메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1325-1340

Forest structure and light regimes following moderate wind storms: Implications for multi-cohort management

Author keywords

Ecosystem management; Forest canopy gaps; Forest light regimes; Forest stand dynamics; Moderate severity disturbance; Northern hardwoods; Old growth forest; Stand development; Wind storm effects; Windthrow

Indexed keywords

CANOPY GAP; CATASTROPHIC EVENT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DOMINANCE; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; FOREST FLOOR; FOREST MANAGEMENT; GAP DYNAMICS; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; SOLAR RADIATION; SPECIES DIVERSITY; STAND DYNAMICS; WIND FORCING; WINDTHROW;

EID: 34848830957     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/06-1067.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (156)

References (96)
  • 1
    • 0035180134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eastern white pine versatility in the presettlement forest
    • Abrams, M. D. 2001. Eastern white pine versatility in the presettlement forest. BioScience 51:967-979.
    • (2001) BioScience , vol.51 , pp. 967-979
    • Abrams, M.D.1
  • 2
    • 0030469738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 300-year history of disturbance and canopy recruitment for co-occurring white pine and hemlock on the Allegheny Plateau, USA
    • Abrams, M. D., and D. A. Orwig. 1996. A 300-year history of disturbance and canopy recruitment for co-occurring white pine and hemlock on the Allegheny Plateau, USA. Journal of Ecology 84:353-363.
    • (1996) Journal of Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 353-363
    • Abrams, M.D.1    Orwig, D.A.2
  • 3
    • 0004247209 scopus 로고
    • Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: A working map and classification
    • NC-178. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
    • Albert, D. A. 1995. Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: a working map and classification. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-178. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1995) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report
    • Albert, D.A.1
  • 4
    • 0030617953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest bird response to regeneration practices in central hardwood forests
    • Annand, E. M., and F. R. Thompson. 1997. Forest bird response to regeneration practices in central hardwood forests. Journal of Wildlife Management 61:159-171.
    • (1997) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.61 , pp. 159-171
    • Annand, E.M.1    Thompson, F.R.2
  • 5
    • 84941115745 scopus 로고
    • Beyond even- vs. uneven-aged management: Toward a cohort-based silviculture
    • Aplet, G. H. 1994. Beyond even- vs. uneven-aged management: toward a cohort-based silviculture. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 2:423-433.
    • (1994) Journal of Sustainable Forestry , vol.2 , pp. 423-433
    • Aplet, G.H.1
  • 6
    • 40049104291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arbogast, C. 1957. Marking guides for northern hardwoods under the selection system. USDA Forest Service Research Paper 56. Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
    • Arbogast, C. 1957. Marking guides for northern hardwoods under the selection system. USDA Forest Service Research Paper 56. Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
  • 7
    • 0037392776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree population responses to hurricane disturbance: Syndromes in a south-eastern USA old-growth forest
    • Batista, W. B., and W. J. Platt. 2003. Tree population responses to hurricane disturbance: syndromes in a south-eastern USA old-growth forest. Journal of Ecology 91:197-212.
    • (2003) Journal of Ecology , vol.91 , pp. 197-212
    • Batista, W.B.1    Platt, W.J.2
  • 8
    • 0037012124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in canopy openness and light transmission following selection cutting in northern hardwood stands: An assessment based on hemispherical photographs
    • Beaudet, M., and C. Messier. 2002. Variation in canopy openness and light transmission following selection cutting in northern hardwood stands: an assessment based on hemispherical photographs. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 110:217-228.
    • (2002) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , vol.110 , pp. 217-228
    • Beaudet, M.1    Messier, C.2
  • 9
    • 1842430144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understorey light profiles in temperate deciduous forests: Recovery process following selection cutting
    • Beaudet, M., C. Messier, and A. Leduc. 2004. Understorey light profiles in temperate deciduous forests: recovery process following selection cutting. Journal of Ecology 92:328-338.
    • (2004) Journal of Ecology , vol.92 , pp. 328-338
    • Beaudet, M.1    Messier, C.2    Leduc, A.3
  • 10
    • 0033709957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A long-term study of seedling recruitment in southern Appalachian forests: The effects of canopy gaps and shrub understories
    • Beckage, B., J. S. Clark, B. D. Clinton, and B. L. Haines. 2000. A long-term study of seedling recruitment in southern Appalachian forests: the effects of canopy gaps and shrub understories. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30:1617-1631.
    • (2000) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.30 , pp. 1617-1631
    • Beckage, B.1    Clark, J.S.2    Clinton, B.D.3    Haines, B.L.4
  • 11
    • 40049092429 scopus 로고
    • Wisconsin. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C, USA
    • Boelter, J. M. 1993. Soil survey of Oneida County, Wisconsin. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1993) Soil survey of Oneida County
    • Boelter, J.M.1
  • 14
    • 0024252102 scopus 로고
    • An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps
    • Canham, C. D. 1988. An index for understory light levels in and around canopy gaps. Ecology 69:1634-1638.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1634-1638
    • Canham, C.D.1
  • 15
    • 0021614195 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic windthrow in the presettlement forests of Wisconsin
    • Canham, C. D., and O. L. Loucks. 1984. Catastrophic windthrow in the presettlement forests of Wisconsin. Ecology 65:803-809.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 803-809
    • Canham, C.D.1    Loucks, O.L.2
  • 16
    • 0035120805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific variation in susceptibility to windthrow as a function of tree size and storm severity for northern temperate tree species
    • Canham, C. D., M. J. Papaik, and E. F. Latty. 2001. Interspecific variation in susceptibility to windthrow as a function of tree size and storm severity for northern temperate tree species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31:1-10.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.31 , pp. 1-10
    • Canham, C.D.1    Papaik, M.J.2    Latty, E.F.3
  • 17
    • 0000564669 scopus 로고
    • Photographic estimation of photosynthetically active radiation: Evaluation of a computerized technique
    • Chazdon, R. L., and C. B. Field. 1987. Photographic estimation of photosynthetically active radiation: evaluation of a computerized technique. Oecologia 73:525-532.
    • (1987) Oecologia , vol.73 , pp. 525-532
    • Chazdon, R.L.1    Field, C.B.2
  • 18
    • 34548238830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simulation of the development and restoration of old-growth structural features in northern hardwoods
    • in press
    • Choi, J., C. G. Lorimer, and J. M. Vanderwerker, 2007. A simulation of the development and restoration of old-growth structural features in northern hardwoods. Forest Ecology and Management, in press.
    • (2007) Forest Ecology and Management
    • Choi, J.1    Lorimer, C.G.2    Vanderwerker, J.M.3
  • 19
    • 0031709625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stages and spatial scales of recruitment limitation in southern Appalachian forests
    • Clark, J. S., E. Macklin, and L. Wood. 1998. Stages and spatial scales of recruitment limitation in southern Appalachian forests. Ecological Monographs 68:213-235.
    • (1998) Ecological Monographs , vol.68 , pp. 213-235
    • Clark, J.S.1    Macklin, E.2    Wood, L.3
  • 20
    • 0034160053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest
    • Costello, C. A., M. Yamasaki, P. J. Pekins, W. B. Leak, and C. D. Neefus. 2000. Songbird response to group selection harvests and clearcuts in a New Hampshire northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management 127:41-54.
    • (2000) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.127 , pp. 41-54
    • Costello, C.A.1    Yamasaki, M.2    Pekins, P.J.3    Leak, W.B.4    Neefus, C.D.5
  • 21
    • 0036179165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of management on the composition and structure of northern hardwood forests in upper Michigan
    • Crow, T. R., D. S. Buckley, E. A. Nauertz, and J. C. Zasada. 2002. Effects of management on the composition and structure of northern hardwood forests in upper Michigan. Forest Science 48:129-145.
    • (2002) Forest Science , vol.48 , pp. 129-145
    • Crow, T.R.1    Buckley, D.S.2    Nauertz, E.A.3    Zasada, J.C.4
  • 23
    • 0242578244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Options for managing early-successional forest and shrubland bird habitats in the northeastern United States
    • DeGraaf, R. M., and M. Yamasaki. 2003. Options for managing early-successional forest and shrubland bird habitats in the northeastern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 185:179-191.
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.185 , pp. 179-191
    • DeGraaf, R.M.1    Yamasaki, M.2
  • 24
    • 0000389134 scopus 로고
    • Multi-stage line intersect sampling
    • DeVries, P. G. 1974. Multi-stage line intersect sampling. Forest Science 20:129-133.
    • (1974) Forest Science , vol.20 , pp. 129-133
    • DeVries, P.G.1
  • 25
    • 0025630882 scopus 로고
    • Stand development and economic analysis of alternative cutting methods in northern hardwoods
    • Erickson, M. D., D. D. Reed, and G. D. Mroz. 1990. Stand development and economic analysis of alternative cutting methods in northern hardwoods. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7:153-158.
    • (1990) Northern Journal of Applied Forestry , vol.7 , pp. 153-158
    • Erickson, M.D.1    Reed, D.D.2    Mroz, G.D.3
  • 26
    • 0344928088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of ice storm-created gaps on forest breeding bird communities in central Vermont
    • Faccio, S. D. 2003. Effects of ice storm-created gaps on forest breeding bird communities in central Vermont. Forest Ecology and Management 186:133-145.
    • (2003) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.186 , pp. 133-145
    • Faccio, S.D.1
  • 27
    • 0024254611 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah Forest, southwestern New Hampshire, USA
    • Foster, D. R. 1988a. Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah Forest, southwestern New Hampshire, USA. Journal of Ecology 76:105-134.
    • (1988) Journal of Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 105-134
    • Foster, D.R.1
  • 28
    • 0024196157 scopus 로고
    • Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England, USA
    • Foster, D. R. 1988b. Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 76:135-151.
    • (1988) Journal of Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 135-151
    • Foster, D.R.1
  • 29
    • 0026540206 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England, USA
    • Foster, D. R., and E. R. Boose. 1992. Patterns of forest damage resulting from catastrophic wind in central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80:79-98.
    • (1992) Journal of Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 79-98
    • Foster, D.R.1    Boose, E.R.2
  • 30
    • 27744608650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance dynamics of oldgrowth Picea rubens forests of northern Maine
    • Fraver, S., and A. S. White. 2005. Disturbance dynamics of oldgrowth Picea rubens forests of northern Maine. Journal of Vegetation Science 16:597-610.
    • (2005) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.16 , pp. 597-610
    • Fraver, S.1    White, A.S.2
  • 32
    • 0026005385 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region
    • Frelich, L. E., and C. G. Lorimer. 1991a. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region. Ecological Monographs 61:145-164.
    • (1991) Ecological Monographs , vol.61 , pp. 145-164
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 33
    • 0026311817 scopus 로고
    • A simulation of landscape-level stand dynamics in the northern hardwood region
    • Frelich, L. E., and C. G. Lorimer. 1991b. A simulation of landscape-level stand dynamics in the northern hardwood region. Journal of Ecology 79:223-233.
    • (1991) Journal of Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 223-233
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 34
    • 40049112051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fujita, T. T. 1978. Manual of downburst identification for Project NIMROD. Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project Research Paper 156. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • Fujita, T. T. 1978. Manual of downburst identification for Project NIMROD. Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project Research Paper 156. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
  • 35
    • 40049095261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Godman, R. M., and K. Lancaster. 1990. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr - Eastern Hemlock. Pages 604-612 in R. M. Burns and B. H. Honkala, editors. Silvics of North America. 1, conifers. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • Godman, R. M., and K. Lancaster. 1990. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr - Eastern Hemlock. Pages 604-612 in R. M. Burns and B. H. Honkala, editors. Silvics of North America. Volume 1, conifers. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • 37
    • 0033553793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population structure in old-growth and managed northern hardwoods: An examination of the balanced diameter distribution concept
    • Goodburn, J. M., and C. G. Lorimer. 1999. Population structure in old-growth and managed northern hardwoods: an examination of the balanced diameter distribution concept. Forest Ecology and Management 118:11-29.
    • (1999) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.118 , pp. 11-29
    • Goodburn, J.M.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 38
    • 0036901124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of exotic earthworms on the soil organic horizon and the rare fern Botrychium mormo
    • Gundale, M. J. 2002. Influence of exotic earthworms on the soil organic horizon and the rare fern Botrychium mormo. Conservation Biology 16:1555-1561.
    • (2002) Conservation Biology , vol.16 , pp. 1555-1561
    • Gundale, M.J.1
  • 39
    • 0001459572 scopus 로고
    • Conserving biodiversity in managed forests: Lessons from natural forests
    • Hansen, A. J., T. A. Spies, F. J. Swanson, and J. L. Ohmann. 1991. Conserving biodiversity in managed forests: lessons from natural forests. BioScience 41:382-392.
    • (1991) BioScience , vol.41 , pp. 382-392
    • Hansen, A.J.1    Spies, T.A.2    Swanson, F.J.3    Ohmann, J.L.4
  • 41
    • 0000057619 scopus 로고
    • The ecology and silvics of forests in the high plateaus of Pennsylvania
    • Hough, A. F., and R. D. Forbes. 1943. The ecology and silvics of forests in the high plateaus of Pennsylvania. Ecological Monographs 13:299-320.
    • (1943) Ecological Monographs , vol.13 , pp. 299-320
    • Hough, A.F.1    Forbes, R.D.2
  • 42
    • 40049102600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Jacobs, R. D. 1987. Silvicultural systems for northern hardwoods in the Mid-West and Lake States. Pages 383-388 in R. D. Nyland, editor. Managing northern hardwoods. Publication 87-03. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
    • Jacobs, R. D. 1987. Silvicultural systems for northern hardwoods in the Mid-West and Lake States. Pages 383-388 in R. D. Nyland, editor. Managing northern hardwoods. Publication 87-03. Society of American Foresters, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
  • 46
    • 85032989490 scopus 로고
    • Status of marten in Wisconsin 1985
    • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Kohn, B. E., and R. G. Eckstein. 1987. Status of marten in Wisconsin 1985. Research Report 143. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1987) Research Report , vol.143
    • Kohn, B.E.1    Eckstein, R.G.2
  • 47
    • 33745442631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second edition. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Kotar, J., J. A. Kovach, and T. L. Burger. 2002. Forest communities and habitat types of northern Wisconsin. Second edition. Department of Forest Ecology and Management, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (2002) Forest communities and habitat types of northern Wisconsin
    • Kotar, J.1    Kovach, J.A.2    Burger, T.L.3
  • 48
    • 0031443501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of perturbations and stimulants on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seed germination
    • Lautenschlager, R. A. 1997. Effects of perturbations and stimulants on red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) seed germination. Forestry Chronicle 73:453-457.
    • (1997) Forestry Chronicle , vol.73 , pp. 453-457
    • Lautenschlager, R.A.1
  • 49
    • 4644240987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in species, grade, and structure over 48 years in a managed New England northern hardwood stand
    • Leak, W. B., and P. E. Sendak. 2002. Changes in species, grade, and structure over 48 years in a managed New England northern hardwood stand. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19:25-27.
    • (2002) Northern Journal of Applied Forestry , vol.19 , pp. 25-27
    • Leak, W.B.1    Sendak, P.E.2
  • 50
    • 0035666995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree mortality rates and longevity in mature and old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests
    • Lorimer, C. G., S. E. Dahir, and E. V. Nordheim. 2001. Tree mortality rates and longevity in mature and old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests. Journal of Ecology 89:960-971.
    • (2001) Journal of Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 960-971
    • Lorimer, C.G.1    Dahir, S.E.2    Nordheim, E.V.3
  • 51
    • 0007578356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A structural alternative to chronosequence analysis for uneven-aged northern hardwood forests
    • Lorimer, C. G., and L. E. Frelich. 1998. A structural alternative to chronosequence analysis for uneven-aged northern hardwood forests. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 6:347-366.
    • (1998) Journal of Sustainable Forestry , vol.6 , pp. 347-366
    • Lorimer, C.G.1    Frelich, L.E.2
  • 52
    • 40049088419 scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-186. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
    • Metzger, F. T. 1980. Strip clearcutting to regenerate northern hardwoods. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NC-186. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1980) Strip clearcutting to regenerate northern hardwoods
    • Metzger, F.T.1
  • 53
    • 40049101809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wisconsin. USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, Washington, D.C, USA
    • Mitchell, J. M., and R. M. Johannes. 2004. Soil survey of Menominee County, Wisconsin. USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (2004) Soil survey of Menominee County
    • Mitchell, J.M.1    Johannes, R.M.2
  • 54
    • 0027145860 scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil disturbance on vegetation recovery and nutrient accumulation following whole-tree harvest of a northern hardwood ecosystem
    • Mou, P., T. Fahey, and J. W. Hughes. 1993. Effects of soil disturbance on vegetation recovery and nutrient accumulation following whole-tree harvest of a northern hardwood ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology 30:661-675.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.30 , pp. 661-675
    • Mou, P.1    Fahey, T.2    Hughes, J.W.3
  • 55
    • 0020928022 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration processes of climax beech (Fagus crenata Blume) forests. IV. Gap formation
    • Nakashizuka, T. 1984. Regeneration processes of climax beech (Fagus crenata Blume) forests. IV. Gap formation. Japanese Journal of Ecology 34:75-85.
    • (1984) Japanese Journal of Ecology , vol.34 , pp. 75-85
    • Nakashizuka, T.1
  • 56
    • 40049087810 scopus 로고
    • Wisconsin. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C, USA
    • Natzke, L. L., and D. J. Hvizdak. 1988. Soil survey of Vilas County, Wisconsin. USDA Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1988) Soil survey of Vilas County
    • Natzke, L.L.1    Hvizdak, D.J.2
  • 57
    • 0030453310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics and stocking-level relationships of multi-aged ponderosa pine stands
    • O'Hara, K. L. 1996. Dynamics and stocking-level relationships of multi-aged ponderosa pine stands. Forest Science 42(Supplement 33):1-34.
    • (1996) Forest Science , vol.42 , Issue.SUPPL.EMENT 33 , pp. 1-34
    • O'Hara, K.L.1
  • 58
    • 84896551598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silviculture for structural diversity: A new look at multiaged systems
    • O'Hara, K. L. 1998. Silviculture for structural diversity: a new look at multiaged systems. Journal of Forestry 96(7):4-10.
    • (1998) Journal of Forestry , vol.96 , Issue.7 , pp. 4-10
    • O'Hara, K.L.1
  • 60
    • 0001525590 scopus 로고
    • Reconstruction of a mixed-species forest in central New England
    • Oliver, C. D., and E. P. Stephens. 1977. Reconstruction of a mixed-species forest in central New England. Ecology 58:562-572.
    • (1977) Ecology , vol.58 , pp. 562-572
    • Oliver, C.D.1    Stephens, E.P.2
  • 61
    • 40049099839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 2001. Forest management for natural disturbance pattern emulation. Version 3.1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
    • Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 2001. Forest management for natural disturbance pattern emulation. Version 3.1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  • 62
    • 0035065727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations in old-growth structure and definitions: Forest dynamics on Wachusett Mountain, Massachusetts
    • Orwig, D. A., C. V. Cogbill, D. R. Foster, and J. F. O'Keefe. 2001. Variations in old-growth structure and definitions: forest dynamics on Wachusett Mountain, Massachusetts. Ecological Applications 11:437-452.
    • (2001) Ecological Applications , vol.11 , pp. 437-452
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Cogbill, C.V.2    Foster, D.R.3    O'Keefe, J.F.4
  • 63
    • 0033776633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patch type influences on regeneration in a western Pennsylvania, USA, catastrophic windthrow
    • Peterson, C. J., and S. T. A. Pickett. 2000. Patch type influences on regeneration in a western Pennsylvania, USA, catastrophic windthrow. Oikos 90:489-500.
    • (2000) Oikos , vol.90 , pp. 489-500
    • Peterson, C.J.1    Pickett, S.T.A.2
  • 64
    • 0020870946 scopus 로고
    • Treefall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of disturbed soil to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
    • Putz, F. E. 1983. Treefall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of disturbed soil to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Ecology 64:1069-1074.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1069-1074
    • Putz, F.E.1
  • 65
    • 0028161466 scopus 로고
    • Seedling recruitment in forests: Calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersion
    • Ribbens, E., J. A. Silander, Jr., and S. W. Pacala. 1994. Seedling recruitment in forests: calibrating models to predict patterns of tree seedling dispersion. Ecology 75:1794-1806.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1794-1806
    • Ribbens, E.1    Silander Jr., J.A.2    Pacala, S.W.3
  • 66
    • 0030453423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abundance, growth and allometry of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) along a natural light gradient in a northern hardwood forest
    • Ricard, J. P., and C. Messier. 1996. Abundance, growth and allometry of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) along a natural light gradient in a northern hardwood forest. Forest Ecology and Management 81:153-160.
    • (1996) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.81 , pp. 153-160
    • Ricard, J.P.1    Messier, C.2
  • 67
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America
    • Runkle, J. R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63:1533-1546.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 68
    • 0025631105 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance
    • Runkle, J. R. 1990. Gap dynamics in an Ohio Acer-Fagus forest and speculations on the geography of disturbance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20:632-641.
    • (1990) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.20 , pp. 632-641
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 69
    • 0023468464 scopus 로고
    • Treefalls revisited: Gap dynamics in the southern Appalachians
    • Runkle, J. R., and T. C. Yetter. 1987. Treefalls revisited: gap dynamics in the southern Appalachians. Ecology 68:417-424.
    • (1987) Ecology , vol.68 , pp. 417-424
    • Runkle, J.R.1    Yetter, T.C.2
  • 70
    • 40049096721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAS Institute. 2001. SAS version 8. 2. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA
    • SAS Institute. 2001. SAS version 8. 2. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina, USA.
  • 71
    • 3042723810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fifty years of partial harvesting in a mixed mesophytic forest: Composition and productivity
    • Schuler, T. M. 2004. Fifty years of partial harvesting in a mixed mesophytic forest: composition and productivity. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34:985-997.
    • (2004) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.34 , pp. 985-997
    • Schuler, T.M.1
  • 72
    • 13944255959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe wind and fire regimes in northern forests: Historical variability at the regional scale
    • Schulte, L. A., and D. J. Mladenoff. 2005. Severe wind and fire regimes in northern forests: historical variability at the regional scale. Ecology 86:431-445.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 431-445
    • Schulte, L.A.1    Mladenoff, D.J.2
  • 73
    • 0002448588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of ecological forestry
    • M. L. Hunter, editor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Seymour, R. S., and M. L. Hunter. 1999. Principles of ecological forestry. Pages 22-64 in M. L. Hunter, editor. Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1999) Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems , pp. 22-64
    • Seymour, R.S.1    Hunter, M.L.2
  • 74
    • 0036154295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance regimes in northeastern North America: Evaluating silvicultural systems using natural scales and frequencies
    • Seymour, R. S., A. S. White, and P. G. deMaynadier. 2002. Natural disturbance regimes in northeastern North America: evaluating silvicultural systems using natural scales and frequencies. Forest Ecology and Management 155:357-367.
    • (2002) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.155 , pp. 357-367
    • Seymour, R.S.1    White, A.S.2    deMaynadier, P.G.3
  • 75
    • 0003711006 scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Research Paper SE-284. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina, USA
    • Sheffield, R. M., and M. T. Thompson. 1992. Hurricane Hugo effects on South Carolina's forest resource. USDA Forest Service Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Research Paper SE-284. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina, USA.
    • (1992) Hurricane Hugo effects on South Carolina's forest resource
    • Sheffield, R.M.1    Thompson, M.T.2
  • 76
    • 0030827463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crown release as a potential old-growth restoration approach in northern hardwoods
    • Singer, M. T., and C. G. Lorimer. 1997. Crown release as a potential old-growth restoration approach in northern hardwoods. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27:1222-1232.
    • (1997) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.27 , pp. 1222-1232
    • Singer, M.T.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 78
    • 40049083800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smith, H. C., G. R. Trimble, Jr., and P. S. DeBald. 1979. Raise cutting diameters for increased returns. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-445. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, Pennsylvania, USA.
    • Smith, H. C., G. R. Trimble, Jr., and P. S. DeBald. 1979. Raise cutting diameters for increased returns. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-445. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, Pennsylvania, USA.
  • 80
    • 0027100549 scopus 로고
    • New forestry principles from ecosystem analysis of Pacific Northwest forests
    • Swanson, F. J., and J. F. Franklin. 1992. New forestry principles from ecosystem analysis of Pacific Northwest forests. Ecological Applications 2:262-274.
    • (1992) Ecological Applications , vol.2 , pp. 262-274
    • Swanson, F.J.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 81
    • 0034948195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation approaches for woody, early successional communities in the eastern United States
    • Thompson, F. R., and R. M. DeGraaf. 2001. Conservation approaches for woody, early successional communities in the eastern United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:483-494.
    • (2001) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.29 , pp. 483-494
    • Thompson, F.R.1    DeGraaf, R.M.2
  • 82
    • 40049104641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Forest Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
    • Trickel, R. 2002. North Carolina forest damage appraisal: ice storm 2002. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Forest Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
    • (2002) North Carolina forest damage appraisal: Ice storm 2002
    • Trickel, R.1
  • 83
    • 0003400427 scopus 로고
    • Manager's handbook for northern hardwoods in the North Central States
    • NC-39. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
    • Tubbs, C. H. 1977. Manager's handbook for northern hardwoods in the North Central States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-39. North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
    • (1977) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report
    • Tubbs, C.H.1
  • 84
    • 0028176247 scopus 로고
    • Structural characteristics of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age
    • Tyrrell, L. E., and T. R. Crow. 1994. Structural characteristics of old-growth hemlock-hardwood forests in relation to age. Ecology 75:370-386.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 370-386
    • Tyrrell, L.E.1    Crow, T.R.2
  • 87
    • 0024878907 scopus 로고
    • Contrasting windstorm consequences in two forests, Itasca State Park, Minnesota
    • Webb, S. L. 1989. Contrasting windstorm consequences in two forests, Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Ecology 70:1167-1180.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1167-1180
    • Webb, S.L.1
  • 88
    • 0005811776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance by wind in temperate-zone forests
    • L. R. Walker, editor, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands
    • Webb, S. L. 1999. Disturbance by wind in temperate-zone forests. Pages 187-222 in L. R. Walker, editor. Ecosystems of disturbed ground. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
    • (1999) Ecosystems of disturbed ground , pp. 187-222
    • Webb, S.L.1
  • 89
    • 40049111786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Windstorm disturbance without patch dynamics: 12 years of change in a Minnesota forest
    • Webb, S. L., and S. E. Scanga. 2001. Windstorm disturbance without patch dynamics: 12 years of change in a Minnesota forest. Ecology 70:1167-1180.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1167-1180
    • Webb, S.L.1    Scanga, S.E.2
  • 90
    • 22144436969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimum opening sizes for canopy recruitment of midtolerant tree species: A retrospective approach
    • Webster, C. R., and C. G. Lorimer. 2005. Minimum opening sizes for canopy recruitment of midtolerant tree species: a retrospective approach. Ecological Applications 15:1245-1262.
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , pp. 1245-1262
    • Webster, C.R.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 91
    • 0027796305 scopus 로고
    • Effect of even-aged timber management on bird species-diversity and composition in northern hardwoods of New Hampshire
    • Welsh, C. J. E., and W. M. Healy. 1993. Effect of even-aged timber management on bird species-diversity and composition in northern hardwoods of New Hampshire. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21:143-154.
    • (1993) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.21 , pp. 143-154
    • Welsh, C.J.E.1    Healy, W.M.2
  • 92
    • 0003862005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, LTAs, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 1999. Ecological units of Wisconsin: first approximation, including Land Type Associations (LTAs). Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
    • (1999) Ecological units of Wisconsin: First approximation, including Land Type Associations
  • 93
    • 0033974298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests over three decades
    • Woods, K. D. 2000. Dynamics in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests over three decades. Ecology 81:110-126.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 110-126
    • Woods, K.D.1
  • 94
    • 2642524685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intermediate disturbance in a late-successional hemlock-northern hardwood forest
    • Woods, K. D. 2004. Intermediate disturbance in a late-successional hemlock-northern hardwood forest. Journal of Ecology 92:464-476.
    • (2004) Journal of Ecology , vol.92 , pp. 464-476
    • Woods, K.D.1
  • 95
    • 0032954780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic disturbance in the presettlement forests of the upper Peninsula of Michigan
    • Zhang, Q. F., K. S. Pregitzer, and D. D. Reed. 1999. Catastrophic disturbance in the presettlement forests of the upper Peninsula of Michigan. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29:106-114.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.29 , pp. 106-114
    • Zhang, Q.F.1    Pregitzer, K.S.2    Reed, D.D.3
  • 96
    • 0037001384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ziegler. 2002. Disturbance regimes of hemlock-dominated old-growth forests in northern New York, U. S. A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32:2106-2115.
    • Ziegler. 2002. Disturbance regimes of hemlock-dominated old-growth forests in northern New York, U. S. A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32:2106-2115.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.