Will Minority Physician Supply Meet U.S. Needs?

Health Affairs

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 205-214

  Libby, Donald L ^a   Zhou, Zijun ^a   Kindig, David A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; ETHNIC GROUP; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; MANPOWER; MINORITY GROUP; PHYSICIAN; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

CULTURAL DIVERSITY; ETHNIC GROUPS; HEALTH SERVICES NEEDS AND DEMAND; HUMANS; MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS; MINORITY GROUPS; PHYSICIANS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0001674746     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.16.4.205     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. J. Weiner, "Forecasting the Effects of Health Reform on U.S. Physician Workforce Requirement: Evidence from HMO Staffing Patterns," Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 3 (1994): 222-230; and S. Gamliel et al., "Managed Care on the March: Will Physicians Meet the Challenge?" Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 131-142.
2. J. Weiner, "Forecasting the Effects of Health Reform on U.S. Physician Workforce Requirement: Evidence from HMO Staffing Patterns," Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 3 (1994): 222-230; and S. Gamliel et al., "Managed Care on the March: Will Physicians Meet the Challenge?" Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 131-142.
3. Council on Graduate Medical Education, Improving Access to Health Care through Physician Workforce Reform: Directions for the 21st Century, Third Report (Rockville, Md.: COGME/Health Resources and Services Administration, 1992).
4. R.L. Ernst and D.E. Yett, Physician Location and Specialty Choice (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1985); C. Johnson, "Access to Health Care in America," Journal of the National Medical Association 83, no. 3 (1991): 199; M. Komaromy et al., "The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations," The New England Journal of Medicine 334, no. 20 (1996): 1305-1310; J.C. Cantor et al., "Physician Service to the Underserved: Implications for Affirmative Action in Medical Education," Inquiry (Summer 1996): 167-180; M.F. Goldsmith, C. Marwick, and C. Olson, "Minority Physician Training: Critical for Improving Overall Health of Nation," Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (1989): 187-189; and Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, "Black-White Disparities in Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 263, no. 17 (1990): 2344-2346.
5. R.L. Ernst and D.E. Yett, Physician Location and Specialty Choice (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1985); C. Johnson, "Access to Health Care in America," Journal of the National Medical Association 83, no. 3 (1991): 199; M. Komaromy et al., "The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations," The New England Journal of Medicine 334, no. 20 (1996): 1305-1310; J.C. Cantor et al., "Physician Service to the Underserved: Implications for Affirmative Action in Medical Education," Inquiry (Summer 1996): 167-180; M.F. Goldsmith, C. Marwick, and C. Olson, "Minority Physician Training: Critical for Improving Overall Health of Nation," Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (1989): 187-189; and Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, "Black-White Disparities in Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 263, no. 17 (1990): 2344-2346.
6. R.L. Ernst and D.E. Yett, Physician Location and Specialty Choice (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1985); C. Johnson, "Access to Health Care in America," Journal of the National Medical Association 83, no. 3 (1991): 199; M. Komaromy et al., "The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations," The New England Journal of Medicine 334, no. 20 (1996): 1305-1310; J.C. Cantor et al., "Physician Service to the Underserved: Implications for Affirmative Action in Medical Education," Inquiry (Summer 1996): 167-180; M.F. Goldsmith, C. Marwick, and C. Olson, "Minority Physician Training: Critical for Improving Overall Health of Nation," Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (1989): 187-189; and Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, "Black-White Disparities in Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 263, no. 17 (1990): 2344-2346.
7. R.L. Ernst and D.E. Yett, Physician Location and Specialty Choice (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1985); C. Johnson, "Access to Health Care in America," Journal of the National Medical Association 83, no. 3 (1991): 199; M. Komaromy et al., "The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations," The New England Journal of Medicine 334, no. 20 (1996): 1305-1310; J.C. Cantor et al., "Physician Service to the Underserved: Implications for Affirmative Action in Medical Education," Inquiry (Summer 1996): 167-180; M.F. Goldsmith, C. Marwick, and C. Olson, "Minority Physician Training: Critical for Improving Overall Health of Nation," Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (1989): 187-189; and Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, "Black-White Disparities in Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 263, no. 17 (1990): 2344-2346.
8. R.L. Ernst and D.E. Yett, Physician Location and Specialty Choice (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1985); C. Johnson, "Access to Health Care in America," Journal of the National Medical Association 83, no. 3 (1991): 199; M. Komaromy et al., "The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations," The New England Journal of Medicine 334, no. 20 (1996): 1305-1310; J.C. Cantor et al., "Physician Service to the Underserved: Implications for Affirmative Action in Medical Education," Inquiry (Summer 1996): 167-180; M.F. Goldsmith, C. Marwick, and C. Olson, "Minority Physician Training: Critical for Improving Overall Health of Nation," Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (1989): 187-189; and Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, "Black-White Disparities in Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 263, no. 17 (1990): 2344-2346.
9. R.L. Ernst and D.E. Yett, Physician Location and Specialty Choice (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1985); C. Johnson, "Access to Health Care in America," Journal of the National Medical Association 83, no. 3 (1991): 199; M. Komaromy et al., "The Role of Black and Hispanic Physicians in Providing Health Care for Underserved Populations," The New England Journal of Medicine 334, no. 20 (1996): 1305-1310; J.C. Cantor et al., "Physician Service to the Underserved: Implications for Affirmative Action in Medical Education," Inquiry (Summer 1996): 167-180; M.F. Goldsmith, C. Marwick, and C. Olson, "Minority Physician Training: Critical for Improving Overall Health of Nation," Journal of the American Medical Association 261, no. 2 (1989): 187-189; and Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, "Black-White Disparities in Health Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 263, no. 17 (1990): 2344-2346.
10. E. Moy and B.A. Bartman, "Physician Race and Care of Minority and Medically Indigent Patients," Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no. 16 (1995): 1515-1523; and B. Gray and J. Stoddard, "Patient-Physician Pairing: Does Racial and Ethnic Congruity Influence Selection of a Regular Physician?" Journal of Community Health (August 1997): 247-259.
11. E. Moy and B.A. Bartman, "Physician Race and Care of Minority and Medically Indigent Patients," Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no. 16 (1995): 1515-1523; and B. Gray and J. Stoddard, "Patient-Physician Pairing: Does Racial and Ethnic Congruity Influence Selection of a Regular Physician?" Journal of Community Health (August 1997): 247-259.
12. R.G. Petersdorf, K.S. Turner, and H.W. Nickens, "Minorities in Medicine: Past, Present, and Future," Academic Medicine 65, no. 11 (1990): 663-670; R. Petersdorf, "Not a Choice, an Obligation," Academic Medicine 67, no. 2 (1992): 73-79; Bureau of Health Professions, Minority Physicians: A Profile (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1993); and Institute of Medicine, Balancing the Scales of Opportunity: Ensuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Health Professions (Washington: National Academy Press, 1994).
13. R.G. Petersdorf, K.S. Turner, and H.W. Nickens, "Minorities in Medicine: Past, Present, and Future," Academic Medicine 65, no. 11 (1990): 663-670; R. Petersdorf, "Not a Choice, an Obligation," Academic Medicine 67, no. 2 (1992): 73-79; Bureau of Health Professions, Minority Physicians: A Profile (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1993); and Institute of Medicine, Balancing the Scales of Opportunity: Ensuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Health Professions (Washington: National Academy Press, 1994).
14. R.G. Petersdorf, K.S. Turner, and H.W. Nickens, "Minorities in Medicine: Past, Present, and Future," Academic Medicine 65, no. 11 (1990): 663-670; R. Petersdorf, "Not a Choice, an Obligation," Academic Medicine 67, no. 2 (1992): 73-79; Bureau of Health Professions, Minority Physicians: A Profile (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1993); and Institute of Medicine, Balancing the Scales of Opportunity: Ensuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Health Professions (Washington: National Academy Press, 1994).
15. R.G. Petersdorf, K.S. Turner, and H.W. Nickens, "Minorities in Medicine: Past, Present, and Future," Academic Medicine 65, no. 11 (1990): 663-670; R. Petersdorf, "Not a Choice, an Obligation," Academic Medicine 67, no. 2 (1992): 73-79; Bureau of Health Professions, Minority Physicians: A Profile (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1993); and Institute of Medicine, Balancing the Scales of Opportunity: Ensuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Health Professions (Washington: National Academy Press, 1994).
16. P. Jolly, "Academic Achievement and Acceptance Rates of Underrepresented Minority Applicants to Medical School," Academic Medicine 67, no. 11 (1992): 765-769; and H.W. Nickens, T.P. Ready, and R.G. Petersdorf, "Project 3000 by 2000: Racial and Ethnic Diversity in U.S. Medical Schools," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 472-476.
17. P. Jolly, "Academic Achievement and Acceptance Rates of Underrepresented Minority Applicants to Medical School," Academic Medicine 67, no. 11 (1992): 765-769; and H.W. Nickens, T.P. Ready, and R.G. Petersdorf, "Project 3000 by 2000: Racial and Ethnic Diversity in U.S. Medical Schools," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 472-476.
18. D.A. Kindig and D. Libby, "Domestic Production versus International Immigration: Options for the U.S. Physician Workforce," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 12 (1996): 978-982.
19. Gamliel et al., "Managed Care on the March."
20. Bureau of Health Professions, Race Characteristics of Physicians on the AMA Physician Masterfile, 1992 (Washington: DHHS, Public Health Service, Health Resources and Services Administration, March 1993).
21. American Medical Association, Medical Education Data Directory (Chicago: AMA, 1993).
22. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Equal Employment Opportunity File (Machinereadable data set) (Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1990).
23. Bureau of Health Professions, An In-Depth Examination of the 1980 Decennial Census Employment Data for Health Occupations (Washington: DHHS, PHS, HRSA, July 1984).
24. G. Roback, L. Rudolph, and B. Seidman, Physician Characteristics and Distribution in the United States: 1992 Edition (Chicago: American Medical Association, 1992).
25. Kindig and Libby, "Domestic Production versus International Immigration."
26. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Population Projections of the United States.
27. Kindig and Libby, "Domestic Production versus International Immigration."
28. Association of American Medical Colleges, Minority Students in Medical Education: Facts and Figures VIII (Washington: AAMC, November 1994).
29. H.W. Nickens and J.J. Cohen, "On Affirmative Action," Journal of the American Medical Association (21 February 1996): 572-574.
30. COGME, COGME 1995 Physician Workforce Funding Recommendations for Department of Health and Human Services' Programs (Rockville, Md.: COGME/HRSA, June 1995).
31. Ibid.; and M.E. Whitcomb, "Correcting the Oversupply of Specialists by Limiting Residencies for Graduates of Foreign Medical Schools," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 7 (1995): 454-456.
32. Ibid.; and M.E. Whitcomb, "Correcting the Oversupply of Specialists by Limiting Residencies for Graduates of Foreign Medical Schools," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 7 (1995): 454-456.