Antiplatelet therapy in the era of drug-eluting stents: Current and future perspectives

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 939-953

  Ducrocq, Gregory ^a   Serebruany, Victor ^b   Tanguay, Jean Francois ^a  

^a MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiplatelet therapy; Drug eluting stent; Stent thrombosis; Thienopyridine

Indexed keywords

3 [7 [2 (3,4 DIFLUOROPHENYL)CYCLOPROPYLAMINO] 5 PROPYLTHIO 1,2,3 TRIAZOLO[4,5 D]PYRIMIDIN 3 YL] 5 HYDROXYMETHOXY 1,2 CYCLOPENTANEDIOL; ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ANTIVITAMIN K; CANGRELOR; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; COLLAGEN; DIPYRIDAMOLE; EVEROLIMUS; NIFEDIPINE; PLACEBO; PRASUGREL; RAPAMYCIN; TICLOPIDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; ZOTAROLIMUS;

BLOOD TOXICITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CORONARY STENT; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; INCIDENCE; LOADING DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOGENICITY; THROMBOSIS; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY;

ANGIOPLASTY, TRANSLUMINAL, PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY; ANIMALS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY RESTENOSIS; CORONARY THROMBOSIS; DRUG-ELUTING STENTS; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMANS; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS;

EID: 34848861084     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: 17448344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.5.939     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Gruntzig AR, Senning A, Siegenthaler WE. Nonoperative dilatation of coronary-artery stenosis: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. N. Engl. J. Med. 301(2), 61-68 (1979).
2. Sigwart U, Puel J, Mirkovitch V, Joffre F, Kappenberger L. Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty. N. Engl. J. Med. 316(12), 701-706 (1987).
3. Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS et al. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 331(8), 496-501 (1994).
4. Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 331(8), 489-495 (1994).
5. Cutlip DE, Chauhan MS, Baim DS et al. Clinical restenosis after coronary stenting: perspectives from multicenter clinical trials. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 40(12), 2082-2089 (2002).
6. Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery. N. Engl. J. Med. 349(14), 1315-1323 (2003).
7. Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA et al. A polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 350(3), 221-231 (2004).
8. Ware JA, Heistad DD. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Platelet-endothelium interactions. N. Engl. J. Med. 328(9), 628-635 (1993).
9. Gross PL, Aird WC. The endothelium and thrombosis. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 26(5), 463-478 (2000).
10. Mackie IJ, Bull HA. Normal haemostasis and its regulation. Blood Rev. 3(4), 237-250 (1989).
11. Ruggeri ZM. Platelets in atherothrombosis. Nat. Med. 8(11), 1227-1234 (2002).
12. Honda Y, Fitzgerald PJ. Stent thrombosis: an issue revisited in a changing world. Circulation 108(1), 2-5 (2003).
13. Moussa I, Di Mario C, Reimers, B et al. Subacute stent thrombosis in the era of intravascular ultrasound-guided coronary stenting without anticoagulation: frequency, predictors and clinical outcome. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 29(1), 6-12 (1997).
14. Cutlip DE, Baim DS, Ho KK et al. Stent thrombosis in the modern era: a pooled analysis of multicenter coronary stent clinical trials. Circulation 103(15), 1967-1971 (2001).
15. Karrillon GJ, Morice MC, Benveniste E et al. Intracoronary stent implantation without ultrasound guidance and with replacement of conventional anticoagulation by antiplatelet therapy. 30-day clinical outcome of the French Multicenter Registry. Circulation 94(7), 1519-1527 (1996).
16. Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA 293(17), 2126-2130 (2005).
17. Park DW, Park SW, Park KH et al. Frequency of and risk factors for stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation during long-term follow-up. Am. J. Cardiol. 98(3), 352-356 (2006).
18. Daemen J, Wenaweser P, Tsuchida K et al. Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: data from a large two-institutional cohort study. Lancet 369(9562), 667-678 (2007).
19. Jeremias A, Sylvia B, Bridges J et al. Stent thrombosis after successful sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Circulation 109(16), 1930-1932 (2004).
20. McFadden EP, Stabile E, Regar E et al. Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. Lancet 364(9444), 1519-1521 (2004).
21. Kuchulakanti PK, Chu WW, Torguson R et al. Correlates and long-term outcomes of angiographically proven stent thrombosis with sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents. Circulation 113(8), 1108-1113 (2006).
22. Cheneau E, Leborgne L, Mintz GS et al. Predictors of subacute stent thrombosis: results of a systematic intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 108(1), 43-47 (2003).
23. Moreno R, Fernandez C, Hernandez R et al. Drug-eluting stent thrombosis: results from a pooled analysis including 10 randomized studies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(6), 954-959 (2005).
24. Ong AT, Hoye A, Aoki J et al. Thirty-day incidence and six-month clinical outcome of thrombotic stent occlusion after bare-metal, sirolimus, or paclitaxel stent implantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(6), 947-953 (2005).
25. Fujii K, Carlier SG, Mintz GS et al. Stent underexpansion and residual reference segment stenosis are related to stent thrombosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: an intravascular ultrasound study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(7), 995-998 (2005).
26. Babinska A, Markell MS, Salifu MO et al. Enhancement of human platelet aggregation and secretion induced by rapamycin. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 13(12), 3153-3159 (1998).
27. Steffel J, Latini RA, Akhmedov A et al. Rapamycin, but not FK-506, increases endothelial tissue factor expression: implications for drug-eluting stent design. Circulation 112(13), 2002-2011 (2005).
28. Stahli BE, Camici GG, Steffel J et al. Paclitaxel enhances thrombin-induced endothelial tissue factor expression via c-Jun terminal NH2 kinase activation. Circ. Res. 99(2), 149-155 (2006).
29. Virmani R, Guagliumi G, Farb A et al. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stent: should we be cautious? Circulation 109(6), 701-705 (2004).
30. Schwartz RS, Chronos NA, Virmani R. Preclinical restenosis models and drug-eluting stents: still important, still much to learn. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44(7), 1373-1385 (2004).
31. Finn AV, Kolodgie FD, Harnek J et al. Differential response of delayed healing and persistent inflammation at sites of overlapping sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents. Circulation 112(2), 270-278 (2005).
32. Guagliumi G, Virmani R, Musumeci G et al. Drug-eluting versus bare metal coronary stents: long-term human pathology. Findings from different coronary arteries in the same patient. Ital. Heart J. 4(10), 713-720 (2003).
33. Joner M, Finn AV, Farb A et al. Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: delayed healing and late thrombotic risk. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48(1), 193-202 (2006).
34. Kotani J, Awata M, Nanto S et al. Incomplete neointimal coverage of sirolimus-eluting stents: angioscopic findings. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(10), 2108-2111 (2006).
35. Wilson SH, Fasseas P, Orford JL et al. Clinical outcome of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery in the two months following coronary stenting. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42(2), 234-240 (2003).
36. Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ et al. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 339(23), 1665-1671 (1998).
37. Farb A, Sangiorgi G, Carter AJ et al. Pathology of acute and chronic coronary stenting in humans. Circulation 99(1), 44-52 (1999).
38. Baim DS, Cutlip DE, Midei M et al. Final results of a randomized trial comparing the MULTI-LINK stent with the Palmaz-Schatz stent for narrowings in native coronary arteries. Am. J. Cardiol. 87(2), 157-162 (2001).
39. Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE et al. Comparison of coronary-artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multivessel disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 344(15), 1117-1124 (2001).
40. Holmes DR Jr, Leon MB, Moses JW et al. Analysis of 1-year clinical outcomes in the SIRIUS trial: a randomized trial of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a standard stent in patients at high risk for coronary restenosis. Circulation 109(5), 634-640 (2004).
41. Camenzind E, Steg PG, Wijns W. Stent thrombosis late after implantation of first-generation drug-eluting stents: a cause for concern. Circulation 115(11), 1440-1455; discussion 1455 (2007).
42. Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Helton TJ et al. Late thrombosis of drug-eluting stents: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am. J. Med. 119(12), 1056-1061 (2006).
43. Spaulding C, Daemen J, Boersma E, Cutlip DE, Serruys PW. A pooled analysis of data comparing sirolimus-eluting stents with bare-metal stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(10), 989-997 (2007).
44. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Pache J et al. Analysis of 14 trials comparing sirolimus-eluting stents with bare-metal stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(10), 1030-1039 (2007).
45. Mauri L, Hsieh WH, Massaro JM et al. Stent thrombosis in randomized clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(10), 1020-1029 (2007).
46. Stone GW, Moses JW, Ellis SG et al. Safety and efficacy of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(10), 998-1008 (2007).
47. Windecker S, Remondino A, Eberli FR et al. Sirolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting stents for coronary revascularization. N. Engl. J. Med. 353(7), 653-662 (2005).
48. Maisd WH. Unanswered questions - drug-eluting stents and the risk of late thrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(10), 981-984 (2007).
49. Lagerqvist B, James SK, Stenestrand U et al. Long-term outcomes with drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in Sweden. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(10), 1009-1019 (2007).
50. Farb A, Boam AB. Stent, thrombosis redux - the FDA perspective. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(10), 984-987 (2007).
51. Ong AT, McFadden EP, Regar E et al. Late angiographic stent thrombosis (LAST) events with drug-eluting stents. J. Am Coll. Cardiol. 45(12), 2088-2092 (2005).
52. Meier P, Zbinden R, Togni M et al. Coronary collateral function long after drug-eluting stent implantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(1), 15-20 (2007).
53. Serruys PW, Strauss BH, Beatt KJ et al. Angiographic follow-up after placement of a self-expanding coronary-artery stent. N. Engl. J. Med. 324(1), 13-17 (1991).
54. de Feyter PJ, DeScheerder I, van den Brand M et al. Emergency stenting for refractory acute coronary artery occlusion during coronary angioplasty. Am. J. Cardiol. 66(15), 1147-1150 (1990).
55. Smith SC Jr, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW Jr et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary, intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI writing committee to update 2001 guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention). Circulation 113(7), el66-e286 (2006).
56. Silber S, Albertsson P, Aviles FF et al. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions: the task force for percutaneous coronary interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 26(8), 804-847 (2005).
57. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C et al. Europran Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J. Neurol. Sci. 143(1-2), 1-13 (1996).
58. Lembo NJ, Black AJ, Roubin GS et al. Effect of pretreatment with aspirin versus aspirin plus dipyridamole on frequency and type of acute complications of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am. J. Cardiol. 65(7), 422-426 (1990).
59. Schomig A. Neumann FJ, Kastrati A et al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 334(17), 1084-1089 (1996).
60. Bertrand ME, Legrand V, Boland J et al. Randomized multicenter comparison of conventional anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy in unplanned and elective coronary stenting. The full anticoagulation versus aspirin and ticlopidine (fantastic) study. Circulation 98(16), 1597-1603 (1998).
61. Urban P, Macaya C, Rupprecht HJ et al. Randomized evaluation of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy after coronary stent implantation in high-risk patients: the multicenter aspirin and ticlopidine trial after intracoronary stenting (MATTIS). Circulation 98(20), 2126-2132 (1998).
62. Szto GY, Linnemeier TJ, Ball MW. Fatal neutropenia and thrombocytopenia associated with ticlopidine after stenting. Am. J. Cardiol. 83(1), 138-139, A110 (1999).
63. Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, Gershlick AH, Classics Investigators. Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting: the clopidogrel aspirin stent international cooperative study (CLASSICS). Circulation 102(6), 624-629 (2000).
64. Muller C, Buttner HJ, Petersen J, Roskamm H. A randomized comparison of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and aspirin after the placement of coronary-artery stents. Circulation 101(6), 590-593 (2000).
65. Moussa I, Oetgen M, Roubin G et al. Effectiveness of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and aspirin in preventing stent thrombosis after coronary stent implantation. Circulation 99(18), 2364-2366 (1999).
66. Bbatt DL, Bertrand ME, Berger PB et al. Meta-analysis of randomized and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39(1), 9-14 (2002).
67. Taniuchi M, Kurz HI, Lasala JM. Randomized comparison of ticlopidine and clopidogrel after intracoronary stent implantation in a broad patient population. Circulation 104(5), 539-543 (2001).
68. Steinhuhl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT 3rd et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289(113), 2411-2420 (2002).
69. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 358(9281), 527-533 (2001).
70. Steinhubi SR, Berger PB, Brennan DM, Topoi EJ. Optimal timing for the initiation of pre-treatment with 300 mg clopidogrel before percutaneous coronary intervention. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(5), 939-943 (2006).
71. Spertus JA, Kettelkamp R, Vance C et al. Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of premature discontinuation of thienopyridine therapy after drug-eluting stent placement: results from the PREMIER registry. Circulation 113(24), 2803-2809 (2006).
72. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Circulation 115(6), 813-818 (2007).
73. Love MP, Schampaert E, Cohen EA et al. The Canadian Association of Interventional Cardiology and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society joint statement on drug-eluting stents. Can. J. Cardiol. 23(2), 121-123 (2007).
74. Hodgson JM, Stone GW, Lincoff AM et al. Late stent thrombosis: considerations and practical advice for the use of drug-eluting stents: a report from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Drug eluting Stent Task Force. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 69(3), 327-333 (2007).
75. Pfisterer M, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Buser PT et al. Late clinical events after clopidogrel discontinuation may limit the benefit of drug-eluting stents: an observational study of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48(12), 2584-2591 (2006).
76. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N. Engl. J. Med. 354(16), 1706-1717 (2006).
77. Serebruany VL, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB et al. Variability in platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel among 544 individuals. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(2), 246-251 (2005).
78. Lepantalo A, Virtanen KS, Heikkila J, Wartiovaara U, Lassila R. Limited early antiplatelet effect of 300 mg clopidogrel in patients with aspirin therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Eur. Heart J. 25(6), 476-483 (2004).
79. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hiatt BL, O'Connor CM. Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation 107(23), 2908-2913 (2003).
80. Muller I, Seyfarth M, Rudiger S et al. Effect of a high loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet function in patients undergoing coronary stent placement. Heart 85(1), 92-93 (2001).
81. Montalescot G, Sideris G, Meuleman C et al. A randomized comparison of high clopidogrel loading doses in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the ALBION (Assessment of the best loading dose of clopidogrel to blunt platelet activation, inflammation and ongoing necrosis) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48(5), 931-938 (2006).
82. von Beckerath N, Taubert D, Pogatsa-Murray G et al. Absorption, metabolization, and antiplatelet effects of 300-, 600-, and 900-mg loading doses of clopidogrel: results of the ISAR-CHOICE (Intracoronary stenting and antithrombotic regimen: choose between three high oral doses for immediate clopidogrel effect) Trial. Circulation 112(19), 2946-2950 (2005).
83. Kandzari DE, Berger PB, Kastrati A et al. Influence of treatment duration with a 600-mg dose of clopidogrel before percutaneous coronary revascularization. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 44(11), 2133-2136 (2004).
84. Hochholzer W, Trenk D, Frundi D et al. Time dependence of platelet inhibition after a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel in a large, unselected cohort of candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 111(20), 2560-2564 (2005).
85. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Zaman KA et al. Clopidogrel loading with eptifibatide to arrest the reactivity of platelets results of the clopidogrel loading with eptifibatide to arrest the reactivity of platelets (CLEAR PLATELETS) study. Circulation 111(9), 1153-1159 (2005).
86. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hayes KM et al. The relation of dosing to clopidogrel responsiveness and the incidence of high post-treatment platelet aggregation in patients undergoing coronary stenting. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(9), 1392-1396 (2005).
87. Chan AW, Moliterno DJ, Berger PB et al. Triple antiplatelet therapy during percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with improved outcomes including one-year survival: results from the do tirofiban and reoprogive similar efficacy outcome trial (TARGET). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42(7), 1188-1195 (2003).
88. Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Schuhlen H et al. Randomized clinical trial of abciximab in diabetic patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary interventions after treatment with a high loading dose of clopidogrel. Circulation 110(24), 3627-3635 (2004).
89. Patti G, Colonna G, Pasceri V et al. Randomized trial of high loading dose of clopidogrel for reduction of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary intervention. Results from the ARMYDA-2 (Antiplatelet therapy for reduction of myocardial damage during angioplasty) Study. Circulation 111(16), 2099-2106 (2005).
90. Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J et al. Benefit of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48(7), 1339-1345 (2006).
91. Nguyen TA, Diodati JG, Pharand C. Resistance to clopidogrel: a review of the evidence. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(8). 1157-1164 (2005).
92. Labarthe B, Theroux P, Angioi M, Ghitescu M. Matching the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of clopidogrel to platelet function tests relevant to the biological properties of the drug. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(4), 638-645 (2005).
93. Wenaweser P, Dorffler-Melly J, Imboden K et al. Stent thrombosis is associated with an impaired response to antiplatelet therapy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(11), 1748-1752 (2005).
94. Ajzenberg N, Aubry P, Huisse MG et al. Enhanced shear-indured platelet aggregation in patients who experienced subacute stent thrombosis: a case-control study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(11), 1753-1756 (2005).
95. Barragan P, Bouvier JL, Roquebert PO et al. Resistance to thienopyridines: clinical detection of coronary stent thrombosis by monitoring of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation. Catheter: Cardiovasc. Interv. 59(3), 295-302 (2003).
96. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Samara W et al. Clopidogrel effect on platelet reactivity in patients with stent thrombosisi results of the CREST Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(10), 1827-1832 (2005).
97. Muller I, Besta F, Schulz C et al. Prevalence of clopidogrel non-responders among patients with stable angina pectoris scheduled for elective coronary stent placement. Thromb. Haemost. 89(5), 783-787 (2003).
98. Matetzky S,Shenkman B, Guetta V et al. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 109(25), 3171-3175 (2004).
99. Kabbani SS, Watkins MW, Ashikaga T et al. Platelet reactivity characterized prospectively: a determinant of outcome 90 days after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 104(2): 181-186 (2001).
100. Buonamici P, Marcucci R, Migliorini A et al. Impact of platelet reactivity after clopidogrel administration on drug-eluding stent thrombosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49(24), 2312-2317 (2007).
101. Kandzari DE, Leon MB, Popma JJ et al. Comparison of zotarolimus-eluting and sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with native coronary artery disease: a randomized controlled trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48(12), 2440-2447 (2006).
102. Serruys PW, Sianos G, Abizaid A et al. The effect of variable dose and release kinetics on neointimal hyperplasia using a novel paclitaxel-eluting stent platform: the Paclitaxel In-Stent Controlled Elution Study (PISCES). J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(2), 253-260 (2005).
103. Heublein B, Rohde R, Kaese V et al. Biocorrosion of magnesium alloys: a new principle in cardiovascular implant technology? Heart 89(6), 651-656 (2003).
104. Vogt F, Stein A, Rettemeier G et al. Long-term assessment of a novel biodegradable paclitaxel-eluting coronary polylactide stent. Eur Heart J. 25(15), 1330-1340 (2004).
105. Aoki J, Serruys PW, van Beusekom H et al. Endothelial progenitor cell capture by stents coated with antibody against CD34: the HEALING-FIM (Healthy Endothelial Accelerated Lining Inhibits Neointimal Growth-First In Man) Registry. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45(10), 1574-1579 (2005).
106. Kim W, Jeong MH, Kim KH et al. The clinical results of a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker (abciximab: ReoPro)-coated stent in acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47(5), 933-938 (2006).
107. Kunishima T, Musha H, Eto F et al. A randomized trial of aspirin versus cilostazol therapy after successful coronary stent implantation. Clin. Ther. 19(5), 1058-1066 (1997).
108. Schleinitz MD, Olkin I, Heidenreich PA. Cilostazol, clopidogrel or ticlopidine to preyent sub-acute stent thrombosis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am. Heart J. 148(6), 990-997 (2004).
109. Park SJ, Shim WH, Ho DS et al. A paclitaxel-eluting stent for the prevention of coronary restenosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 348(16), 1537-1545 (2003).
110. Lee SW, Park SW, Hong MK et al. Triple versus dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary stenting: impact on stent thrombosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46(10), 1833-1837 (2005).
111. Storey RF, Oldroyd KG, Wilcox RG. Open multicentre study of the P2T receptor antagonist,AR-C69931MX assessing safety, tolerability and activity in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Thromb. Haemost. 85(3), 401-407 (2001).
112. Sugidachi A, Asai F, Yoneda K et al. Antiplatelet action of R-99224, an active metabolite of a novel thienopyridine-type G(i)-linked P2T antagonist, CS-747. Br. J. Pharmacol. 132(1), 47-54 (2001).
113. Niitsu Y, Jakubowski JA, Sugidachi A, Asai F. Pharmacology of CS-747 (prasugrel, LY640315), a novel, potent antiplatelet agent with in vivo P2Y12 receptor antagonist activity. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 31(2), 184-194 (2005).
114. Brandt JT, Payne CD, Wiviott SD et al. A comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel loading doses on platelet function: magnitude of platelet inhibition is related to active metabolite formation. Am. Heart J. 153(1), 66 e6-e16 (2007).
115. Jernberg T, Payne CD, Winters KJ et al. Prasugrel achieves greater inhibition of platelet aggregation and a lower rate of non-responders compared with clopidogrel in aspirin-treated patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur. Heart J. 27(10), 1166-1173 (2006).
116. Wiviott SD, Antman EM, Winters KJ et al. Randomized comparison of prasugrel (CS-747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 antagonist, with clopidogrel in percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the joint utilization of medications to block platelets optimally (JUMBO)-TIMI 26 trial. Circulation 111(25), 3366-3373 (2005).
117. Wiviott SD, Antman EM, Gibson CM et al. Evaluation of prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: design and rationale for the trial to assess improvement in therapeutic outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibition with prasugrel thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 38 (TRITON-TIMI 38). Am. Heart J. 152(4), 627-635 (2006).
118. Husted S, Emanuelsson H, Heptinstall S et al. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the oral reversible P2Y12 antagonist AZD6140 with aspirin in patients with atherosclerosis: a double-blind comparison to clopidogrel with aspirin. Eur. Heart J. 27(9), 1038-1047 (2006).
119. Yao SK, Ober JC, Garfinkel LI et al. Blockade of platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib receptors delays intracoronary thrombogenesis, enhances thrombolysis, and delays coronary artery reocclusion in dogs. Circulation 89(6), 2822-2828 (1994).
120. McGhie AI, McNatt J, Ezov N et al. Abolition of cyclic flow variations in stenosed, endothelium-injured coronary arteries in nonhuman primates with a peptide fragment (VCL) derived from human plasma von Willebrand factor-glycoprotein Ib binding domain. Circulation 90(6), 2976-2981 (1994).
121. Kageyama S, Matsushita J, Yamamoto H. Effect of a humanized monoclonal antibody to von Willebrand factor in a canine model of coronary arterial thrombosis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 443(1-3), 143-149 (2002).
122. Kageyama S, Yamamoto H, Nagano M et al. Antithrombotic effects and bleeding risk of AJvW-2, a monoclonal antibody against human von Willebrand factor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 122(1), 165-171 (1997).
123. Kageyama S, Yamamoto H, Nakazawa H et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AJW200, a humanized monoclonal antibody to von Willebrand factor, in monkeys. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22(1), 187-192 (2002).
124. Kageyama S, Yamamoto H, Nakazawa H, Yoshimoto R. Anti-human vWF monoclonal antibody, AJvW-2 Fab, inhibits repetitive coronary artery thrombosis without bleeding time prolongation in dogs. Thromb. Res 101(5), 395-404 (2001).
125. Kageyama S, Yamamoto H, Yoshimoto R. Anti-human von willebrand factor monoclonal antibody AJvW-2 prevents thrombus deposition and neointima formation after balloon injury in guinea pigs. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20(10), 2303-2308 (2000).
126. Hennan JK, Swillo RE, Morgan GA et al. Pharmacologic inhibition of platelet vWF-GPIb α interaction prevents coronary artery thrombosis. Thromb. Haemost. 95(3), 469-475 (2006).
127. Li H, Lockyer S, Concepcion A et al. The Fab fragment of a novel anti-GPVI monoclonal antibody, OM4, reduces in vivo thrombosis without bleeding risk in rats. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 27(5), 1199-1205 (2007).
128. Nieswandt B, Schulte V, Bergmeier W et al. Long-term antithrombotic protection by in vivo depletion of platelet glycoprotein VI in mice. J. Exp. Med. 193(4), 459-469 (2001).
129. Schulte V, Reusch HP, Pozgajova M et al. Two-phase antithrombotic protection after anti-glycoprotein VI treatment in mice. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26(7), 1640-1647 (2006).