Institution building in Central and Eastern Europe: Foreign influences and domestic responses

Review of Central and East European Law

Volumn 32, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 333-369

  Eriksen, Svein ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Capacity building; Institution building; Legacies; Legal and administrative traditions; Policy making; Policy transfer; Political leadership; Public administration reform; Reform management; Transition processes

Indexed keywords

EID: 35048878263     PISSN: 09259880     EISSN: 15730352     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/092598807X195232     Document Type: Article

References (190)

1. I use 'Eastern' or 'East' as convenient short-hand for countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States formerly belonging to the Council for Mutual. Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact plus the former Yugoslavia and Albania and 'Western' or 'West' to refer to member states of the OECD.
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8. We owe this expression to Akos Rona-Tas, "Path Dependence and CapitalTheory: Sociology of the Post-Communist Economic Transformation", 12(1) East EuropeanPoliticsandSocieties (1998), 107-131, at 110.
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12. Janos, op.cit. note 8.
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23. Ibid., 664.
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25. The Czech author, Milan Kundera, quoted in ibid., 32.
26. Lenschow, Liefferink and Veenman, op.cit. note 20, 805 and 807.
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30. Zeljko Sevic, "Politico-Administrative Relations in Yugoslavia", in ibid., 295-319.
31. Ibid., 318.
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33. Ibid.
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35. Wollmann, op.cit. note 26;
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37. Ridley op.cit. note 34, 24.
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39. Statskonsult, Unfinished Transition. Serbian Public Administration Reform 2001-2004 (Statskonsult, Oslo, Belgrade, 2005).
40. Geoffrey Pridham, "Confining Conditions and Breaking with the Past: Historical Legacies and Political Learning in Transitions to Democracy", 7(2) Democratization (2000), 36-64, at 42.
41. Bideleux and Jeffries, op.cit. note 23, 48.
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44. Jakab and Hollan, op.cit. note 40, 28.
45. Ibid., 30.
46. Ibid.
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48. Ivo Lapenna, State and Law: Soviet and Tugoslav Theory (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1964), 88.
49. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations And the Remaking of the World Order (Simon and Schuster, London, 1997).
50. Lenschow, Liefferink and Veenman, op.cit. note 20, 801.
51. Katharina Holzinger and Christoph Knill, "Causes and Conditions of Cross-national Policy Convergence", 12(5) Journal of European Public Policy (2005), 775-796, at 790.
52. Lenschow, Liefferink and Veenman, op.cit. note 20, 799.
53. William N. Dunn, Katarina Staronova and Sergei Pushkarev, "Implementation: The Missing Link", in William N. Dunn, Katarina Staronova and Sergei Pushkarev (eds.), Implementation: The Missing Link in Public Administration Reform in Central and Eastern Europe (NISPAcee, Bratislava, 2006), 13-25;
54. and Attila Agh, "Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe", in B. Guy Peters and Jon Pierre (eds.), Handbook of Public Administration (Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2003), 536-548.
55. Birger Nerré, Steuerkultur und Steuerreform (Lit Verlag, Hamburg, 2006).
56. Geert Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations. Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. Software of the Mind (Harper Collins, London, 1994).
57. Lenschow, Liefferink and Veenman, op.cit. note 20, 806 and 807.
58. Katarina Staronova, Sergei Pushkarev and William N. Dunn, "Conclusions: Strengthening Linkages Between Administrative Reforms, Implementation, and Performance", in Dunn, Staronova and Pushkarev, op.cit. note 50, 199-205.
59. Balázs Apor et al., The Leader Cult in Communist Dictatorship. Stalin and the Eastern Bloc (Palgrave MacMillan, Basingstoke, 2004);
60. Radu Cinpoes, "The Role of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism in Romanian Post-Communist Nationalism", 30 Southeastern Europe/L'Europe du Sud-Est (2003), 39-52;
61. and Mladen Lazic, "Les obstacles sociaux et institutionells au processus de transformation en Serbie", 35(1-2) Revue d'Études Comparatives Est-Ouest (2004), 17-34.
62. Cinpoes, op.cit. note 55.
63. Monica Macovei, "Citizen and Law after Communism. Legal Culture in Romania", 7(1) East European Constitutional Review (1998), available at
64. Harald Heppner, "Modernisierung der Politik als Strukturproblem in Südosteuropa", 37(3) Österreichische Osthefte (1995), 717-746, at 744.
65. Ibid., 745.
66. Statskonsult, op.cit. note 37.
67. Aleksandra Rabrenovic, "Role Perceptions of Senior Officials in the Republic of Serbia", unpublished manuscript (2003); and ibid.
68. Pridham, op.cit. note 38.
69. Ibid.
70. Rachel A. Epstein, "When Legacies Meet Realities: NATO and the Refashioning of Polish Military Tradition", 20(2) East European Politics and Societies (2006), 254-285.
71. Ibid.
72. Verheijen and Rabrenovic, op. cit. note 28, 419.
73. Ibid., 419.
74. Pridham, op.cit. note 38.
75. Yehezkel Dror, "Gearing Central, and Eastern European Governments Towards Weaving the Future through Ruptures in History", in Bryane Michel, Rainer Kattel and Wolfgang Dreschler (eds.), Enbancing the Capacities to Govern: Challenges Facing the CEE Countries(NISPAcee, Bratislava, 2004), 17-26;
76. and Francis Fukuyama, State Building: Governance and World Order in The Twenty First Century (Profile Books, London, 2004).
77. Jean Blondel, Political leadership (Sage, London, 1987).
78. Anton Pelinka, "'Leadership': Zur Funktionalität eines Konzepts", 26(4) Österreichische Zeitschrift fur Politikwissenschaft (1997), 369-376;
79. and Ausra Park, "Starting from Scratch: The Role of Leadership in the Foreign Policymaking of the Baltic States 1991-1999", 39(2) East European Quarterly (2005), 229-270.
80. Term used by Leszek Balcerowitcz, the architect of radical Polish reforms of 1990, to describe the context of decision making in the early transition period.
81. Mitchell A. Orenstein, Out of the Red: Building Capitalism and Democracy in Postcommunist Europe (University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI 2001).
82. Statskonsult, op.cit. note 37.
83. Robert Thomas, Serbia under Milosevic. Politics in the 1990s (Hurst and Company London, 1998);
84. Antje Helmerich, "Kroatien unter Franjo Tudman Plebiszitärer Autoritarismus hinter demokratischer Fassade", 53(2) Südost Europa Zeitschrift fur Gegenwartsforschung (2005), 242-271;
85. and Jeffrey S. Kopstein and David A. Reilly "Postcommunist Spaces: A Political Geography Approach to Explaining Postcommunist Outcomes", in Grzgorx Ekiert and Stephen E. Hanson (eds.), Capitalism and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe:Assessing the Legacy of the Communist Rule (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003), 120-154.
86. Manfred Füllsack, "Reform oder Restauration? Zur Transformation der Höheren Bildung im östlichen Europa", 46(1-2) Österreichische Osthefte (2004), 143-160.
87. Coombes, op.cit. note 9.
88. SIGMA, "Public Administration in the Balkans: Overview", SIGMA Assessment Report (2004), 8 and 10, available at .
89. Statskonsult, op.cit. note 37.
90. Barbara Lippert and Gaby Umbach, The Pressure of Europeanisation: From Post-communist State Administrations to NormalPlayers in the EUSystem (Nomos Europäische Schriften, Baden-Baden, 2005).
91. Attila Agh, "The Reform of the State Administration in Hungary: The Capacity of Core Ministries to Manage Europeanization", paper presented at the ECPR Turin Session, March 2002;
92. and Radoslaw Zubek, "A Core in Check: The Transformation of the Polish Core Executive", 8(6) Journal of European Public Policy (2001), 911-932.
93. Norman Cigar, Vojislav Kostunica and Serbia's Future (The Bosnian Institute, London, 2001).
94. Miroslav Beblavy "Management of Civil Service Reform in Central Europe", undated manuscript.
95. Statskonsult, op.cit. note 37.
96. Beblavy op.cit. note 83.
97. Statskonsult, Functional Review of the Serbian Ministry of State Administration and Local Self Government (Statskonsult, Oslo, 2006).
98. Beblavy op.cit. note 83.
99. Statskonsult, op.cit, note 37.
100. Dunn, Staronova and Pushkarev, op.cit. note 50, 23.
101. Ibid.
102. Statskonsult, op.cit. note 86.
103. Statskonsult, op.cit. note 37.
104. SIGMA, op.cit. note 78, 10.
105. Ronald Young, "Mercenaries, Missionaries or ... Consultants? Is Administrative Reform in Transition Countries a Business, Religion or ... Surgery?", paper presented at the 14th Annual Conference of the NISPAcee, May 2006, Ljubljana, Slovenia available at .
106. Benjamin B. Page, "First Steps: The Rockefeller Foundation in Early Czechoslovakia", 35(3) East European Quarterly (2001), 259-308, at 282.
107. Development Researchers' Network Consortium, "Evaluation of the Assistance to the Balkan Countries Under CARDS Regulation 2666/2000", Synthesis Report Vol.I, Findings of the Evaluation (2004);
108. and Statskonsult, op.cit. note 37.
109. Statskonsult, op.cit. note 37.
110. Interview with the author.
111. David Bailey and Lisa De Propris, "A Bridge Too Phare? EU Pre-Accession Aid and Capacity-Building in the Candidate Countries", 42(1) Journal of Common Market Studies (2004), 77-98.
112. International Policy Services, "An Evaluation of Phare Public Administration Programmes. Final Report", March 1999, available at .
113. Bailey and De Propris, op.cit. note 99.
114. International Policy Services, op.cit. note 100.
115. Ibid.
116. Marie-Janine Calic, "Strategien zur Europäisierungdes Westlichen Balkans. Der Stabilisierungs-und Assoziierungsprozeß auf dem Prüfstand", 53(1) Südosteuropa (2005), 1-37.
117. Statskonsult, op.cit. note 37.
118. The World Bank, Capacity Building in Africa. An OED Evaluation of World Bank Support (World Bank, Washington, DC, 2005).
119. Calic, op.cit. note 104.
120. Colin Bennet, "Review Article: What is Policy Convergence and What Causes It?", 21(2) British Journal of Political Science (1991), 215-233.
121. Holzinger and Knill, op.cit. note 48.
122. Adam Przeworski, "Institutions Matter?", 39(4) Government and Opposition (2004), 527-540.
123. Stephen Walt quoted in Diane Stone, "Learning Lessons, Policy Transfer and the International Diffusion of Policy Ideas", Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation Working Paper No.69/01, April. 2001.
124. Giuliano Amato et al., "The Balkans in Europe's Future", 52(2) SüdOst-Europa Zeitschrift für Gegenwartsforschung(2005), 185-212.
125. See, also, the German political scientist, Herfried Münkler, as quoted in Charles S. Maier, "Imperien als ambivalente Ordnungsmächte in Europa 1905-2005", 30 Transit (2005/2006), 27-37, at 37.
126. Niall Fergusson, Empire. How Britain Made the Modern World (Penguin, London, 2004);
127. and Wilson Wong, "From a British-Style Administrative State to a Chinese-Style Political State. Civil Service Reforms in Hong Kong after the Transfer of Sovereignty", CNAPS Working Paper (2003), available at .
128. Fergusson, op.cit. note 113.
129. David Phillips and Kimberly Ochs (eds.), Educational Policy Borrowing: Historical Perspectives (Symposion, Oxford, 2004).
130. Maria Todorova, Imaging the Balkans (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997), 170.
131. Ibid.
132. Goetz, op.cit. note 36, 1033.
133. Savicka, op.cit. note 4.
134. Frank Emmert, "Administrative and Court Reform in Central and Eastern Europe", 9(3)European Law Journal (2003), 288-315, at 288.
135. Carlos Lopes and Thomas Theison, Ownership, Leadership and Transformation. Can We Do Better for Capacity Development? (Earthscan, London, 2003).
136. Wedel, op.cit. note 5, 79.
137. Ibid.
138. Young, op.cit. note 94;
139. and Coombes, op.cit. note 9.
140. Iwona Sobies and Michiel de Vries, "The Non-Implementation of Western Assistance Programmes: The Advisor's Point of View", in Dunn, Staronova and Pushkarev, op.cit. note 50, 65-87, at 83.
141. Stone, op.cit. note in.
142. Wedel, op.cit. note 5.
143. David P. Dolowitz and David Marsh, "Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making", 13(1) Governance:An International Journal ofPolicy and Administration(2000), 5-24.
144. Offe, op.cit. note 4, 2.
145. Ibid.
146. Edgar Hösch, Geschichte des Balkans (Verlag C.H. Beck oHG, München, 2004), 67.
147. Heppner, op.cit. note 58.
148. Ibid, 728.
149. Hösch, op.cit. note 131, 63.
150. The 1811 Austrian Civil Code has been described as a kind of equivalent to the present acquis communautaire. See Helmut Slapnicka, Österreichs Recht außerhalb Österreichs' (Verlag für Geschichte und Politik, Vienna, 1973), 36.
151. Pridham, op.cit. note 38, 42;
152. and Jacques Rupnik, "The Postcommunist Divide", 10(1) Journal of Democracy (1999), 57-62, at 60.
153. Slapnicka, op.cit. note 135, 36.
154. Bundesgesetz vom 21. Juli 1925 über das allgemeine Verwaltungsverfahren (Allgemeines Ver waltungsverfahrensgesetz) [Federal Law of 21 July 1925 on General Administrative Proceedings (GeneralAdministrative Proceedings Law)], signed 21 July 1925, Bundesgesetzblatt für die Republik Österreich [Federal. Law Gazette for the Republic of Austria] (1925) No.274.
155. Slapnicka, op.cit. note 135, 42.
156. Then a part of Czechoslovakia. 141 Slapnicka, op.cit. note 135, 95.
157. Rupnik, op.cit. note 136.
158. Andreas Bilinsky "Das sowjetische Verwaltungsverfahren vor dem Hintergrund des Verwaltungsverfahrens in den übrigen osteuropäischen Staaten", 20(1) Jahrbuch für Ostrecht (1979), 425-458.
159. Ibid.
160. Hubert Izdebski, Introduction to Public Administration and Administrative Law (LIBER sp. z.0.0., Warsaw, undated).
161. Ibid., 107.
162. These territories were directly governed by the Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
163. These parts of present-day Croatia (Croatia and Slavonia) were governed by Hungary (as part of the Austro-Hungarian double monarchy) from 1867 until. 1918.
164. Bosnia and Herzegovina were placed under Austro-Hungarian administration by the Berlin Congress in 1878 (though it formally still, belonged to the Ottoman Empire) and forcibly annexed by the Danube Monarchy in 1908. The territory was jointly governed by both parts of the Empire.
165. Vojvodina, which became part of Serbia after the Second World War, was governed by Hungary from 1867 until 1918. Thus, Hungarian (common) law applied here.
166. Ibid., 49.
167. Slapnicka, op.cit. note 135, 47.
168. Ibid.
169. Ibid., 48.
170. Ibid.
171. Ibid.
172. Ibid., 61.
173. Ibid., 62.
174. Ibid.,61-62.
175. See, for example, Michael Emerson and Gergana Noutcheva, "Europeanisation as a Gravity Model of Democratisation", paper presented at the Conference on Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law: EU and US Strategies and Instruments, October 2004, Stanford University, available at 〈http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20744/Europeanisation_and_democratisation- Stanford_28.94.pdf〉.
176. Alexander Cooley, "Western Conditions and Domestic Choices: The Influence of External Actors on the Post-Communist Transition", 2002, 35, available at 〈http://www.unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/ NISPA/cee/UNPAN012485.pdf〉.
177. Coombes and Meaker, op.cit. note 9, 11.
178. Judith Kelley "New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms through the New European Neighbourhood Policy", 44(1) Journal'of Common Market Studies (2006), 29-55, at 39.
179. The arguments in this and the next paragraph (Communication) is largely based on Heather Grabbe, "How does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality Diffusion and Diversity", 8(6) Journal of European Public Policy (2001), 1013-1031;
180. and Goetz, op.cit. note 36.
181. Bernard Steunenberg and Antoaneta Dimitrova, "Compliance in the EU Enlargement Process: Institutional Reform and the Limits of Conditionality" , paper presented at the 6th Corsican Law and Economics Workshop, May 2005, Reims, France, 1.
182. Kelley op.cit. note 163, 39.
183. Phare originally stood for 'Poland, Hungary Aid for the Reconstruction of the Economy'. It was the EU's financial instrument designed to assist Central European countries in their transition from economically and politically centralized systems to decentralized market economies and democratic societies.
184. PLS Ramboll Management and Eureval-C3E, "Phare ex post Evaluation of Country Support Implemented from 1997-1998 to 2000-2001. Consolidated Summary Report", May 2003.
185. The ENP is a framework, for cooperation between the EU and all North African and Middle Eastern EU sea border states, the land states of Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, and also the states of the Caucasus.
186. Kelley op.cit. note 163.
187. Verheijen, op.cit. note 9.
188. Ibid.
189. Lippert and Umbach, op.cit. note 80.
190. Simon Bulmer and Martin Burch, "The Europeanization of UK Government: From Quiet Revolution to Explicit Step-Change?", 83(4) Public Administration (2005), 861-890, at 864.