Prevention of heart failure

Journal of Cardiac Failure

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 333-346

  Baker, David W ^a  

^a METROHEALTH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Heart failure; Primary prevention; Secondary prevention

Indexed keywords

AMILORIDE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; BENDROFLUMETHIAZIDE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; CARVEDILOL; CHLORTALIDONE; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; DOXAZOSIN; ENALAPRIL; FELODIPINE; GEMFIBROZIL; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ISRADIPINE; LOSARTAN; METOPROLOL; NIFEDIPINE; NITRENDIPINE; PINDOLOL; PRAVASTATIN; RAMIPRIL; RESERPINE; SIMVASTATIN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING; SECONDARY PREVENTION;

EID: 0036775721     PISSN: 10719164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1054/jcaf.2002.0805333     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. American Heart Association: 2001 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. Dallas, TX, 2000, American Heart Association.
2. Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD, Wells KB, Rogers WH, Berry SD, McGlynn EA, Ware JE Jr: Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study. JAMA 1989;262:907-913
3. US Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare and Medicaid statistical supplement, 1998. Health Care Financ Rev 1998;20:219
4. Fagerberg B and the MERIT-HF Study Group: Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353:2001-2007
5. Ho KK, Pinsky JL, Kannel WB, Levy D: The epidemiology of heart failure: The Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:6A-13A
6. Kannel WB: Epidemiology and prevention of cardiac failure: Framingham Study insights. Eur Heart J 1987;8(suppl F):23-26
7. Kannel WB, Belanger AJ: Epidemiology of heart failure. Am Heart J 1991;121:951-957
8. Staessen JA, Wang JG, Thijs L: Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: A meta-analysis. Lancet 2001;358:1305-1315
9. Pahor M, Psaty BM, Alderman MH, Applegate WB, Williamson JD, Cavazzini C, Furberg CO: Health outcomes associated with calcium antagonists compared with other first-line antihypertensive therapies: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2000;356:1949-1954
10. Rosei EA, Dal Palu C, Leonetti G, Magnani B, Pessina A, Zanchetti A: Clinical results of the Verapamil in hypertension and atherosclerosis study. J Hypertens 1997;15:1337-1344
11. Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Kannel WB, Ho KK: The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA 1996;275:1557-1562
12. Kannel WB, Ho K, Thom T: Changing epidemiological features of cardiac failure. Br Heart J 1994;72(suppl):S3-S9
13. He J, Ogden LG, Bazzano LA, Vupputuri S, Loria C, Whelton PK: Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:996-1002
14. Alexander M, Grumbach K, Selby J, Brown AF, Washington E: Hospitalization for congestive heart failure. Explaining racial differences. JAMA 1995;274:1037-1042
15. Eriksson H, Svardsudd K, Larsson B, Ohlson LO, Tibblin G, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L: Risk factors for heart failure in the general population: The study of men born in 1913. Eur Heart J 1989;10:647-656
16. Remes J, Reunanen A, Aromaa A, Pyorala K: Incidence of heart failure in eastern Finland: A population-based surveillance study. Eur Heart J 1992;13:588-593
17. Chae CU, Pfeffer MA, Glynn RJ, Mitchell GF, Taylor JO, Hennekens CH: Increased pulse pressure and risk of heart failure in the elderly. JAMA 1999;281:634-639
18. Chen YT, Vaccarino V, Williams CS, Butler J, Berkman LF, Krumholz HM: Risk factors for heart failure in the elderly: A prospective community-based study. Am J Med 1999;106:605-612
19. Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, Schersten B, Ekbom T, Wester PO: Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 1991;338:1281-1285
20. Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, Grimm RH Jr, Berge KG, Cohen JD: Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 1997;278:212-216
21. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, Celis H, Arabidze GG, Birkenhager WH, Bulpitt CJ, de Leeuw PW, Dollery CT, Fletcher AE, Forette F, Leonetti G, Nachev C, O'Brien ET, Rosenfeld J, Rodicio JL, Tuomilehto J, Zanchetti A: Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet 1997;350:757-764
22. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-713
23. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N: Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: Results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2000;356:1955-1964
24. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, and Evaluation of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413-2445
25. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, Dahlof B, Elmfeldt D, Julius S, Menard J, Rahn KH, Wedel H, Westerling S: Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: Principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet 1998;351:1755-1762
26. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN: Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001;345:479-486
27. Gueyffier F, Bulpitt C, Boissel JP, Schron E, Ekbom T, Fagard R, Casiglia E, Kerlikowske K, Coope J: Antihypertensive drugs in very old people: A subgroup metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 1999;353:793-796
28. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T, Dahlof B, Lanke J, Schersten B, Wester PO, Hedner T, de Faire U: Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 1999;354:1751-1756
29. Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, de Leeuw PW, Mancia G, Rosenthal T, Ruilope LM: Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (IN-SIGHT). Lancet 2000;356:366-372
30. Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, Kjeldsen SE, Lindholm LH, Syvertsen JO, Lanke J, de Faire U, Dahlof B, Karlberg BE: Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: The Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000;356:359-365
31. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, Lanke J, Hedner T, Niklason A, Luomanmaki K, Dahlof B, de Faire U, Morlin C, Karlberg BE, Wester PO, Bjorck JE: Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: The Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:611-616
32. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003
33. ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group: Major cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients randomized to doxazosin vs chlorthalidone: The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2000;283:1967-1975
34. Massie BM, Shah NB: Evolving trends in the epidemiologic factors of heart failure: Rationale for preventive strategies and comprehensive disease management. Am Heart J 1997;133:703-712
35. Sheifer SE, Manolio TA, Gersh BJ: Unrecognized myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:801-811
36. Kannel WB, Sorlie P, McNamara PM: Prognosis after initial myocardial infarction: The Framingham study. Am J Cardiol 1979;44:53-59
37. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-1389
38. Kjekshus J, Pedersen TR, Olsson AG, Faergeman O, Pyorala K: The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail 1997;3:249-254
39. SOLVD Investigators: Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left-ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med 1992;327:685-691
40. Lewis SJ, Moye LA, Sacks FM, Johnstone DE, Timmis G, Mitchell J, Limacher M, Kell S, Glasser SP, Grant J, Davis BR, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E: Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in older patients with myocardial infarction and cholesterol levels in the average range. Results of the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:681-689
41. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group: Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-1357
42. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, Fye CL, Anderson JW, Elam MB, Faas FH, Linares E, Schaefer EJ, Schectman G, Wilt TJ, Wittes J: Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:410-418
43. Mosterd A, de Bruijne MC, Hoes AW, Deckers JW, Hofman A, Grobbee DE: Usefulness of echocardiography in detecting left ventricular dysfunction in population-based studies (The Rotterdam Study). Am J Cardiol 1997;79:103-104
44. McDonagh TA, Morrison CE, Lawrence A, Ford I, Tunstall-Pedoe H, McMurray JJ, Dargie HJ: Symptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population. Lancet 1997;350:829-833
45. Davies MK, Hobbs FDR, Davis RC, Kenkre JE, Roalfe AK, Hare R, Wosornu D, Lancashire RJ: Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England study: A population based study. Lancet 2001;358:439-444
46. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, Evans JC, Levy D: Left ventricular dilatation and the risk of congestive heart failure in people without myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1350-1355
47. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJJ, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC: Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669-677
48. Swedberg K, Held P, Kjekshus J, Rasmussen K, Ryden L, Wedel H: Effects of the early administration of enalapril on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Results of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II). N Engl J Med 1992;327:678-684
49. Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B: The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1995;332:80-85
50. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC: A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1670-1676
51. van Gilst WH, Kingma JH, Peels KH, Dambrink JH, St John S: Which patient benefits from early angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition after myocardial infarction? Results of one-year serial echocardiographic follow-up from the Captopril and Thrombolysis Study (CATS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:114-121
52. Borghi C, Marino P, Zardini P, Magnani B, Collatina S, Ambrosioni E: Short- and long-term effects of early fosinopril administration in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction undergoing intravenous thrombolysis: Results from the Fosinopril in Acute Myocardial Infarction Study. FAMIS Working Party. Am Heart J 1998;136:213-225
53. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: A randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995;345:669-685
54. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'infarto Miocardico: GISSI-3: Effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1994;343:1115-1122
55. Pfeffer MA: ACE inhibition in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1995;332:118-120
56. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-153
57. Yusuf S, Pepine CJ, Garces C, Pouleur H, Salem D, Kostis J, Benedict C, Rousseau M, Bourassa M, Pitt B: Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions. Lancet 1992;340:1173-1178
58. Pfeffer MA, Greaves SC, Arnold JM, Glynn RJ, LaMotte FS, Lee RT, Menapace FJ Jr, Rapaport E, Ridker PM, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Hennekens CH: Early versus delayed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition therapy in acute myocardial infarction. The healing and early afterload reducing therapy trial. Circulation 1997;95:2643-2651
59. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NH: The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1349-1355
60. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): A randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9-13
61. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group: Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Lancet 1997;349:375-380
62. Dargie HJ: Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: The CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1385-1390
63. Exner DV, Dries DL, Waclawiw MA, Shelton B, Domanski MJ: Beta-adrenergic blocking agent use and mortality in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: A post hoc analysis of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:916-923
64. Spargias KS, Hall AS, Greenwood DC, Ball SG: Beta blocker treatment and other prognostic variables in patients with clinical evidence of heart failure after acute myocardial infarction: Evidence from the AIRE study. Heart 1999;81:25-32
65. Hunt HA, Baker DW, Chin MH, Cinquegrani MP, Feldmanmd AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Goldstein S, Gregoratos G, Jessup ML, Noble RJ, Packer M, Silver MA, Stevenson LW. Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Jacobs AK, Hiratzka LF, Russell RO, Smith SC Jr: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). Circulation 2001;104:2996-3007
66. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, Cinquegrani MP, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Goldstein S, Gregoratos G, Jessup ML, Noble RJ, Packer M, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Jacobs AK, Hiratzka LF, Russell RO, Smith SC Jr: ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:2101-2113
67. Davis KM, Fish LC, Elahi D, Clark BA, Minaker KL: Atrial natriuretic peptide levels in the prediction of congestive heart failure risk in frail elderly. JAMA 1992;267:2625-2629
68. Del Ry S, Giannessi D, Clerico A: Plasma brain natriuretic peptide measured by fully-automated immunoassay and by immunoradiometric assay compared. Clin Chem Lab Med 2001;39:446-450
69. Murdoch DR, Byrne J, Morton JJ, McDonagh TA, Robb SD, Clements S, Ford I, McMurray JJ, Dargie HJ: Brain natriuretic peptide is stable in whole blood and can be measured using a simple rapid assay: Implications for clinical practice. Heart 1997;78:594-597
70. Jensen KT, Carstens J, Ivarsen P. Pedersen EB: A new, fast and reliable radioimmunoassay of brain natriuretic peptide in human plasma. Reference values in healthy subjects and in patients with different diseases. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997;57:529-540
71. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HA, Yudkin JS, Matthews DR, Cull CA, Wright AD, Turner RC, Holman RR: Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): Prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:412-419
72. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998;317:703-713
73. Pahor M, Psaty BM, Alderman MH, Applegate WB, Williamson JD, Furberg CD: Therapeutic benefits of ACE inhibitors and other antihypertensive drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23:888-892
74. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Biggerstaff SL, Gifford N, Schrier RW: The effect of nisoldipine as compared with enalapril on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes and hypertension. N Engl J Med 1998;338:645-652
75. Tatti P, Pahor M, Byington RP, Di Mauro P, Guarisco R, Strollo G, Strollo F: Outcome results of the Fosinopril Versus Amlodipine Cardiovascular Events Randomized Trial (FACET) in patients with hypertension and NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1998;21:597-603
76. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 1998;317:713-720
77. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H, Aurup P, Edelman J, Snapinn S: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): A randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:1004-1010
78. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA: Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:405-412
79. Iribarren C, Karter AJ, Go AS, Ferrara A, Liu JY, Sidney S, Selby JV: Glycemic control and heart failure among adult patients with diabetes. Circulation 2001;103:2668-2673
80. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators: Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000;355:253-259
81. Gottdiener JS, Arnold AM, Aurigemma GP, Polak JF, Tracy RP, Kitzman DW, Gardin JM, Rutledge JE, Boineau RC: Predictors of congestive heart failure in the elderly: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:1628-1637
82. Vasan RS, Levy D: The role of hypertension in the pathogenesis of heart failure. A clinical mechanistic overview. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:1789-1796
83. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN: Ineffective secondary prevention in survivors of cardiovascular events in the US population: Report from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1621-1628
84. Schuster MA, McGlynn EA, Brook RH: How good is the quality of health care in the United States? Milbank Q 1998;76:517-563
85. Federman AD, Adams AS, Ross-Degnan D, Soumerai SB, Ayanian JZ: Supplemental insurance and use of effective cardiovascular drugs among elderly medicare beneficiaries with coronary heart disease. JAMA 2001;286:1732-1739
86. Tamblyn R, Laprise R, Hanley JA, Abrahamowicz M, Scott S, Mayo N, Hurley J, Grad R, Latimer E, Perreault R, McLeod P, Huang A, Larochelle P, Mallet L: Adverse events associated with prescription drug cost-sharing among poor and elderly persons. JAMA 2001;285:421-429
87. McDermott MM, Schmitt B, Wallner E: Impact of medication nonadherence on coronary heart disease outcomes. A critical review. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1921-1929
88. Avorn J, Monette J, Lacour A, Bohn RL, Monane M, Mogun H, LeLorier J: Persistence of use of lipid-lowering medications: A cross-national study. JAMA 1998;279:1458-1462
89. Oliveria SA, Lapuerta P, McCarthy BD, L'Italien GJ, Berlowitz DR, Asch SM: Physician-related barriers to the effective management of uncontrolled hypertension. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:413-420
90. Schulman KA, Mehta SS, Gersh BJ, Schneider EC, Wilcox CS: Study of Hypertensive Prescribing Practices (SHyPP): A national survey of primary care physicians. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 1999;1:106-114
91. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN: Self-reported hypertension treatment practices among primary care physicians: Blood pressure thresholds, drug choices, and the role of guidelines and evidence-based medicine. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2281-2286
92. Davis D, O'Brien MAT, Freemantle N, Wolf FM, Mazmanian P, Taylor-Vaisey A: Impact of formal continuing medical education. Do conferences, workshops, rounds, and other traditional continuing education activities change physician behavior or health care outcomes? JAMA 1999;282:867-874
93. Grimshaw JM, Shirran L, Thomas R, Mowatt G, Fraser C, Bero L, Grilli R, Harvey E, Oxman A, O'Brien MA: Changing provider behavior: An overview of systematic reviews of interventions. Med Care 2001;39:112-1145
94. Eisen SA, Miller DK, Woodward RS, Spitznagel E, Przybeck TR: The effect of prescribed daily dose frequency on patient medication compliance. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:1881-1884
95. Rogers MA, Small D, Buchan DA, Butch CA, Stewart CM, Krenzer BE, Husousky HL: Home monitoring service improves mean arterial pressure in patients with essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:1024-1032
96. Friedman RH, Kazis LE, Jette A, Smith MB, Stollerman J, Torgerson J, Carey K: A telecommunications system for monitoring and counseling patients with hypertension. Impact on medication adherence and blood pressure control. Am J Hypertens 1996;9:285-292
97. Steinman MA, Sands LP, Covinsky KE: Self-restriction of medications due to cost in seniors without prescription coverage. J Gen Intern Med 2001;16:793-799
98. Yarzebski J, Spencer F, Goldberg RJ, Lessard D, Gore JM: Temporal trends (1986-1997) in cholesterol level assessment and management practices in patients with acute myocardial infarction: A population-based perspective. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1521-1528
99. Jencks SF, Cuerdon T, Burwen DR, Fleming B, Houck PM, Kussmaul AE, Nilasena DS, Ordin DL, Arday DR: Quality of medical care delivered to Medicare beneficiaries: A profile at state and national levels. JAMA 2000;284:1670-1676
100. McAlister FA, Lawson FM, Teo KK, Armstrong PW: Randomised trials of secondary prevention programmes in coronary heart disease: Systematic review. BMJ 2001;323:957-962