Diuretics in cardiovascular therapy: The new clinicopharmacological bases that matter

Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy

Volumn 13, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 371-398

  Reyes, Ariel J ^a   Taylor, Stanley H ^b  

^a Institute of Cardiovascular Theory Montevideo   (Uruguay)

^b Aberford Court ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Calciuresis; Diuretic potency; Diuretics; Furosemide; Heart failure; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hypertension; Kaliuresis; Magnesiuresis; Natriuresis; Uric acid

Indexed keywords

ACETAZOLAMIDE; ALDOSTERONE; AMILORIDE; AZOSEMIDE; BUMETANIDE; CALCIUM; CANRENOATE POTASSIUM; CARBONATE DEHYDRATASE INHIBITOR; CHLORTALIDONE; CICLETANINE; CLOPAMIDE; DIURETIC AGENT; ETACRYNIC ACID; FUROSEMIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; MAGNESIUM; METOLAZONE; MUZOLIMINE; PIRETANIDE; POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC AGENT; RENIN; SODIUM; SPIRONOLACTONE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TIENILIC ACID; TORASEMIDE; TRIAMTERENE; XIPAMIDE;

ALDOSTERONE BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; CALCIUM URINE LEVEL; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG POTENCY; EDEMA; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; FOOD DRUG INTERACTION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; KALIURESIS; KIDNEY FUNCTION; NATRIURESIS; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SODIUM EXCRETION; URINARY EXCRETION;

ALDOSTERONE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIURETICS; GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE; HUMANS; NATRIURESIS; RENIN;

EID: 0032842882     PISSN: 09203206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1007835821228     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Velázquez H. Thiazide diuretics. Renal Physiol 1987;10: 184-197.
2. Greger R, Wangemann P. Loop diuretics. Renal Physiol 1987;10:174-183.
3. Horisberger J-D, Giebisch G. Potassium-sparing diuretics. Renal Physiol 1987;10:198-220.
4. Preisig PA, Toto RD, Alpern RJ. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Renal Physiol 1987;10:136-159.
5. Costanzo L. Effects of diuretics on the distal convoluted tubular transport of calcium. In: Puschett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diuretics: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications. New York: Elsevier, 1984:169-173.
6. Stier CT, Itskovitz HD. Renal calcium metabolism and diuretics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1986;26:101-116.
7. Giebisch G, Klein-Robbenhaar G, Klein-Robbenhaar J, Ratheiser K, Unwin R. Renal and extrarenal sites of action of diuretics. Cardiovase Drugs Ther 1993;7:11-21.
8. Young DB. Quantitative analysis of aldosterone's role in potassium regulation. Am J Physiol 1988;255:F811-F822.
9. + channel. Physiol Rev 1988;68:309-373.
10. Sica DA, Gehr TWB. Triamterene and the kidney. Nephron 1989;51:454-461.
11. Ponee SP, Jennings AE, Madias NE, Harrington JT. Drug-induced hyperkalemia. Medicine 1985;64:357-370.
12. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, Crippa G, Alcocer L. Untoward actions of diuretics in congestive heart failure. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1995;10(3):131-158.
13. Reyes AJ. Effects of diuretics on renal excretory function. Eur Heart J 1992;13(Suppl G):15-21.
14. Reyes AJ. Renal excretory profiles of loop diuretics - consequences for therapeutic application. J Cardiovase Pharmacol 1993;22(Suppl 3):S11-S23.
15. Reyes AJ. Effects of diuretics on outputs and flows of urine and urinary solutes in healthy subjects. Drugs 1991;41 (Suppl 3):33-59.
16. Reyes AJ, Leary WP. Clinicopharmacological definition of the potency of diuretics and reclassification of diuretics by their clinicopharmacological potency. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1992;9:131-146.
17. Reyes AJ, Leary WP. Clinicopharmacological reappraisal of the potency of diuretics. Cardiovase Drugs Ther 1993;7: 23-28.
18. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, Venter CP. Mathematical evaluation of the effects of piretanide, furosemide and placebo in healthy adults. Curr Ther Res 1981;29:253-259.
19. Leary WP, Reyes AJ. Mathematical evaluation of the effects of tizolemide, furosemide and placebo in healthy adults. S Afr Med J 1982;61:398-401.
20. Leary WP, Reyes AJ. Urinary volume and solute flows after a single dose of hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride in healthy adults. Curr Ther Res 1982;32:432-438.
21. Reyes AJ, Leary WP. Urinary volume and solute flows after a single dose of hydrochlorothiazide-triamterene in healthy adults. Curr Ther Res 1982;32:439-446.
22. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Urinary magnesium output after a single dose of indapamide in healthy adults. S Afr Med J 1983;64:820-822.
23. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. Urinary magnesium and zinc excretions after two different single doses of amiloride in healthy adults. Curr Ther Res 1983;34:205-216.
24. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. Effects of hydrochlorothiazide plus sotalol on acute urinary electrolyte excretion in normal subjects. S Afr Med J 1984;66:680-681.
25. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. Effects of a combination of hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride on urinary magnesium excretion in healthy adults. Curr Ther Res 1984;35:293-300.
26. Reyes AJ, Leary WP. The magnesiuric effect of several single doses of xipamide in healthy subjects. Braz J Med Biol Res 1984;17:285-291.
27. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. The effects of single doses of muzolimine upon urinary solute and fluid excretion. Z Kardiol 1985;74(Suppl 2):135-140.
28. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K, Acosta-Barrios TN. Effects of captopril, hydrochlorothiazide and their combination on timed urinary excretions of water and solutes. J Cardiovase Pharmacol 1985;7(Suppl 1):S56-S62.
29. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Blunting of diuretic-induced increases in urinary magnesium and potassium outputs by beta-adrenergie blockade in healthy subjects. Mag Bull 1985;7:121-139.
30. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K, Maharaj B. Renal excretory pharmacodynamics of diuretics in man: comparison between furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide and torasemide. Prog Pharmacol 1998;6(3):83-151.
31. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, Wynne RD, van der Byl K. Renal excretory actions of furosemide, of hydrochlorothiazide and of the vasodilator flosequinan in healthy subjects. J Int Med Res 1990;18:120-141.
32. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Excretions of urinary fluid and solutes after single doses of furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide and of four single doses of the diuretic torasemide in healthy subjects. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990;8(1):47-71.
33. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. The Urinary Yield (UY) Mathematical Model of accumulated renal outputs of urine and of urinary solutes after administration of placebo, diuretics or any other drug. Continuous flows of urine and urinary solutes and variables derived thereof: maximal urine and urinary solute flows, times from dosing to them, and intantaneons renal clearance and instantaneous fractional excretion of urinary solutes. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1992:9:173-218.
34. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. Urinary excretory responses to the alpha-2 sympathetic agonist rilmenidine, to hydrochlorothiazide and to their combination in healthy subjects. In: Puschett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diuretics IV: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1993:387-390.
35. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. The antialdosterone substance spironolactone is a facultative natriuretic, antikaliuretic and antimagnesiuretic in man. In: Puschett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diaretics IV: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1993:391-394.
36. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Urinary excretory actions of various doses of cicletanine during once-daily administration. In: Puschett JB, Greeberg A, eds. Diaretics IV: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1993:383-386.
37. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Responses of urinary chloride, sodium, potassium and magnesium excretions to the addition of captopril to a combination of furosemide and amiloride. In: Puschett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diuretics IV: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Application. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1993:595-598.
38. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Responses of magnesiuresis to the diuretic torasemide. in: Golf S, Dralle D, Vecchiet L, eds. Magnesium 1993. London: John Libbey, 1994:291-294.
39. de Divitiis O, Di Somma S, Petito M, Galderisi M, Iacono C, Fazio S. Muzolimine and nitrendipine in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Z Kardiol l985;74(Suppl 2):60-65.
40. Carnovalli M, Borgino C, Crespi E, et al. Effieacy and tolerability of muzolimine in the long-term treatment of essential hypertension. In: Andreucci VE, Dal Canton A, eds. Dinreties: Basic, Pharmacological, and Clinical Aspects. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987:317-319.
41. Pagano G, Dal Molin V, Bozzo C, Carta Q. Interference on metabolism induced by muzolimine and chlorthalidone in type II hypertensive diabetics. Z Kardiol 1985;74(Suppl 2):80-83.
42. Kirsten R, Molz KH, Tzoney I, Nelson K. Clinical evaluation of muzolimine and indapamide during treatment for essential hypertension. Z Kardiol 1985;74(Suppl 2):66-72.
43. Wicker P, Clementy J. Comparison of the effects of muzolimine and a fixed combination of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride in mildly to moderately hypertensive patients. In: Puschett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diuretics: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications. New York: Elsevior, 1984:109-111.
44. Luesko M, Kerihuel JC, Chaignon M, Anbert PH, Guedon J. Comparison study of muzolimine and acebutolol in the treatment of moderate hypertension. Z Kardiol 1985;74(Suppl 2):73-76.
45. Achhammer I, Metz P. Low dose loop diureties in essential hypertension: experience with torasemide. Drugs 1991;41 (Suppl 3):80-91.
46. Dupont AG, Schoors D, Six RO, Vanhelst L. Antihypertensive efficacy of low dose torasemide in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1988;2:265-268.
47. Porcellati C, Verdecehia P, Schillace GI, et al. La torasemide, nuovo diuretico dell'ansa, nel trattamento dell'ipertensione arteriosa. Studio controllato in doppia cecità. Basi Razion Ter 1990;20:407-410.
48. Alcocer L, Parra JZ, Campos E, Calvo C, Trujillo C. Nondiuretic doses of torasemide are as effective as regular diuretic doses of chlorthalidone for the treatment of arterial hypertension. (Abstract). Am J Hypertens 1995;8:77A.
49. Reyes AJ, Chiesa PD, Santucci MR, et al. Hydrochlorothiazide versus a non-diuretic dose of torasemide as once-daily antihypertensive monopharmacotherapy in elderly patients. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990;8(1):183-209.
50. Spannbrucker N. Achhammer I, Metz P, Glocke M. Comparative study of the antihypertensive efficacy of torasemide and indapamide in patients with essential hypertension. Arzneimittelforschung 1988;38(I):190-193.
51. Baumgart P, Walger P, v, Eiff M, Achhammer 1. Long-term efficacy and tolerance of torasemide in hypertension. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990;8(1):169-181.
52. Bölke T, Achhammer I, Meyer-Sabellek WA, Streitberg P. Tages- und Nachtrhythmik ambulanter 24-h-Blutdruckwerte von älteren essentiellen Hypertonikern bei Therapie mit verschiedenen Antihypertonika. (Abstract). Hochdruck 1990;10:40.
53. Achhammer I, Eberhard R. Comparison of serum potassium levels during long-term treatment of hypertensive patients with 2.5 mg torasemide/day or 50 mg triamterene/25 mg hydrocholorothiazide/day. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990;8(1):211-220.
54. Bölke T, Achhammer I, Meyer-Sabellek WA. Blutdrucksenkung und metabolische Veranderungen bei essentiellen Hypertonikern nach Langzeitgabe unterschiedlicher Diuretika. (Abstract). Hochdruck 1990;10:40-41.
55. Baumgart P. Torasemide in comparison with thiazides in the treatment of hypertension. Cardiovase Drugs Ther 1993; 7:63-68.
56. Bölke T, Piesche L. Influence of 2.5-5 mg torasemide o.d. versus 25-50 mg HCTZ/50-100 mg triamterene o.d. in serum parameters in elderly patients with mild to moderate hypertension. In: Pusehett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diuretics IV: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications. Amsterdam: Excerpta Mediea, 1993:279-282.
57. Reyes AJ. Momentous clinicopharmacological variables concerning diuretics. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1995;10 (3):1-22.
58. Hammarlund MM, Odlind B, Paalzow K. Acute tolerance to furosemide diuresis in humans. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling. J Pharmacol Esp Ther 1985;233:447-453.
59. Sjöström PA, Odlind BG, Beermann BA, Hammarlund-Udenaes, M. On the mechanism of acute tolerance to furosemide diuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1988;22:133-140.
60. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Renal exeretory responses to single and repeated administration of loop and of distal tubular diuretics at various doses in healthy man. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1992;9:219-262.
61. Reyes AJ, Leary WP. Renal excretory responses to single and repeated administration of diuretics in healthy subjects. Clinical connotations. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1993;7:29-44.
62. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Formulations of the diuretic torasemide that are effective once-daily antihypertensives do not affect 23-hour diuresis nor plasma renin activity. (Abstract). Am J Hypertens 1995;8:76A.
63. Hamdy RC, Vinson M, Robbins AD, et al. Diuretic potency of loop, thiazide and potassium sparing agents: A reappraisal of relative activity. In: Puschett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diuretics: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications. New York: Elsevier, 1984:403-406.
64. Brater DC. Diuretic resistance in chronic congestive heart failure: Combinations of relatively low doses rather than very high doses. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1995;10 (3):119-129.
65. Achhammer I. Long term efficacy and tolerance of torasemide in congestive heart failure. Prog Pharmacol Clin. Pharmacol 1990;8(1):127-136.
66. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Responses of 24-hour chloruresis to twenty-two formulations of diuretics. (Abstract). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1997;11:360.
67. Leary WP, Reyes AJ. Kaliuresis induced by various diuretics. In: Andreucci VE, Dal Canton A, eds. Diuretics: Basic, Pharmacological, and Clinical Aspects. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987:503-505.
68. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Responses of 24-hour kaliuresis to twenty-six oral formulations of diuretics: report on a research series. (Abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:63C.
69. Giebisch G, Klein-Robbenhaar G. Recent studies on the characterization of loop diuretics. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993;22(Suppl 3):S1-S10.
70. Velázquez H, Wright FS. Control by drugs of renal potassium handling. Annu Rec Pharmacol 1986;26:293-309.
71. Wright FS. Flow-dependent transport processes: Filtration, absorption, secretion. Am J Physiol 1982;243:F1-F11.
72. Giebisch G. Hormonal control of distal nephron function. Klin Wochen 1985;63:877-885.
73. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. Response of urinary excretions to a combination of furosemide and perindopril upon once-daily administration in healthy subjects. In: Puschett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diuretics IV: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1993:591-594.
74. Barr WH, Smith H, Karnes HT, et al. Comparison of bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamies of torasemide in young and elderly healthy volunteers. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990;8(1):15-28.
75. Loon NR, Wilcox CS, Unwin RJ. Mechanism of impaired natriuretic response to furosemide during prolonged therapy. Kidney Int 1989;36:682-689.
76. Weidmann P, Beretta-Piccoli C, Meier A, et al. Antihypertensive mechanism of diuretic treatment with chlorthalidone. Complementary roles of sympathetic axis and sodium. Kidney Int 1983;23:320-326.
77. Griffing GT, Sindler BH, Aurecchia SA, Melby JC. The effects of hydrochlorothiazide on the renin-aldosterone system. Metabolism 1983;32:197-201.
78. Wilcox CS. Diuretics and potassium. In: Seldin DW, Giebisch G, eds. The Regulation of Potassium Balance. New York: Raven Press, 1989;325-345.
79. Lijnen P, Hespel P, Fagard R, et al. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and the renin-aldosterone system during long-term administration of the diuretic xipamide in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;36:111-117.
80. Wilcox CS, Mitch WE, Kelly RA, et al. Response of the kidney to furosemide: Effects of salt intake and renal compensation. J Lab Med 1983;102:450-458.
81. Kaissling B, Bachmann S, Kriz W. Structural adaptation of the distal convoluted tubule to prolonged furosemide treatment. Am J Physiol 1985;248:F374-F381.
82. Stanton BA. Role of adrenal hormones in regulation of distal nephron structure and ion transport. Fed Proc 1985;44: 2717-2722.
83. Kelly RA, Wilcox CS, Mitch WE, et al. Response of the kidney to furosemide: Effect of captopril on sodium balance. Kidney Int 1983;24:233-239.
84. +, and BP humeostasis in man during furosemide: effect of prazosin and captopril. Kidney Int 1987;31:135-141.
85. Sjöström P, Beermann B, Odlind BG. Delayed tolerance to furosemide diuresis. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1988;22: 317-325.
86. Broekhuysen J, Deger F, Douchamps J, Ducarne H, Herchuelz A. Torasemide, a new potent diuretic. Double-blind comparison with furosemide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986;31 (Suppl):29-34.
87. Coodley EL, Nandi PS, Chiotellis P. Evaluation of a new diuretic, diapamide, in congestive heart failure. J Clin Pharmacol. 1979;19:127-136.
88. Herchuelz A, Deger F, Douchamps J, Ducarne H, Broekhuysen J. Comparative pharmacodynamics of torasemide and furosemide in patients with oedema. Arzneimittelforschung 1988;38(I):180-183.
89. Ziakas G, Zioutas G, Arvanitidis T, Zurkzoglu W. Muzoline in patients with cardiac edema: a comparision with furosemide in a repeted-dose single-blind study. Clin Nephrol 1983;19(Suppl 1):S85-S91.
90. Marone C, Rivera B, Zwahlen H, Lahn W, Frey F. Efficacy and pharmacokinetics of piretanide in patients with congestive heart failure. Eur J Clin Inrest 1989;19:378-389.
91. Sherman LG, Liang C, Baumgardner S, Charuzi Y, Chardo F, Kim CS, Piretanide, a potent diuretic with potassiumsparing properties, for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986;10:587-594.
92. Voltz G. Behavior of electrolyte and acid-base balance during treatment with 4-chloro-5-sulfamoyl-2′-6′-salicyloxylidide (Xipamid INN) with particular regard to potassium balance. Arzneimittelforschung 1975;25(II):256-258.
93. Cook JJ, Buchan S, Rooke T, Bailey RR. Pirctanide (Hoe 118): A new potent diuretic. Preliminary communication. N Zeal Med J 1979;89:87-88.
94. Sagar S, Sharma BK, Sharma PL, Wahi PL. A comparative randomized double-blind clinical trial of bumetanide and furosemide in congestive cardiac failure and other edema states. Int J Clin Pharmacol 1984;22:473-478.
95. Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind, M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of diuretics. Clin Pharmacokin 1980;5:221-245.
96. Beermann B, Grind M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of some newer diuretics. Clin Pharmacokin 1987;13:254-256.
97. Neugebauer G, Besenfelder E, von Möllendorf E. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of torasemide in man. Arzneimittelforschung 1988;38(I):164-166.
98. Barr WH, Smith HL, Karnes HT, et al. Torasemide doseproportionality of pharmacokineties and pharmacodynamies. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1990;8(I):29-37.
99. Elmgreen J, Tougaard L, Leth A, Christensen MS. Elevated serum parthyroid hormone concentration during high ceiling diuretics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1980;18:363-364.
100. Fujita T, Chan CM, Bartter FC. Effects of oral furosemide and salt loading on parathyroid function in normal subjects. Nephron 1984;38:109-114.
101. Alon U, Costanzo LS, Chan JCM. Additive hypocalciuric effects of amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide in patients treated with calcitriol. Min Electrol Metab 1984;10:379-386.
102. Reyes AJ. Deleterious effects of antihypertensive treatment on magnesium turnover. Prog Pharmacol 1985/6(1): 51-87.
103. Reyes AJ, Leary WP. Cardiovascular toxicity of diuretics related to magnessium depletion. Human Toxicol 1984;3: 351-372.
104. Reyes AJ, Leary WP. Diuretics and magnesium. May Bull 1984;6:87-99.
105. Reyes AJ. Interactions between magnesium and drugs in congestive heart failure. Mag Bull 1987;9:93-109.
106. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, van der Byl K. Effects of the antihypertensive furopyridine derivative cicletanine on magnesiuresis in man. In: Golf S, Dralle D, Vecehiet L, eds. Maguesium 1993. London: John Libbey, 1994:287-290.
107. Reyes AJ. Diuretics and magnesium: clinical pharmacology in healthy subjects. In: Theophanides T, Anastassopoulou J, eds. Magnesium: Current Status and New Developments. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1997:199-208.
108. Reyes, AJ. Magnesium and diuretics: 10 yeare of progress. In: Halpern MJ, Durlach J, eds. Current Research in Magnesium. London: John Libbey, 1996:293-295.
109. Mountokalakis T, Dourakis S, Mayopoulou-Symvoulidou D. Magnesium-sparing diuretics. In: Itokawa Y, Durlach J, eds. Magnesium in Health and Disease. London: John Libbey, 1989:409-413.
110. Steele TH. Importance and pathogenesis of diuretic-induced hyperuricemia. In: Puschett JB, Greenberg A, eds. Diuretics IV: Chemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Applications. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1993:231-238.
111. Leary WP, Reyes AJ. Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors and the renal excretion of urate. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1987;1:29-38.
112. Frohlich ED. Tierynafen: A new thiazide-like but uricosurie antihypertensive diuretic. N Engl J Med 1979;301: 1378-1382.
113. Carlsen JE, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Johansen C. Relations between dose of bendrofluazide, antihypertensive effect, and adverse biochemical effects. Br Med J 1990; 300:975-978.
114. Girvin B, Johnston GD. A randomized comparison of a convontional dose, a low dose and alternate-day dosing of bendrofluazide in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1998;16: 1049-1054.
115. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. Response of the instantaneous renal clearance of creatinine to once-daily administration of the loop diuretic torasemide. (Abstract). Cardiovase Drugs Ther 1997;11:361.
116. 116. Ames RP. Coronary heart disease and the treatment of hypertension: Impact of diuretics on serum lipids and glucose. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1984;S466-S473.
117. Prichard BNC, Owens CWI, Wolf AS. Adverse reactions to diuretics. Eur Heart J 1992;13(Suppl G):96-103.
118. Ames RP. The effects of antihypertensive drugs on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Drugs 1986;32:260-278.
119. Nakamura H. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on plasma lipids. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:24E-28E.
120. Sowers JR. The impact of diuretics on potassium and glucose. J Cardiorasc Pharmacol 1989;36:111-117.
121. McVeigh G, Dulie EB, Ravenscroft A,Galloway D, Johnston D, Low and conventional dose cyclopenthiazide on glucose and lipid metabolism in mild hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;27:523-526.
122. Reyes AJ, Leary WP, Alcocer L. The antihypertensive effect of diuretics: overview and formal evaluation by the Montevideo Mathematical Model. Prog Pharmacol 1988;6 (3):193-243.
123. Metz P, Alcocer L, Leary WP, Ferreira MI, Reyes AJ. Antihypertensive therapy with diuretics in the elderly: clinical approach. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1992;9:473-495.
124. Alcocer L, Reyes AJ. Antihypertensive treatment with diuretics in elderly patients. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1995;10(3):61-74.
125. Materson BJ. Diuretic therapy of hypertension in the United States: Low-dose becomes lower. Prog Pharmacol Clin Pharmacol 1995;10(3):33-45.
126. Materson BJ, Reda DJ, Cushman WC, et al. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men: A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. N Engl J Med 1993,328: 914-921.
127. McVeigh G, Galloway D, Johnston D. The case for low dose diuretics in hypertension: Comparison of low and Conventional doses of cyclopenthiazide. Br Med J 1988;297:95-98.
128. Neaton JD, Grimm Jr. RH, Prineas RJ, et al. Treatment of mild hypertension study: Final results. JAMA 1993;270: 713-724.
129. Tucker RM, van den Berg CJ, Knox FG. Diuretics: Role of sodium balance. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:261-266.
130. Haalboom JRE. Kaliumstofwisseling bij gebruik van orale diuretica (chloortalidon). Hart Bull 1980;11:159-163.
131. Sigurd B, Olesen KH. The supra-additive natriuretic effect addition of theophylline ethylenediaimne and bumetanide in congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 1977;94:168-174.
132. Heaton FW, Pyrah LN, Beresford, CC, Bryson RW, Martin DF. Hypomagnesaemia in chronic alcoholism. Lancet 1962;2: 802-805.
133. Leary WP, Reyes AJ, van der Byl K. Effects of a hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride combination on plasma magnesium in patients with essential hypertension. Mag Bull. 1984;6: 127-132.