication, 30, 37-47.
26. Goodin, R. E. (2000). Democratic deliberation within. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 29, 81-109.
27. Greene, J. O. (1984). A cognitive approach to human communication: An action assembly theory. Communication Monographs, 51, 289-306.
28. Guerin, B. (2003). Language use as a social strategy. A review and an analytic framework for the social sciences. Review of General Psychology, 7, 251-298.
29. Gunther, A. (1998). The persuasive press inference: Effects of mass media on perceived public opinion. Communication Research, 25, 486-504.
30. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). Democracy and disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
31. Habermas, J. (1990). Moral consciousness and communicative action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
32. Hastie, R., & Park, B. (1986). The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line. Psychological Review, 93, 258-268.
33. Hawkins, R. P., & Pingree, S. (1981). Uniform messages and habitual viewing: Unnecessary assumptions in social reality effects. Human Communication Research, 7, 291-301.
34. Higgins, E. T. (1996). Knowledge activation: Accessibility, applicability, and salience. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 133-168). New York: Guilford Press.
35. Higgins, E. T., & Brendl, C. M. (1995). Accessibility and applicability: Some "activation rules" influencing judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 218-243.
36. Jones, E. E., & Aneshansel, J. (1956). The learning and utilization of contravaluant material. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53, 27-33.
37. Kelly, A. E., Klusas, J. A., von Weiss, R. T., & Kenny, C. (2001). What is it about revealing secrets that is beneficial? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 651-665.
38. Klein, K., & Boals, A. (2001). Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 520-533.
39. Krippendorf, K. (1993). Major metaphors of communication and some constructivist reflections on their use. Cybernetics and Human Knowing, 2, 3-25.
40. Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people's choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
41. Lerner, J. S., & Tetlock, P. E. (1999). Accounting for the effects of accountability. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 255-275.
42. Levine, J. M., & Murphy, G. (1943). The learning and forgetting of controversial material. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 507-515.
43. Lodge, M., Steenbergen, M. R., & Brau, S. (1995). The responsive voter: Campaign information and the dynamics of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 89, 309-326.
44. Lodge, M., & Stroh, P. (1993). Inside the mental voting booth: An impression-driven process model of candidate evaluation. In S. Iyengar & W. J. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in political psychology (pp. 225-295). Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
45. Lupia, A. (2002). Deliberation disconnected: What it takes to improve civic competence. Law and Contemporary Problems, 65, 133-150.
46. McQuail, D., & Windahl, S. (1993). Communication models for the study of mass communication. London: Longman.
47. Meads, C., & Nouwen, A. (2005). Does emotional disclosure have any effects? A systematic review of the literature with meta-analyses. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 21, 153-164.
48. Mendelberg, T. (2002). The deliberative citizen: Theory and evidence. In M. X. Delli Carpini, L. Huddy, & R. Y. Shapiro (Eds.), Research in micropolitics: Political decision-making, deliberation, and participation (Vol. 6, pp. 151-193). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
49. Mutz, D. C., & Martin, P. S. (2001). Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media. American Political Science Review, 95, 97-113.
50. Parkinson, J. (2003). Legitimacy problems in deliberative democracy. Political Studies, 51, 180-196.
51. Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Confession, inhibition, and disease. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 211-244). New York: Academic Press.
52. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
53. Pennebaker, J. W., & Beall, S. K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 274-281.
54. Pennebaker, J. W., & Francis, M. E. (1996). Cognitive, emotional, and language processes in disclosure. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 601-626.
55. Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.
56. Pingree, R. J. (2006). Decision structure and the problem of scale in deliberation. Communication Theory, 16, 198-222.
57. Price, V., Nir, L., & Cappella, J. N. (2006). Normative and informational influences in online political discussions. Communication Theory, 16, 47-74.
58. Price, V., & Tewksbury, D. (1997). News values and public opinion: A theoretical account of media priming and framing. In G. Barnett & F. J. Boster (Eds.), Progresses in the communication sciences (pp. 173-212). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
59. Ryfe, D. M. (2005). Does deliberative democracy work? Annual Review of Political Science, 8, 49-71.
60. Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Eveland, W. P., & Kwak, N. (2005). Information and expression in a digital age: Modeling internet effects on civic participation. Communication Research, 32, 531-565.
61. Simonson, I., & Staw, B. M. (1992). Deescalation strategies: A comparison of techniques for reducing commitment to losing courses of action. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 419-426.
62. Spera, S. P., Buhrfeind, E. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1994). Expressive writing and coping with job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 722-733.
63. Tetlock, P. E. (1983). Accountability and complexity of thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(1), 74-83.
64. Tetlock, P. E., Skitka, L., & Boettger, R. (1989). Social and cognitive strategies for coping with accountability: Conformity, complexity, and bolstering. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 632-640.
65. Webb, N. M. (1989). Peer interaction and learning in small groups. International Journal of Educational Research, 13, 21-39.
66. Westley, B. H., & MacLean, M. (1957). A conceptual model of communication research. Journalism Quarterly, 34, 32-35.
67. Zajonc, R. B. (1960). The process of cognitive tuning in communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61(2), 159-167.
68. Zaller, J. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.
69. Zillman, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Selective exposure to communication. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.