Doporučení pro diagnostiku a léčbu chronického srdečního selhání ČKS 2006

Cor et Vasa

Volumn 49, Issue 11 SUPPL., 2007, Pages 75-104

  Špinar, Jindřich ^a   Hradec, Jaromír ^b   Meluzín, Jaroslav ^c   Špác, Jiří ^c   Špinarová, Lenka ^c   Vítovec, Jiří ^c   Lupínek, Petr ^d   Málek, Ivan ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL BRNO   (Czech Republic)

^b CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^c ST ANNE S UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Czech Republic)

^d INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE   (Czech Republic)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 35648981262     PISSN: 00108650     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomised trials. Lancet 1997;350:1417-24.
2. Anand IS, Florea VG. Diuretics in chronic heart failure - benefits and hazards. Eur Heart J 2001;3 (Suppl G):G8-G18.
3. Aschermann M a spol. Kardiologie. Praha: Galen, 2004:1481.
4. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1997;349:375-80.
5. Baker DW, Jones R, Hodges J, et al. Management of heart failure. III. The role of revascularization in the treatment of patients with moderate or severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. JAMA 1994;272:1528-34.
6. Baker DW. Prevention of heart failure. J Card Fail 2002;8:333-46.
7. Bakris GL, Weir MR. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated elevations in serum creatinine: is this a cause for concern? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:685-93.
8. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. for the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibriilator for congestive heart failure. New Engl J Med 2005;352:225-37.
9. Bart BA, Boyle A, Bank AJ, et al. Ultrafiltration Versus Usual Care for Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:2043-6.
10. Bax JJ, Abraham T, Barold SS, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy, I: issues before device implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:2153-67.
11. Bax JJ, Abraham T, Barold SS, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy, II: issues during and after device implantation and unresolved questions. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:2168-82.
12. Bax JJ, Bleeker GB, Marwick TH, et al. Left ventricular dyssynchrony predicts response and prognosis after cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1834-40.
13. Berry C, McMurray JJ. Serious adverse events experienced by patients with chronic heart failure taking spironolactone. Heart 2001;85:E8.
14. Boehmer JP. CRT only or CRT plus ICD? Eur Heart J 2004;6 (Suppl):D83-D87.
15. Bradley DJ, Bradley EA, Baughman KL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2003;289:730-40.
16. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New Engl J Med 2001;345:861-9.
17. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. for COMPANION Investigators. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 2004;350:2140-50.
18. Bytešník J. Doporučené postupy pro diagnostiku a léčbu komorových arytmií. Cor Vasa 2005;47(9):Suppl:41-57.
19. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The cardiac insufficiency bisoprolol study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9-13.
20. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) Study Group. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. New Engl J Med 2005;352:1539-49.
21. Cífková R, Býma S, Češka R, et al. Prevence kardiovaskulárních onemocnění v dospělém věku. Společné doporučení českých odborných společností. Cor Vasa 2005;47(9) Suppl:3-14.
22. Cleland JG, Swedberg K, Follath F, et al. The Euro Heart Failure Survey Programme - a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis. Eur Heart J 2003;24:442-63.
23. Cleland JGF, Findlay I, Jafri S, et al. The Warfarin/Aspirin Study in Heart Failure (WASH): a randomized trial comparing antithrombotic strategies for patients with heart failure. Am Heart J 2004;148,157-64.
24. Cleland JGF, Tendera M, et al. Perindopril in Elderly People with Chronic Heart Failure (PEP CHF): v tisku.
25. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 1976;16:31-41.
26. Cokkinos DV, Harabalopoulos GC, Kostis JB, Toutouzas PK, for the HELLAS investigators. Efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fall 2006;8:428-32.
27. Čihak R, Heinz P. Doporučení pro léčbu fibrilace síní. Cor Vasa 2004;46:K 46-78.
28. de Silva R, Nikitin NP, Witte KKA, et al. Incidence of renal dysfunction over 6 months in patients with chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction: contributing factors and relationship to prognosis. Eur Heart J 2006;27:569-81.
29. Deng MC, Edwards LB, Hertz MI, et al. Mechanical circulatory support device database of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: third annual report, 2005. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005;24:1182-7.
30. Dormans TP, Huige RM, Gerlag PG. Chronic intermittent haemofiltration and haemodialysis in end stage chronic heart failure with oedema refractory to high dose frusemide. Heart 1996;75:349-51.
31. Dries DL, Exner DV, Domanski MJ, Greenberg B, Stevenson LW. The prognostic implications of renal insufficiency in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:681-9.
32. Dries L, Exner DL, Gersh DC, et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for mortality and heart failure progression in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD trials: Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:695-703.
33. European Study Group on Diastolic Heart Failure. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1998;19:990-1003.
34. Fabbri LM, Hurd SS. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD: 2003 update. Eur Respir J 2003;22:1-2.
35. Feldman AM, de Lissovoy G, Bristow MR, et al. Cost effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:2311-21.
36. Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 2005;26:215-25.
37. Fuster V, Smith SC, Jakobs DT, et al, ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology committee for practice guidelines and policy conferences (Committee to develop guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the North American Society of pacing and electrophysiology. Circulation 2001;104:2118-50.
38. Garcia MJ, Thomas JD, Klein AL. New doppler echocardiographic applications for the study of diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:865-75.
39. Gheorghiade M, Gattis WA, O'Connor ChM. Effects of Tolvaptan a Vassopresin Antagonist, in Patients Hospitalized With Worsening Heart Failure. Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2004;291:1963-71.
40. Gibbs, ChR, Blann AD, Watson RDS, Lip GYH. Abnormalities of Hemorheological, Endothelial, and Platelet Function in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in Sinus Rhythm. Circulation 2001;103:1746-51.
41. Goodlin SJ, Hauptman PJ, Arnold R, et al. Consensus Statement: Palliative and Supportive Care in Advanced Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2004;10:200-9.
42. Grimm W, Christ M, Bach J, et al. Noninvasive arrhythmia risk stratification in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy study. Circulation 2003;108:2883-91.
43. Haller Ch. Diuretics in congestive heart failure: new evidence for old problems. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14:1358-60.
44. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000;355:253-9.
45. Hershberger RE, Nauman D, Walker TL, Dutton D, Burgess D. Care Processes and Clinical Outcomes of Continuous Outpatient Support with Inotropes (COSI) in Patients with Refractory Endstage Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2003;9:180-7.
46. Hess B. Chronic heart failure: pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches - why is the kidney so important? Eur Heart J 2001;3 (Suppl G):G3-G7.
47. Hillege HL, Girbes AR, de Kam PJ, et al. Renal function, neurohormonal activation, and survival in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 2000;102:203-10.
48. Hillege HL, Nitsch D, Pfeffer M, et al. Renal function as a Predictor of Outcome in a Broad Spectrum of Patients with Heart Failure. Circulation 2006;113:671-8.
49. Hradec J. Srdeční selhání - epidemie 21. století. Vnitř Lék 2004;50 (Suppl. 1):S23-S31.
50. Hradec J. Srdce a endokrinni onemocnění. V: Aschermann M, Widimský P, Veselka J (eds.): Kardiologie. 2. díl. Praha: Galén, 2004:1369-82.
51. Hradec J. Klinická studie CORONA. Je podávání statinů indikováno i u nemocných se symptomatickým systolickým srdečním selháním? Remedia 2005;15:169-71.
52. Hradec J. Diastolické srdeční selhání. V: Habilitační a inaugurační přednášky na 1. lékařské fakultě UK v Praze 2004. Praha: Galén, 2005:148-54.
53. Hradec J, Berka L, Táborský M. Posuzování způsobilosti kardiologických nemocných k řízení motorových vozidel (Dokument ČKS). Cor Vasa 2006;48:K47-K51.
54. Hradec J. Farmakoterapie v kardiologii. V: Marek J a spol. Farmakoterapie vnitřních nemocí. 3. vydání. Praha: Grada Publishing, 2005:25-62.
55. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: summary article: a report from the ACC/AHA. Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evolution and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation 2005;112:1825-52.
56. Jansa P, Aschemann M, Riedel M, Pafko P, Susa Z. Doporućení pro diagnostiku a léčbu arteriální plicní hypertenze. Cor Vasa 2004; 46:K35-K44.
57. Kettner J. Mechanické podpory krevního oběhu. Cor Vasa 2003;45:437-43.
58. Kjekshus J, Dunselman P, Blideskog M, et al. on behalf of the CORONA Study Group: A statin in the treatment of heart failure? Controlled rosuvastatin multinational study in heart failure (CORONA): Study design and baseline characteristics. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:1059-69.
59. Kloner RA, Brown M, Prisant LM, Collins M. Effect of sildenafil in patients with erectile dysfunction taking antihypertensive therapy. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:70-3.
60. Knight EL, Glynn RJ, McIntyre KM, Mogun H, Avorn J. Predictors of decreased renal function in patients with heart failure during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: results from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Am Heart J 1999;138:849-55.
61. Kohama A, Tanouchi J, Hori M, Kitabatake A, Kamada T. Pathologic involvement of the left ventricle in chronic cor pulmonale. Chest 1990;98:794-800.
62. Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, et al. Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 1997;278:212-6.
63. Lachmanová J. Očištovací metody krve. Praha: Grada Publishing, 1999: 132.
64. Lewis EF, Johnson PA, Johnson W, Collins C, Griffin L, Stevenson LW. Preferences for quality of life or survival expressed by patients with heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:1016-24.
65. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. Published erratum appears in New Engl J Med 1993;330:152. New Engl J Med 1993;329:1456-62.
66. Linde C. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treatment and resynchronisation in heart failure. Heart 2004;90:231-4.
67. Ljungman S, Kjekshus J, Swedberg K. Renal function in severe congestive heart failure during treatment with enalapril (the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study [CONSENSUS] Trial). Am J Cardiol 1992;70:479-87.
68. Ljungman S, Laragh JH, Cody RJ. Role of the kidney in congestive heart failure. Relationship of cardiac index to kidney function. Drugs 1990;39 Suppl 4:10-21.
69. Loh E, Sutton MS, Wun CC, et al. Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 1997;336:251-7.
70. López-Sendón J, Swedberg K, McMurray J, et al. Expert consensus document on beta-adrenergic receptor blockers. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1341-62.
71. Lucas C, Johnson W, Hamilton MA, et al. Freedom from congestion predicts good survival despite previous class IV symptoms of heart failure. Am Heart J 2000;140:840-7.
72. Lukl J, Heinc P, a kol. Moderní léčba arytmií. Praha: Grada Publishing, 2001:173-7.
73. Lupínek P. Význam a léčba anemie u chronického srdečního selhání. Cor Vasa 2004;46:281-4.
74. Maisel AS, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. New Engl J Med 2002;347:161-7.
75. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002;288:2981-97.
76. Málek F, Ignaszewski A. Nové léky pro terapii pokročilého srdečnílho selhání. Cor Vasa 2004;46:221-5.
77. Mancini DM, Eisen H, Kussmaul W, et al. Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation 1991;83:778-86.
78. Masoudi FA, Wolfe P, Havranek EP, et al. Aspirin use in older patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease: national prescription patterns and relationship with outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:955-62.
79. Massie BM, Krol WF, Ammon SE, et al. The warfarin and antiplatelet therapy in heart failure trial (WATCH): rationale, design, and baseline patient characteristics. J Card Fail 2004;10:101-12.
80. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure. Metoprolol CR/XL randomised intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353:2001-7.
81. Morgan JM. The MADIT II and COMPANION studies: will they affect uptake of device treatment? Heart 2004;90:243-5.
82. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. New Engl J Med 2002;346:877-83.
83. Moss AJ. MADIT-II and its implications. Eur Heart J 2003;24:16-8.
84. Mosterd A, Hoes AW, de Bruyne MC, et al. Prevalence of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction in the general population. Eur Heart J 1999;20:447-55.
85. Murdoch DR, Love MP, Robb SD, et al. Importance of heart failure as a cause of death. Changing contribution to overall mortality and coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland 1979-92. Eur Heart J 1998; 19:1829-35.
86. Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler tissue imaging: A noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:1527-33.
87. Okada RD, Hager WD, Graves PE, Mayersohn M, Perrier DG, Marcus FI. Relationship between plasma concentration and dose of digoxin in patients with and without renal impairment. Circulation 1978;58:1196-203.
88. Ommen SR, Nishimura RA, Appleton CP, et al. Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling pressures. Circulation 2000;102:1788-94.
89. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med 2001;344:1651-8.
90. Packer M, Poole-Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 1999;100:2312-8.
91. Pauwels RA, Buist AS, Ma P, Jenkins CR, Hurd SS. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and World Health Organization Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD): executive summary. Res Care 2001;46:798-825.
92. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. New Engl J Med 2003;348:1309-21.
93. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. New Engl J Med 1999;341:709-17.
94. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:7-13.
95. Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, et al. Task force on sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1374-50.
96. Rambausek M, Ritz E. Digitalis in chronic renal insufficiency. Blood Purif 1985;3:4-14.
97. Rathore SS, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Sex-based differences in the effect of digoxin for the treatment of heart failure. New Engl J Med 2002;347:1403-11.
98. Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Wang Y, et al. Association of serum digoxin concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure. JAMA 2003;289:871-8.
99. Remes J, Miettinen H, Reunanen A, Pyörälä K. Validity of clinical diagnosis of heart failure in primary health care. Eur Heart J 1991;12:315-21.
100. Remme WJ. Should ACE inhibitors Always be First - Line Therapy in Heart Fauilure? Lessons from the CARMEN Study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2003;17:107-9.
101. Render ML, Weinstein AS, Blaustein AS. Left ventricular dysfunction in deteriorating patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1995;107:162-8.
102. Reyes AJ, Taylor SH. Diuretics in Cardiovascular Therapy: The new Clinicopharmacological Bases That Matter. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 1999;13:371-98.
103. Rimondini A, Cipolla CM, Della Bella P, et al. Hemofiltration as short-term treatment for refractory congestive heart failure. Am J Med 1987;83:43-8.
104. Rosolova H, Cech J, Simon J, et al. Short to long term mortality of patiens hospitalized in the Czech Republic - report from the Euro Heart Failure Survey. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:780-3.
105. Salpeter SR, Greyber E, Pasternak GA, Salpeter EE. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2594-602.
106. Shlipak MG. Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure in Patients with Renal Insuficiency. Ann Int Med 2003;138:917-24.
107. Sohn DW, Chai IH, Lee DJ, et al. Assessment of mitral annulus velocity by Doppler tissue imaging in the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;30:474-80.
108. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2001;358:1305-15.
109. Stevenson LW. The Cul-de-Sac at the End of the Road. J Card Fail 2003;9:188-91.
110. Swedberg K, Cleland J, Dargie H, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: executive summary (update 2005): the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1115-40.
111. Špinar J, Hradec J, Málek I, Toman J. Doporučení pro diagnostiku a léčbu chronického srdečního selhání. Cor Vasa 2001;43:K123-K138.
112. Špinar J, Janský P, Kettner J, Málek I. Doporučení pro diagnostiku a léčbu akutního srdečního selhání. Cor Vasa 2006;48:K3-K31.
113. Špinar J, Ludka O, Dušek L, et al. Neurohumoral activity, heart failure and prognosis in patients with end stage renal disease treated by chronic hemodialysis. In press.
114. Špinar J, Vítovec J. Betablokátory a závažné chronické srdeční selhání. Cor Vasa 2000;42:491-2.
115. Špinar J, Vítovec J. Normy pro BNP a NT-proBNP stanoveny. Cor Vasa 2005;47:395-8.
116. Špinar J, Vítovec J. Co by měl vědět internista o diastolickém srdečním selhání. Interní medicína pro praxi 2005; 7:527-33.
117. Táborský M. Zásady pro implantace kardiostimulátorů a implantabilních kardioverterů-defibrilátorů pracovní skupiny pro arytmie a kardiostimulaci České kardiologické společnosti. Cor Vasa 2001;43:K32-K41.
118. The Capricorn Investigators. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1385-90.
119. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). New Engl J Med 1987;316:1429-35.
120. The Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. New Engl J Med 1997;336:525-33.
121. The EUropean trial on Reduction Of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003;362:782-8.
122. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrilation Investigators. Predictors in thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Clinical features of patients at risk. Ann Intern Medicine 1992; 116:1-5.
123. Vítovec J, Špinar J. Betablokátory v léčbě chronického srdečního selhání. Vnitř Lék 2000;46:161-5.
124. Vítovec J, Špinar J. Diuretika u srdečního selhání. Kapit Kardiol 2002;4:90-2.
125. Vítovec J, Špinar J. Který betablokátor u srdečního selhání? Studie COMET - dala jasnou odpověd'? Cor Vasa 2003;45:527-8.
126. Wang M, Yip GWK, Wang AYM, et al. Independent and incremental prognostic value of early mitral annulus velocity in patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:272-7.
127. Wang M, Yip GWK, Wang AYM, et al. Peak early diastolic mitral annulus velocity by tissue doppler imaging adds independent and incremental prognostic value. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:820-6.
128. Widimský J. Betablokátory v léčbě srdečnéiho selhání. JAMA-CS 1999;7:375-7.
129. Willenheimer R, van Veldhuisen DJ, Silke B, et al. on behalf of the CIBIS III Investigators. Effect on Survival and Hospitalization of Initiating Treatment for Chronic Heart Failure With Bisoprolol Followed by Enalapril, as Compared With the Opposite Sequence Results of the Randomized Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) III. Circulation 2005; 112:2426-35.
130. Wilson Tang WH, Francis GS, Hoogwerf BJ, Young JB. Fluid Retention After Initiation of Thiazolidinedione Therapy in Diabetic Patients With Established Chronic Heart Failure. JACC 2003;41:1394-8.
131. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. New Engl J Med 2000;342:145-53.
132. Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with CHF and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-81.