Increasing minority representation in the health care professions

Journal of Allied Health

Volumn 36, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 165-175

  Gabard, Donald L ^a  

^a CHAPMAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; CULTURAL COMPETENCE; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; JURISPRUDENCE; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MINORITY GROUP; OCCUPATION; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; REVIEW; SCHOOL; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

ALLIED HEALTH OCCUPATIONS; COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION; CULTURAL COMPETENCY; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MINORITY GROUPS; PREJUDICE; SCHOOL ADMISSION CRITERIA; SCHOOLS, HEALTH OCCUPATIONS; SUPREME COURT DECISIONS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 35048873199     PISSN: 00907421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Gabard DL, Cooper TL: Race: constructs and dilemmas. Admin Soc 1998; 30:339-356.
2. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds: Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003: p 5.
3. Geiger HJ: Race and health care - an American dilemma? N Engl J Med 1996; 335:815-816.
4. Brief of the Association of American Medical Colleges, et al., as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents. Grutter v Bollinger, 137 F. Supp.2d 821 (E.D. Mich. 2001).
5. The Sullivan Commission: Missing Persons: Minorities in the Health Professions. 2004. Available at: http://www.sullivancommission.org. Accessed Jan 5, 2005.
6. Hannan E, Van Ryn M, Burke J, et al: Access to coronary artery bypass surgery by race/ethnicity and gender among patients who are appropriate for surgery. Med Care 1999; 37:68-77.
7. Thompson GE: Discrimination in health care. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:910-911.
8. Cooper GS, Yuan Z, Landefeld CS, et al: Surgery for colorectal cancer: race-related differences in rates and survival among Medicare beneficiaries. Am J Public Health 1996; 86:582-586.
9. Soucie JM, Neylan JF, McClellan W: Race and sex differences in the identification of candidates for renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 19:414-419.
10. Kogan MC, Kotelchuck M, Alexander GR, et al: Racial disparities in reporting prenatal care advice form health care providers. Am J Public Health 1994; 84:82-88.
11. Yergan J, Flood AB, LoGerfo JP, et al: Relationship between patient race and the intensity of hospital services. Med Care 1987; 25:592-603.
12. Gornick ME, Eggers PW, Reilly TW, et al: Effects of race and income on mortality and use of services among Medicare beneficiaries. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:791-799.
13. Schulman KA, Berlin J A, Harless W, et al: The effect of race and sex on physicians' recommendations for cardiac catheterization. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:618-626.
14. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Council on Graduate Medical Education Twelfth Report: Minorities in Medicine. Washington, DC: Health Resources and Services Administration; 1998.
15. Association of American Medical Colleges: Questions and answers on affirmative action in medical education. April 1998. Available at: http://www.aamc.org. Accessed Dec 19, 2004.
16. Milem JF. The educational benefits of diversity: evidence from multiple sectors. In: Chang MJ, Witt D, Jones J, et al (eds). Compelling Interest: Examining the Evidence on Racial Dynamics in Colleges and Universities. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2003.
17. Crandall SJS, Volk RJ, Loemker V: Medical students' attitudes toward providing care for the underserved: are we training socially responsible physicians? JAMA 1993; 269:2519-2523.
18. Crandall SJS, Volk RJ, Cacy D: A longitudinal investigation of medical student attitudes toward the medically indigent. Teach Learn Med 1997; 9:254-260.
19. Rest JR, Narvaez D (eds): Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1994.
20. Rest J, Narvaez D, Bebeau MJ, et al: Postconventional Moral Thinking: A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1999.
21. Garza H: Speaking in one voice: the response of higher education to affirmative action threats. J Dent Educ 1999; 63:753-758.
22. Gordon SP: Making meaning of whiteness: a pedagogical approach for multicultural education. J Phys Ther Educ 2005; 19:21-28.
23. Libby DL, Zhou Z, Kindig DA: Will minority physicians supply meet U.S. needs? Health Aff 1997; 16:205-214.
24. Davidson RC, Montoya R: The distribution of services to the underserved. West J Med 1987; 146:114-117.
25. Byrd W, Clayton L, Kinchen K, et al: African American physicians' view on health reform: results of a survey. J Natl Med Assoc 1994; 86:191-199.
26. Komaromy M, Grumbach K, Drake M, et al: The role of black and Hispanic physicians in providing health care for underserved populations. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1305-1310.
27. Sinkford JC, Valachovic RW: Affirmative action: essential to achieving justice and good health care for all in America. J Dent Educ 2003; 67:468-472.
28. Turner CB, Turner BF: Who treats minorities? Cult Divers Ment Health 1996; 2:175-182.
29. Cantor JC, Miles EL, Baker LC, et al: Physician service to the underserved: implications for affirmative action in medical education. Inquiry 1996; 33:167-180.
30. Keith SN, Bell RM, Swanson AG, et al: Effects of affirmative action in medical school. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1519-1524.
31. Rabinowitz HK, Diamond JJ, Veloski JJ, et al: The impact of multiple predictors on generalist physicians' care of underserved populations. Am J Public Health 2000; 90:1225-1228.
32. American Association of Medical Colleges: Assessing medical school admissions policies: implications of the U.S. Supreme Court's affirmative action decisions. September 2003. Available at: http://www.aamc.org. Accessed Sep 2, 2004.
33. MGT of America: Programs and strategies to recruit minorities in chiropractic education. 2000. Available at: http://www.mgtamer. com. Accessed J an 10, 2005.
34. Cohen JJ, Gabriel BA, Terrell C: The case for diversity in the health care workforce. Health Aff 2002; 21(5):90-102.
35. Association of American Medical Colleges: Finishing the bridge to diversity. 1996. Available at: http://www.aamc.org. Accessed Oct 13, 2004.
36. Cohen JJ: The consequences of premature abandonment of affirmative action in medical school admissions. JAMA 2003; 289: 1143-1149.
37. U.S. Census Bureau: U.S. interim projections by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. 2004. Available at: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/ usinterimproj/. Accessed Jan 10, 2005.
38. US Bureau of the Census: Census 2000 EEO Data Tool. Available at: http://www.census.gov. Accessed Apr 28, 2006.
39. Weaver RG, Haden NK, Valachovic RW: Annual ADEA survey of dental school seniors: 2003 graduating class. J Dent Educ 2004; 68:1004-1027.
40. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Institutional Research Report Series. Profile of Pharmacy Students - Fall 2003. 2004.
41. st year enrollment: 2004. American Medical Association. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/article/12934.html. Accessed Jan 5, 2005.
42. 2004 Fact Sheet, Physical Therapist Education Programs, American Physical Therapy Association. Available at: http://www.apta.org/documents/public/accred/ 2004PTFactSheet.pdf. Accessed Jan 4, 2005.
43. National Center for Educational Statistics, U.S. Department of Education: A descriptive summary of 1999-2000 bachelor's degree recipients 1 year later. Available at: http://nces.ed.gov/programs/quarterly/vol_5/5_3/4_.asp-33.1KB. Accessed Oct 18, 2004.
44. National Center for Educational Statistics: Grade-point average overall and in major field of study for 1999-2000 bachelor's degree recipients, by student demographic and academic characteristics. Available at: http://nces.ed.gov/das/library/tables_listings/show_nedrc.asp?rt=p&tableID= 24. Accessed Oct 18, 2004.
45. Personal communication from Mary Jane Harris at the American Physical Therapy Association, Nov 15, 2004.
46. Golden D: Schools find ways to achieve diversity without key tool. The Wall Street Journal June 20, 2003:1.1.
47. Gabard DL, Martin MW: Physical Therapy Ethics. Philadelphia: EA. Davis; 2003: p 107.
48. Caplan L: Up Against the Law: Affirmative Action and the Supreme Court. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund Press; 1997: p 17.
49. Grutter v. Bollinger et al., 539 U.S. 306 (2003) at 343.
50. Bowen WG, Kurzweil MA, Tobin EM: Equity and Excellence in American Education. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press; 2005.
51. Ready T: The impact of affirmative action on medical education and the nation's health. In: Orfield G, Kurlaender M (eds): Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Publishing Group; 2001: p. 210.
52. Affirmative action. Lancet 1999; 353:1.
53. Davidson RC, Lewis EL: Affirmative action and other special consideration admissions at the University of California, Davis, School of Medicine. JAMA 1997; 278:1153-1158.
54. Whitla DK, Orfield G, Silen W, et al: Educational benefits of diversity in medical schools: a survey of students. Acad Med 2003; 78:460-466.
55. Gratz v Bollinger, 122 F. Supp.2d 811 (E.D. Mich. 2000).
56. Grutter v Bollinger, 137 F. Supp.2d 821 (E.D. Mich. 2001).
57. Bollinger LC: The need for diversity in higher education. Acad Med 2003; 78:431-436.
58. Moreno PB: A history of affirmative action law and its relation to college admission. J Coll Adm 2003; 179:14-21.
59. Bowen WG, Bok DC: The Shape of the River. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1998.
60. Choi LW: Affirmative action in medical school admissions: minority underrepresentation in medicine. Pharos 2000; Autumn:4-9.
61. Tomsho R: Texas's race-neutral diversity plan may face overhaul. The Wall Street Journal June 20, 2003:B1.
62. Institute of Medicine: In the Nation's Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004: p 12.
63. American Psychological Association (APA) Committee on Accreditation: Guidelines and Principles for Accreditation of Programs in Professional Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2002.
64. Rudenstine NL: Student diversity and higher learning In: Orfield G, Kurlaender M (eds). Diversity Challenged: Evidence on the Impact of Affirmative Action. Cambridge, MA: The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, Harvard Education Publishing Group; 2001: pp 1-113.
65. McGaghie WC: Qualitative variables in medical school admission. Acad Med 1990; 65:145-149.
66. Maheux B, Beland F, Pineault R, et al: Do conventional and innovative medical schools recruit different students? Med Educ 1989; 23:30-38.
67. Hays RB: Choosing a career in general practice: the influence of medical schools. Med Educ 1993; 27:254-258.
68. Johnson EK, Edwards JC: Current practices in admissions interviews at U.S. medical schools. Acad Med 1991; 66:408-412.
69. Ara T: Minority students, affirmative action, and the admission process: a literature review, 1987-1998. Teach Learn Med 2000; 12:40.
70. Gabard DL, Porzio R, Oxford T, et al: Admission interviews: questions of utility and cost in masters of physical therapy programs in the United States. Physiother Res Intl 1997; 2:135-166.
71. American Medical Association: Distribution of U.S. medical school faculty by rank and ethnicity 2001. Available at: www.amaassn.org/ama/pub/article/168- 1536.html. Accessed Oct 18, 2004.
72. Helms LB, Helms CM: Affirmative action in medical education: a legal perspective. Acad Med 1998; 73:231-236.
73. American Association of Medical Colleges: Questions and Answers on Affirmative Action in Medical Education. Washington, DC: American Association of Medical Colleges; Apr 1998.
74. McGaghie WC: Perspectives on medical school admission. Acad Med 1990; 65:136-139.
75. The fair and appropriate use of GRE scores: a statement from the GRE Board. Available at: http://www.gre.org/grescores.html. Accessed Jan 4, 2005.
76. Dunce NR, Hezlett SA, Ones DS: A comprehensive meta-analysis of the predictive validity of the graduate record examinations: implications for graduate student selection and performance. Psychol Bull 2001; 127:162-181.
77. Stayhorn G, Frierson H: Assessing correlations between black and white students' perceptions of the medical school learning environment, their academic performances and their well-being. Acad Med 1989; 64:468-473.
78. Huxham GJ, Lipton A, Hamilton D, et al: What 'makes' a good doctor? Med Educ 1989; 23:3-13.
79. Sisola SW: Moral reasoning as a predictor of clinical practice: the development of physical therapy students across the professional curriculum. J Phys Ther Educ 2000; 14:26-35.
80. Rest J, Narvaez D, Bebeau MJ, et al: Postconventional Moral Thinking: A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1999.
81. Grandy J: Graduate record examinations trends & profiles: second edition: statistics about general test examinees by gender, age, and ethnicity. Available at: http://www.gre.org/resminpop.html. Accessed Oct 13, 2004.
82. Brief of the National Urban League, The Southern Christian Leadership Conference of Los Angeles, and the National Rainbow/Push Coalition as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents. Grutter v Bollinger, 137 F. Supp.2d 821 (E.D. Mich. 2001).
83. Morgan RC: Impact of anti-affirmative action on medical school enrollment. J Natl Med Assoc 2001; 93:S8-S10.
84. Witt D, Chang MJ, Hakuta K: Introduction. In: Chang MJ, Witt D, Jones J, et al (eds). Compelling Interest: Examining the Evidence on Racial Dynamics in Colleges and Universities. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2003.