The European Union's strategy towards the Western Balkans: Exclusion or integration?

East European Politics and Societies

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 659-690

  Türkes, Mustafa ^a   Gökgöz, Göksu ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Authoritarianism; Commission's regional initiatives; Gramsci; Hegemonic project; Neoliberal restructuring; Open ended process; Western Balkans

Indexed keywords

EID: 33749624528     PISSN: 08883254     EISSN: 15338371     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0888325406293289     Document Type: Review

References (92)

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3. Karen Smith, The Making of EU Foreign Policy: The Case of Eastern Europe (New York: St. Martin's, 1999), 155-61.
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5. Lake, "Europe and the Balkans: A Strategy for Integration," 21.
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7. H. Smith, European Union Foreign Policy, 254.
8. See Grzegorz W. Kolodko, "Transition to a Market Economy and Sustained Growth. Implications for the Post-Washington Consensus," Communist and Post-Communist Studies 32 (1999): 233-61;
9. see also Grzegorz Ekiert and Jan Zielonka, "Introduction: Academic Boundaries and Path Dependencies Facing the EU's Eastward Enlargement," East European Politics and Societies 17:1(2003): 7-23;
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14. Lena Kolarska-Bobinnska, "Will Enlargement Strengthen Institutions in East Central Europe?" East European Politics and Societies 17:1(2003): 91-98;
15. Peter Mair, "Popular Democracy and EU Enlargement," East European Politics and Societies 17:1(2003): 58-63;
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17. See http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eca/europeanintegration.nsf (accessed 10 March, 2004). For Foreign Direct Investments in the Western Balkans, see also South Eastern Europe Economic Statistics (Bratislava, Slovakia: Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, 2001), 121-34. See also Country Reports, Economist Intelligence Unit, www.eiu.com.
18. Mustafa Türkes, "The Double Process: Transition and Integration and Its Impact on the Balkans," In Petar-Emil Mitev and James Riordan, eds., Towards Non-violence and Dialogue Culture in Southeast Europe (Sofia, Bulgaria: Iztok-Zapad Publishing House, 2004), 13.
19. For the speech of Chris Patten, see the International Crisis Group, Brussels, 10 July 2001, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/news/ patten/sp_balkans.htm (accessed 18 January 2004).
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21. Othon Anastasakis and Dimitrav Bechey "EU Conditionality in South-East Europe: Bringing Commitment to the Process," European Balkan Observer 1:2(2003): 2-4.
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26. Geoffrey Pridham, Perspectives on European Politics and Society I bid. 59.
27. Mike Mannin, ed., Pushing Back the Boundaries: The European Union and Central and Eastern Europe (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1999).
28. K. Smith, The Making of EU Foreign Policy, 49.
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30. John Peterson and Helene Sjursen, eds., A Common Foreign Policy for Europe? (New York: Routledge, 1998), 20.
31. A Common Foreign Policy for Europe? (Ibid., 20.
32. Immanuel Wallerstein, Geopolitics and Geoculture: Essays on the Changing World System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). 8.
33. See also Bretherton and Vogler, European Union as a Global Actor, 25.
34. Wallerstein, Geopolitics and Geoculture, 63.
35. H. Smith, European Union Foreign Policy, 241.
36. Ian Manners, "Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?" Journal of Common Market Studies 40:2(2002): 235-58;
37. and Michael Smith, "Does the Flag Folow Trade?" In John Peterson and Helene Sjursen, eds., A Common Foreign Policy for Europe? (New York: Routledge, 1998), 77-94.
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40. and Robert W. Cox, "Structural Issues of Global Governance: Implications for Europe," In S. Gill, ed., Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 259-89.
41. Andreas Bieler, "The Struggle over EU Enlargement: A Historical Materialist Analysis of European Integration," Journal of European Public Policy 9:4(2002): 575-97;
42. and Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton, "Theoretical Concepts and Methodological Issues," In Andreas Bieler and Adam David Morton, eds., Social Forces in the Making of the New Europe: The Restructuring of European Social Relations in the Global Political Economy (London: Palgrave, 2001), 3-24.
43. Otto Holman, "The Enlargement of the European Union towards Central and Eastern Europe: The Role of Supranational and Transnational Actors," In Bieler and Morton, Social Forces in the Making of the New Europe, 161-84.
44. Bieler, "The Struggle over EU Enlargement," 575.
45. See European Round Table of Industrialists' Report on Wider Europe, "ERT's Vision of a Bigger Single Market the Position of the European Round Table of Industrialists on the EU's Neighbourhood Policy," May 2004, http://www.ert.be/pe/ene_frame.htm (accessed 20 September 2004).
46. Evans's definition of the "the triple alliance" - local capital, international capital, and state capital - has some relevance to our point. Evans, however, used the term triple alliance in the framework of dependent development analysis and in the Brazilian case of the 1970s without using the term hegemonic project. For this, see Peter Evans, Dependent Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979), 11, 53; 275. In the case of the Western Balkans of the 1990s, it is not possible to argue that the hegemonic project is formed only on such a "triple alliance"; ethnopolitical groups and NGOs are also involved in the formation of hegemonic projects in this region.
47. See Joseph Rothschild, East Central Europe between the Two World Wars, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989), 3-24;
48. Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The Establishment of the Balkan National States (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993), 2;
49. R. J. Crampton, The Balkans since the Second World War (London: Longman, 2002);
50. and Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origin, History, Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984).
51. The term return to diversity is borrowed from Joseph Rothschild, Return to Diversity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
52. Türkes, "The Double Process: Transition and Integration and Its Impact on the Balkans," 20.
53. The Contact Group was formed with representatives from the United States. Britain, the Russian Federation, France, Germany, and Italy
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59. Personal interviews between the authors and representatives of the Balkan countries in Ankara in 1999.
60. For details, see "The Regional Approach," http://europa.eu.int/ comm/external_relations/see/docs/reg_approach_96.htm (accessed 18 January 2004).
61. Anastasakis and Bechev, "EU Conditionality," 7.
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63. Available at http://www.stabilitypact.org/about/ (accessed 18 January 2004).
64. Available at http://www.europe.eu.int/comm/external_relations/see/region/ europe_integration.pdf (accessed 19 January 2004).
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66. Text of Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, Cologne, 10 June 1999. http://www.stabilitypact.org/about/ (accessed 18 January 2004).
67. Kramer, "The EU in the Balkans," 27.
68. Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/see/sap/index. htm (accessed 18 January 2004).
69. Kramer, "The EU in the Balkans," 29.
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72. Anastasakis and Bechev, "EU Conditionally," 7.
73. Kramer, "The EU in the Balkans," 33.
74. Kramer, "The EU in the Balkans," Ibid., 32.
75. Michael Emerson, "Reconsidering EU Policy for South East Europe after the Regime Changes in Serbia and Croatia," Europe South-East Monitor, www.ceps.be/Default.php (accessed 18 January 2004).
76. "The Declaration of the Zagreb Summit," http://www.europa.eu. int/comm/external_relations/see/sum_11_00/index.htm (accessed 18 January 2004).
77. Article 2 of "EU-Western Balkans Summit Declaration," http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/see/sum_06_03/decl.htm (accessed 19 January 2004).
78. Wim van Meurs and Stefani Weiss, "The Next Europe: Southeastern Europe after Thessaloniki," C.A.P. Working Paper, July 2003. www.cap.uni-muenchen.de/bertelsmann/soe.htm (accessed 16 January 2004).
79. Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/see/sum_06_03/ decl.htm (accessed 30 June 2003). See also van Meurs and Weiss, "The Next Europe," 1-8.
80. van Meurs and Weiss, "The Next Europe," 3.
81. Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/see/sum_06_03/ decl.htm (accessed 30 June 2003).
82. van Meurs and Weiss, "The Next Europe," 3.
83. European Stability Initiative (ESI), "Western Balkans - Assistance, Cohesion and the New Boundaries of Europe: A Call for Policy Reform," www.esiweb.org (accessed 20 October 2003).
84. ESI, "The Road to Thessaloniki: Cohesion and the Western Balkans," www.esiweb.org (accessed 20 October 2003).
85. ESI, "Western Balkans," 9.
86. "Western Balkans," Ibid., 5.
87. Ivan Krastev, "The Balkans: Democracy without Choices," Journal of Democracy 13:3(2002): 40.
88. Anastasakis and Bechev, "EU Conditionality," 17.
89. Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13:1(2002): 15.
90. The letter, sent in mid-July to EU Ministerial Council Chair Bernard Bot and EU Representative for Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana, was apparently leaked to the Montenegrin paper Vijesti and published on 10 September 2004. For the published letter, see "Serbia and Montenegro Special Issue," IWPR'S Balkan Crisis Report no. 516, 17 September 2004.
91. See 'Annan: Broad Agreement Reached on Integrated Strategy for Kosovo," Southeast European Times, 23 September 2004, http//:www.setimes. com (accessed 24 September 2004).
92. Ivan Vitànyi, "The Future of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europeans in the New Europe," In Jody Jensen, ed., Europe Bound: Faultlines and Frontlines of Security in the Balkans (Szombathely, Hungary: Savaria University Press, 2003), 15.