메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2007, Pages 280-290

Clinical application of CNS-Acting agents in FSD

Author keywords

CNS; CombinationTherapy; Female Sexual Dysfunction; Multidisciplinary Approach; Sexual Tipping Point

Indexed keywords

AMFEBUTAMONE; ANDROGEN; BREMELANOTIDE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AGENTS; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN; FLIBANSERIN; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GRANISETRON; N ACETYLNORLEUCYLASPARTYLHISTIDYL DEXTRO PHENYLALANYLARGINYLTRYPTOPHYLLYSINE 2,7 CYCLIC AMIDE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE V INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SILDENAFIL; TESTOSTERONE; TIBOLONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASOACTIVE AGENT;

EID: 35648981057     PISSN: 17436095     EISSN: 17436109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00611.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (68)
  • 2
    • 0037364131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurochemical aspects of the sexual response cycle
    • Halaris A. Neurochemical aspects of the sexual response cycle. CNS Spectr 2003; 8: 211-6.
    • (2003) CNS Spectr , vol.8 , pp. 211-216
    • Halaris, A.1
  • 5
    • 35648936907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroendocrine factors in sexual desire and motivation
    • In: Goldstein I, Traish A, Davis S, Meston C, eds. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd
    • Scepkowski LA, Georgescu M, Pfaus JG. Neuroendocrine factors in sexual desire and motivation. In: Goldstein I, Traish A, Davis S, Meston C, eds. Women's sexual function and dysfunction. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd; 2005.
    • (2005) Women's Sexual Function and Dysfunction
    • Scepkowski, L.A.1    Georgescu, M.2    Pfaus, J.G.3
  • 6
    • 0038443357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female sexual dysfunction: Potential for pharmacotherapy
    • Fourcroy JL. Female sexual dysfunction: Potential for pharmacotherapy. Drugs 2003; 63: 1445-57.
    • (2003) Drugs , vol.63 , pp. 1445-1457
    • Fourcroy, J.L.1
  • 7
    • 33747743030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female sexual satisfaction and pharmaceutical intervention: A critical review of the drug intervention studies in female sexual dysfunction
    • Nijland E, Davis S, Laan E, Schultz WW. Female sexual satisfaction and pharmaceutical intervention: A critical review of the drug intervention studies in female sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 763-77.
    • (2006) J Sex Med , vol.3 , pp. 763-777
    • Nijland, E.1    Davis, S.2    Laan, E.3    Schultz, W.W.4
  • 10
    • 0002720482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirically validated treatment for sexual dysfunction
    • In: Rosen R, Davis C, Ruppel H, eds. Mount Vernon, IA: The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality
    • Heiman JR, Meston CM. Empirically validated treatment for sexual dysfunction. In: Rosen R, Davis C, Ruppel H, eds. Annual review of sex research. Mount Vernon, IA: The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality; 1998.
    • (1998) Annual Review of Sex Research
    • Heiman, J.R.1    Meston, C.M.2
  • 12
    • 0242692555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder: A double-blind, placebo controlled study
    • Berman JR, Berman LA, Toler SM, Gill J, Haughie S. Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder: A double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Urol 2003; 170: 2333-8.
    • (2003) J Urol , vol.170 , pp. 2333-2338
    • Berman, J.R.1    Berman, L.A.2    Toler, S.M.3    Gill, J.4    Haughie, S.5
  • 13
    • 0036014125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in women with sexual dysfunction associated with female sexual arousal disorder
    • Basson R, McInnes R, Smith MD, Hodgson G, Koppiker N. Efficacy and safety of sildenafil citrate in women with sexual dysfunction associated with female sexual arousal disorder. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2002; 11: 367-77.
    • (2002) J Womens Health Gend Based Med , vol.11 , pp. 367-377
    • Basson, R.1    McInnes, R.2    Smith, M.D.3    Hodgson, G.4    Koppiker, N.5
  • 15
    • 0018114276 scopus 로고
    • The effects on sexual response and mood after sterilization of women taking long-term oral contraception: Results of a double-blind cross-over study
    • Leeton J, McMaster R, Worsley A. The effects on sexual response and mood after sterilization of women taking long-term oral contraception: Results of a double-blind cross-over study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1978; 18: 194-7.
    • (1978) Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol , vol.18 , pp. 194-197
    • Leeton, J.1    McMaster, R.2    Worsley, A.3
  • 17
    • 0034660235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erectile dysfunction
    • Lue T. Erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1802-13.
    • (2000) N Engl J Med , vol.342 , pp. 1802-1813
    • Lue, T.1
  • 18
    • 0032575623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sildenafil inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 in human clitoral corpus cavernosum smooth muscle
    • Park K, Moreland RB, Goldstein I, Atala A, Traish A. Sildenafil inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 in human clitoral corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 249: 612-7.
    • (1998) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.249 , pp. 612-617
    • Park, K.1    Moreland, R.B.2    Goldstein, I.3    Atala, A.4    Traish, A.5
  • 19
    • 85031447335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US Food and Drug Administration. Available at: (accessed July 2, 2007)
    • US Food and Drug Administration. Registry of clinical trials. 2007. Available at: http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/search/ (accessed July 2, 2007).
    • (2007) Registry of Clinical Trials
  • 20
    • 34248997203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proposal for changes in diagnostic criteria for sexual dysfunctions
    • Segraves R, Balon R, Clayton A. Proposal for changes in diagnostic criteria for sexual dysfunctions. J Sex Med 2007; 4: 567-80.
    • (2007) J Sex Med , vol.4 , pp. 567-580
    • Segraves, R.1    Balon, R.2    Clayton, A.3
  • 21
    • 33747018230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topical alprostadil treatment of female sexual arousal disorder
    • Kielbasa LA, Daniel KL. Topical alprostadil treatment of female sexual arousal disorder. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40: 1369-76.
    • (2006) Ann Pharmacother , vol.40 , pp. 1369-1376
    • Kielbasa, L.A.1    Daniel, K.L.2
  • 22
    • 33744808280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical update on female androgen insufficiency - Testosterone testing and treatment in women presenting with low sexual desire
    • Burger HG, Papalia MA. A clinical update on female androgen insufficiency - Testosterone testing and treatment in women presenting with low sexual desire. Sex Health 2006; 3: 73-8.
    • (2006) Sex Health , vol.3 , pp. 73-78
    • Burger, H.G.1    Papalia, M.A.2
  • 25
    • 24344497845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone patch increases sexual activity and desire in surgically menopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder
    • Simon J. Testosterone patch increases sexual activity and desire in surgically menopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Endocrin Metab 2005; 90: 5226-33.
    • (2005) J Endocrin Metab , vol.90 , pp. 5226-5233
    • Simon, J.1
  • 28
    • 34548324673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are the Endocrine Society's Clinical Practice Guidelines on androgen therapy in women misguided? A commentary
    • Traish A, Guay A, Spark RF. Are the Endocrine Society's Clinical Practice Guidelines on androgen therapy in women misguided? A commentary. J Sex Med 2007; 4: 1223-35.
    • (2007) J Sex Med , vol.4 , pp. 1223-1235
    • Traish, A.1    Guay, A.2    Spark, R.F.3
  • 29
    • 33847692262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hormonal changes in menopause and implications on sexual health
    • Schwenkhagen A. Hormonal changes in menopause and implications on sexual health. J Sex Med 2007; 4(3 suppl): 220-6.
    • (2007) J Sex Med , vol.4 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 220-226
    • Schwenkhagen, A.1
  • 30
    • 33847766872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Current management strategies of the postmenopausal patient with sexual health problems
    • Goldstein I. Current management strategies of the postmenopausal patient with sexual health problems. J Sex Med 2007; 4(3 suppl): 235-53.
    • (2007) J Sex Med , vol.4 , Issue.3 SUPPL. , pp. 235-253
    • Goldstein, I.1
  • 31
    • 0037252621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women: Systematic review of placebo-controlled trials
    • Modelska K, Cummings S. Female sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women: Systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 286-93.
    • (2003) Am J Obstet Gynecol , vol.188 , pp. 286-293
    • Modelska, K.1    Cummings, S.2
  • 32
    • 20844431710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dopamine and norepinephrine responses to film-induced sexual arousal in sexually functional and sexually dysfunctional women
    • Meston CM, McCall KM. Dopamine and norepinephrine responses to film-induced sexual arousal in sexually functional and sexually dysfunctional women. J Sex Marital Ther 2005; 31: 303-17.
    • (2005) J Sex Marital Ther , vol.31 , pp. 303-317
    • Meston, C.M.1    McCall, K.M.2
  • 33
    • 0343807447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating cerebral regions of female sexual arousal response
    • Park K, Kang HK, Seo JJ, Kim HJ, Ryu SB, Jeong GW. Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating cerebral regions of female sexual arousal response. Urology 2001; 57: 1189-94.
    • (2001) Urology , vol.57 , pp. 1189-1194
    • Park, K.1    Kang, H.K.2    Seo, J.J.3    Kim, H.J.4    Ryu, S.B.5    Jeong, G.W.6
  • 35
    • 33748374244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are differences in cerebral activation between females in distinct menstrual phases during viewing of erotic stimuli: A fMRI study
    • Gizewski ER, Krause E, Karama S, Baars A, Senf W, Forsting M. There are differences in cerebral activation between females in distinct menstrual phases during viewing of erotic stimuli: A fMRI study. Exp Brain Res 2006; 174: 101-8.
    • (2006) Exp Brain Res , vol.174 , pp. 101-108
    • Gizewski, E.R.1    Krause, E.2    Karama, S.3    Baars, A.4    Senf, W.5    Forsting, M.6
  • 36
    • 33744791482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional MRI of the brain during orgasm in women
    • Komisaruk BR, Whipple B. Functional MRI of the brain during orgasm in women. Ann Rev Sex Res 2005; 16: 62-86.
    • (2005) Ann Rev Sex Res , vol.16 , pp. 62-86
    • Komisaruk, B.R.1    Whipple, B.2
  • 37
    • 33947380559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of functional MRI in neural assessment of female sexual dysfunction
    • Park K, Jeong GW. The role of functional MRI in neural assessment of female sexual dysfunction. Curr Sex Health Rep 2007; 4: 33-40.
    • (2007) Curr Sex Health Rep , vol.4 , pp. 33-40
    • Park, K.1    Jeong, G.W.2
  • 38
    • 0022513754 scopus 로고
    • Sexual dysfunction with antihypertensive and antipsychotic agents
    • Smith PJ, Talbert RL. Sexual dysfunction with antihypertensive and antipsychotic agents. Clin Pharm 1986; 5: 373-84.
    • (1986) Clin Pharm , vol.5 , pp. 373-384
    • Smith, P.J.1    Talbert, R.L.2
  • 39
    • 0032958811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of SSRIs on sexual function: A critical review
    • Rosen RC, Lane RM, Menza M. Effects of SSRIs on sexual function: A critical review. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19: 67-85.
    • (1999) J Clin Psychopharmacol , vol.19 , pp. 67-85
    • Rosen, R.C.1    Lane, R.M.2    Menza, M.3
  • 41
    • 33745228662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new combination treatment for premature ejaculation: A sex therapist's perspective
    • Perelman MA. A new combination treatment for premature ejaculation: A sex therapist's perspective. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 1004-12.
    • (2006) J Sex Med , vol.3 , pp. 1004-1012
    • Perelman, M.A.1
  • 42
    • 0036893805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurobiological approach to premature ejaculation
    • Waldinger MD. The neurobiological approach to premature ejaculation. J Urol 2002; 168: 2359-67.
    • (2002) J Urol , vol.168 , pp. 2359-2367
    • Waldinger, M.D.1
  • 45
    • 32844466577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Burden of phase-specific sexual dysfunction with SSRIs
    • Clayton A, Keller A, McGarvey EL. Burden of phase-specific sexual dysfunction with SSRIs. J Affect Disord 2006; 9: 27-32.
    • (2006) J Affect Disord , vol.9 , pp. 27-32
    • Clayton, A.1    Keller, A.2    McGarvey, E.L.3
  • 46
    • 0035004484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sustained-release bupropion for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study
    • Masand PS, Ashton AK, Gupta S, Frank B. Sustained-release bupropion for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 805-7.
    • (2001) Am J Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 805-807
    • Masand, P.S.1    Ashton, A.K.2    Gupta, S.3    Frank, B.4
  • 47
    • 33745411141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bupropion extended release compared with escitalopram: Effects on sexual functioning and antidepressant efficacy in 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies
    • Clayton AH, Croft HA, Horrigan JP, Wightman DS, Krishen A, Richard NE, Modell JG. Bupropion extended release compared with escitalopram: Effects on sexual functioning and antidepressant efficacy in 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67: 736-46.
    • (2006) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 736-746
    • Clayton, A.H.1    Croft, H.A.2    Horrigan, J.P.3    Wightman, D.S.4    Krishen, A.5    Richard, N.E.6    Modell, J.G.7
  • 48
    • 22744454596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of adjunctive bupropion sustained release in the treatment of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction
    • DeBattista C, Solvason B, Poirier J, Kendrick E, Loraas E. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of adjunctive bupropion sustained release in the treatment of SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66: 844-8. 8
    • (2005) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.66 , pp. 844-884
    • DeBattista, C.1    Solvason, B.2    Poirier, J.3    Kendrick, E.4    Loraas, E.5
  • 49
    • 33845898753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies for managing antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction: A review
    • Taylor MJ. Strategies for managing antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction: A review. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2006; 8: 431-6.
    • (2006) Curr Psychiatry Rep , vol.8 , pp. 431-436
    • Taylor, M.J.1
  • 51
    • 85031450678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. Available at: (accessed July 20, 2007)
    • ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical Trials registry Web site. 2007. Available at: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/search?term=flibanserin&submit= Search (accessed July 20, 2007).
    • (2007) Clinical Trials Registry Web Site
  • 52
    • 0141649531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocortins and their receptors and antagonists
    • Voisey J, Carroll L, van Daal A. Melanocortins and their receptors and antagonists. Curr Drug Targets 2003; 4: 586-97.
    • (2003) Curr Drug Targets , vol.4 , pp. 586-597
    • Voisey, J.1    Carroll, L.2    van Daal, A.3
  • 54
    • 33745230160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with Sexual Arousal Disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist
    • Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JC, Rosen RC, Perelman MA, Harning R. An Effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with Sexual Arousal Disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 628-38.
    • (2006) J Sex Med , vol.3 , pp. 628-638
    • Diamond, L.E.1    Earle, D.C.2    Heiman, J.C.3    Rosen, R.C.4    Perelman, M.A.5    Harning, R.6
  • 55
    • 33645969915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sensitivity of event logs, self-administered questionnaires and photoplethysmography to detect treatment-induced changes in Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD) diagnosis
    • Rellini A, Meston C. The sensitivity of event logs, self-administered questionnaires and photoplethysmography to detect treatment-induced changes in Female Sexual Arousal Disorder (FSAD) diagnosis. J Sex Med 2006; 3: 283-91.
    • (2006) J Sex Med , vol.3 , pp. 283-291
    • Rellini, A.1    Meston, C.2
  • 57
    • 0002720482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirically validated treatment for sexual dysfunction
    • In: Rosen R, Davis C, Ruppel H, eds. Mount Vernon, IA: The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality
    • Heiman JR, Meston CM. Empirically validated treatment for sexual dysfunction. In: Rosen R, Davis C, Ruppel H, eds. Annual review of sex research. Mount Vernon, IA: The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality; 1998.
    • (1998) Annual Review of Sex Research
    • Heiman, J.R.1    Meston, C.M.2
  • 58
    • 33745264758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Sexual Tipping Point TM: A model to conceptualize etiology, diagnosis & combination treatment of female and male sexual dysfunction
    • [abstract 121)]
    • Perelman M. The Sexual Tipping Point TM: A model to conceptualize etiology, diagnosis & combination treatment of female and male sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2006; 3(1 suppl): 52. [abstract 121)]
    • (2006) J Sex Med , vol.3 , Issue.1 SUPPL. 1 , pp. 52
    • Perelman, M.1
  • 59
    • 27744461758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychosocial evaluation and combination treatment of men with erectile dysfunction
    • Perelman MA. Psychosocial evaluation and combination treatment of men with erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am 2005; 32: 431-45.
    • (2005) Urol Clin North Am , vol.32 , pp. 431-445
    • Perelman, M.A.1
  • 60
    • 79957522764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated sex therapy: Interplay of behavioral, cognitive, and medical approaches
    • In: Carson CC, Goldstein I, Kirby RS, eds. 2nd edition. London: Informa Healthcare (in press)
    • Perelman MA. Integrated sex therapy: Interplay of behavioral, cognitive, and medical approaches. In: Carson CC, Goldstein I, Kirby RS, eds. Textbook of erectile dysfunction. 2nd edition. London: Informa Healthcare; 2008 (in press).
    • (2008) Textbook of Erectile Dysfunction
    • Perelman, M.A.1
  • 61
    • 33947379186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimizing response to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
    • Sadovsky R. Optimizing response to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Curr Sex Health Rep 2007; 4: 1-6.
    • (2007) Curr Sex Health Rep , vol.4 , pp. 1-6
    • Sadovsky, R.1
  • 62
    • 14644433798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female sexual dysfunction: Principles of diagnosis and therapy
    • Pauls RN, Kleeman SD, Karram MM. Female sexual dysfunction: Principles of diagnosis and therapy. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2005; 60: 196-205.
    • (2005) Obstet Gynecol Surv , vol.60 , pp. 196-205
    • Pauls, R.N.1    Kleeman, S.D.2    Karram, M.M.3
  • 63
    • 15844367618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lue TF, Basson R, Rosen R, Giuliano F, Khoury S, Montorsi F, eds. Paris: Health Publications
    • Lue TF, Basson R, Rosen R, Giuliano F, Khoury S, Montorsi F, eds. Sexual medicine: Sexual dysfunc tions in men and women. Paris: Health Publications; 2004.
    • (2004) Sexual Medicine: Sexual Dysfunc Tions in Men and Women
  • 65
    • 77956933995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy for sexual dysfunction: Integrating sex therapy and pharmacotherapy
    • In: Balon R, Segraves RT, eds. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis
    • Perelman MA. Combination therapy for sexual dysfunction: Integrating sex therapy and pharmacotherapy. In: Balon R, Segraves RT, eds. Handbook of sexual dysfunction. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis; 2005.
    • (2005) Handbook of Sexual Dysfunction
    • Perelman, M.A.1
  • 66
    • 0034046485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sexual compatibility and the sexual desire-motivation relation in females with hypoactive sexual desire disorder
    • Hurlbert DF, Apt C, Hurlbert MK, Pierce AP. Sexual compatibility and the sexual desire-motivation relation in females with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Behav Modif 2000; 24: 325-47.
    • (2000) Behav Modif , vol.24 , pp. 325-347
    • Hurlbert, D.F.1    Apt, C.2    Hurlbert, M.K.3    Pierce, A.P.4
  • 67
    • 0032886383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central inhibition of sexual response in the male: A theoretical perspective
    • Bancroft J. Central inhibition of sexual response in the male: A theoretical perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1999; 23: 763-84.
    • (1999) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.23 , pp. 763-784
    • Bancroft, J.1
  • 68
    • 33846946959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goldstein I, Meston CM, Davis SR, Traish AM, eds. 1st edition. London: Taylor & Francis
    • Goldstein I, Meston CM, Davis SR, Traish AM, eds. Women's sexual function and dysfunction. 1st edition. London: Taylor & Francis; 2006.
    • (2006) Women's Sexual Function and Dysfunction


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.