메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 597-610

Disturbance dynamics of old-growth Picea rubens forests of northern Maine

Author keywords

Canopy gap; Canopy structure; Choristoneura fumiferana; Dendro ecology; Dendrochronology; Dendroctonus rufipennis; Patch dynamics; Spruce bark beetle; Spruce budworm

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; DISTURBANCE; GAP DYNAMICS; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 27744608650     PISSN: 11009233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1658/1100-9233(2005)16[597:DDOOPR]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (83)

References (97)
  • 3
    • 27744557731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anon. (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) 2004. Flash Density Map. URL: http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/lightning_map.htm.
    • (2004) Flash Density Map
  • 5
    • 0034478474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics following forest decline: A case study of red spruce forests
    • Battles, J.J. & Fahey, T.J. 2000. Gap dynamics following forest decline: a case study of red spruce forests. Ecol. Appl. 10: 760-774.
    • (2000) Ecol. Appl. , vol.10 , pp. 760-774
    • Battles, J.J.1    Fahey, T.J.2
  • 6
    • 0028995121 scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterning in the canopy gap regime of a subalpine Abies-Picea forest in the northeastern United States
    • Battles, J.J., Fahey, T.J. & Harney, E.M.B. 1995. Spatial patterning in the canopy gap regime of a subalpine Abies-Picea forest in the northeastern United States. J. Veg. Sci. 6: 807-814.
    • (1995) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.6 , pp. 807-814
    • Battles, J.J.1    Fahey, T.J.2    Harney, E.M.B.3
  • 7
    • 1642304102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of boundary-line growth patterns as a basis for dendroecological release criteria
    • Black, B.A. & Abrams, M.D. 2003. Use of boundary-line growth patterns as a basis for dendroecological release criteria. Ecol. Appl. 13: 1733-1749.
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl. , vol.13 , pp. 1733-1749
    • Black, B.A.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 8
    • 0001091470 scopus 로고
    • Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada
    • Blais, J.R. 1983. Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 13: 539-547.
    • (1983) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.13 , pp. 539-547
    • Blais, J.R.1
  • 9
    • 0035128502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in New England
    • Boose, E.R., Chamberlin, K.E. & Foster, D.R. 2001. Landscape and regional impacts of hurricanes in New England. Ecol. Monogr. 71: 27-48.
    • (2001) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.71 , pp. 27-48
    • Boose, E.R.1    Chamberlin, K.E.2    Foster, D.R.3
  • 11
    • 0026364697 scopus 로고
    • Forest structure before and after Hurricane Hugo at three elevations in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico
    • Brokaw, N.V.L. & Grear, J.S. 1991. Forest structure before and after Hurricane Hugo at three elevations in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. Biotropica 23: 386-392.
    • (1991) Biotropica , vol.23 , pp. 386-392
    • Brokaw, N.V.L.1    Grear, J.S.2
  • 13
    • 0035120805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interspecific variation in susceptibility to windthrow as a function of tree size and storm severity for northern temperate tree species
    • Canham, C.D., Papaik, M.J. & Latty, E.F. 2001. Interspecific variation in susceptibility to windthrow as a function of tree size and storm severity for northern temperate tree species. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 1-10.
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.31 , pp. 1-10
    • Canham, C.D.1    Papaik, M.J.2    Latty, E.F.3
  • 16
    • 27744485508 scopus 로고
    • Insect damage to spruce timber in Maine and New Hampshire
    • Cary, A. 1900. Insect damage to spruce timber in Maine and New Hampshire. Forester 6: 52-54.
    • (1900) Forester , vol.6 , pp. 52-54
    • Cary, A.1
  • 17
    • 0029661419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatiotemporal growth dynamics and the disturbances in a subalpine spruce forest in the Alps: A dendroecological reconstruction
    • Cherubini, P., Piussi, P. & Schweingruber, F.H. 1996. Spatiotemporal growth dynamics and the disturbances in a subalpine spruce forest in the Alps: a dendroecological reconstruction. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 991-1001.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 991-1001
    • Cherubini, P.1    Piussi, P.2    Schweingruber, F.H.3
  • 19
    • 0024921226 scopus 로고
    • Secondary succession, gap dynamics, and community structure in a southern Appalachian cove forest
    • Clebsch, E.E.C. & Busing, R.T. 1989. Secondary succession, gap dynamics, and community structure in a southern Appalachian cove forest. Ecology 70: 728-735.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 728-735
    • Clebsch, E.E.C.1    Busing, R.T.2
  • 21
    • 0002634233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Black growth and fiddlebutts: The nature of old-growth red spruce
    • Davis, M.B. (ed.) Island Press, Washington, DC, US
    • Cogbill, C.V. 1996. Black growth and fiddlebutts: the nature of old-growth red spruce. In: Davis, M.B. (ed.) Eastern old-growth forests: prospects for rediscovery and recovery, pp. 113-125. Island Press, Washington, DC, US.
    • (1996) Eastern Old-growth Forests: Prospects for Rediscovery and Recovery , pp. 113-125
    • Cogbill, C.V.1
  • 23
    • 0030302403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands
    • Dahir, S.E. & Lorimer, C.G. 1996. Variation in canopy gap formation among developmental stages of northern hardwood stands. Can. J. For. Res. 26: 1875-1892.
    • (1996) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.26 , pp. 1875-1892
    • Dahir, S.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 24
    • 0026082332 scopus 로고
    • Dating uprooted trees: Comparison and application of eight methods in a boreal forest
    • Dynesius, M. & Jonsson, B.G. 1991. Dating uprooted trees: comparison and application of eight methods in a boreal forest. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 655-665.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 655-665
    • Dynesius, M.1    Jonsson, B.G.2
  • 25
    • 85047675889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dendroecological detection of spruce bark beetle outbreaks in northwestern Colorado
    • Eisenhart, K.S. & Veblen, T.T. 2000. Dendroecological detection of spruce bark beetle outbreaks in northwestern Colorado. Can. J. For. Res. 30: 1788-1798.
    • (2000) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 1788-1798
    • Eisenhart, K.S.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 26
    • 0000845711 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive strategies and the co-occurrence of climax tree species
    • Forcier, L.K. 1975. Reproductive strategies and the co-occurrence of climax tree species. Science 189: 808-810.
    • (1975) Science , vol.189 , pp. 808-810
    • Forcier, L.K.1
  • 27
    • 0030451431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological and conservation insights from reconstructive studies of temperate old-growth forests
    • Foster, D.R., Orwig, D.A. & McLachlan, J.S. 1996. Ecological and conservation insights from reconstructive studies of temperate old-growth forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11: 419-424.
    • (1996) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.11 , pp. 419-424
    • Foster, D.R.1    Orwig, D.A.2    McLachlan, J.S.3
  • 28
    • 0020376134 scopus 로고
    • Decomposition of red spruce and balsam fir boles in the White Mountains of New Hampshire
    • Foster, J.R. & Lang, G.E. 1982. Decomposition of red spruce and balsam fir boles in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Can. J. For. Res. 12: 617-626.
    • (1982) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.12 , pp. 617-626
    • Foster, J.R.1    Lang, G.E.2
  • 29
    • 0020873884 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation patterns in a virgin subalpine forest at Crawford Notch, White Mountains, New Hampshire
    • Foster, J.R. & Reiners, W.A. 1983. Vegetation patterns in a virgin subalpine forest at Crawford Notch, White Mountains, New Hampshire. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 110: 141-153.
    • (1983) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.110 , pp. 141-153
    • Foster, J.R.1    Reiners, W.A.2
  • 30
    • 27744472930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying growth releases in dendrochronological studies of forest disturbance
    • Fraver, S. & White, A.S. 2005. Identifying growth releases in dendrochronological studies of forest disturbance. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 1648-1656.
    • (2005) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.35 , pp. 1648-1656
    • Fraver, S.1    White, A.S.2
  • 31
    • 0036998762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of coarse woody debris following gap harvesting in an Acadian forest of central Maine, USA
    • Fraver, S., Wagner, R.G. & Day, M. 2002. Dynamics of coarse woody debris following gap harvesting in an Acadian forest of central Maine, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 2094-2105.
    • (2002) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 2094-2105
    • Fraver, S.1    Wagner, R.G.2    Day, M.3
  • 33
    • 0026005385 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region
    • Frelich, L.E. & Lorimer, C.G. 1991. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region. Ecol. Monogr. 61: 145-164.
    • (1991) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.61 , pp. 145-164
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 35
    • 0027510874 scopus 로고
    • Patch formation and maintenance in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest
    • Frelich, L.E., Calcote, R.R. & Davis, M.B. 1993. Patch formation and maintenance in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest. Ecology 74: 513-527.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 513-527
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Calcote, R.R.2    Davis, M.B.3
  • 37
    • 0000172320 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance, succession, and the maintenance of species diversity in an east Texas forest
    • Glitzenstein, J.S., Harcombe, P.A. & Streng, D.R. 1986. Disturbance, succession, and the maintenance of species diversity in an east Texas forest. Ecol. Monogr. 56: 243-258.
    • (1986) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.56 , pp. 243-258
    • Glitzenstein, J.S.1    Harcombe, P.A.2    Streng, D.R.3
  • 39
    • 0000707879 scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material - And approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire
    • Henry, J.D. & Swan, J.M. 1974. Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material - and approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire. Ecology 55: 772-783.
    • (1974) Ecology , vol.55 , pp. 772-783
    • Henry, J.D.1    Swan, J.M.2
  • 40
    • 0020377871 scopus 로고
    • Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest
    • Hibbs, D.E. 1982. Gap dynamics in a hemlock-hardwood forest. Can. J. For. Res. 12: 522-527.
    • (1982) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.12 , pp. 522-527
    • Hibbs, D.E.1
  • 41
    • 0002682930 scopus 로고
    • Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurements
    • Holmes, R.L. 1983. Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurements. Tree-Ring Bull. 44: 69-75.
    • (1983) Tree-Ring Bull. , vol.44 , pp. 69-75
    • Holmes, R.L.1
  • 42
    • 0242485666 scopus 로고
    • Insect enemies of the spruce in the northeast
    • USDA, Washington, DC, US
    • Hopkins, A.D. 1901. Insect enemies of the spruce in the northeast. Division of Entomology Bulletin No. 28, USDA, Washington, DC, US.
    • (1901) Division of Entomology Bulletin No. 28
    • Hopkins, A.D.1
  • 44
    • 0001646182 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction in windfalls in a northern hardwood stand
    • Hutnik, R.J. 1952. Reproduction in windfalls in a northern hardwood stand. J. For. 50: 693-694.
    • (1952) J. For. , vol.50 , pp. 693-694
    • Hutnik, R.J.1
  • 45
    • 0001844129 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance and gap dynamics in a Swedish boreal spruce forest
    • Nakagoshi, N. & Golley, F.B. (eds.) SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, NL
    • Hytteborn, H., Liu, Q.-H. & Verwijst, T. 1991. Natural disturbance and gap dynamics in a Swedish boreal spruce forest. In: Nakagoshi, N. & Golley, F.B. (eds.) Coniferous forest ecology from an international perspective, pp. 93-108. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, NL.
    • (1991) Coniferous Forest Ecology from An International Perspective , pp. 93-108
    • Hytteborn, H.1    Liu, Q.-H.2    Verwijst, T.3
  • 47
    • 0348108184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Périodicité et synchronisme des épidémies de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette au Québec
    • Jardon, Y., Morin, H. & Dutilleul, P. 2003. Périodicité et synchronisme des épidémies de la tordeuse des bourgeons de l'épinette au Québec. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 1947-1961.
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 1947-1961
    • Jardon, Y.1    Morin, H.2    Dutilleul, P.3
  • 48
    • 0027331288 scopus 로고
    • Uprooting in boreal spruce forests: Long-term variation in disturbance rates
    • Jonsson, B.G. & Dynesius, M. 1993. Uprooting in boreal spruce forests: long-term variation in disturbance rates. Can. J. For. Res. 23: 2383-2388.
    • (1993) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.23 , pp. 2383-2388
    • Jonsson, B.G.1    Dynesius, M.2
  • 49
    • 0001024559 scopus 로고
    • Structure of avian communities in selected Panama and Illinois habitats
    • Karr, J.R. 1971. Structure of avian communities in selected Panama and Illinois habitats. Ecol. Monogr. 41: 207-233.
    • (1971) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.41 , pp. 207-233
    • Karr, J.R.1
  • 51
    • 0026591944 scopus 로고
    • Gradual and sudden forest canopy gaps in Allegheny northern hardwood forests
    • Krasny, M.E. & Whitmore, M.C. 1992. Gradual and sudden forest canopy gaps in Allegheny northern hardwood forests. Can. J. For. Res. 22: 139-143.
    • (1992) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.22 , pp. 139-143
    • Krasny, M.E.1    Whitmore, M.C.2
  • 52
    • 0032700229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems
    • Landres, P.B., Morgan, P. & Swanson, F.J. 1999. Overview of the use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecol. Appl. 9: 1179-1188.
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 1179-1188
    • Landres, P.B.1    Morgan, P.2    Swanson, F.J.3
  • 53
    • 0026080349 scopus 로고
    • Canopy gaps and establishment patterns of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in two old-growth coniferous forests in central Sweden
    • Leemans, R. 1991. Canopy gaps and establishment patterns of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in two old-growth coniferous forests in central Sweden. Vegetatio 93: 157-165.
    • (1991) Vegetatio , vol.93 , pp. 157-165
    • Leemans, R.1
  • 54
    • 0000655879 scopus 로고
    • Forests are not just Swiss cheese: Canopy stereogeometry of non-gaps in tropical forests
    • Lieberman, M., Lieberman, D. & Peralta, R. 1989. Forests are not just Swiss cheese: canopy stereogeometry of non-gaps in tropical forests. Ecology 70: 550-552.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 550-552
    • Lieberman, M.1    Lieberman, D.2    Peralta, R.3
  • 55
    • 0001522644 scopus 로고
    • Age structure and disturbance history of a southern Appalachian virgin forest
    • Lorimer, C.G. 1980. Age structure and disturbance history of a southern Appalachian virgin forest. Ecology 61: 1169-1184.
    • (1980) Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 1169-1184
    • Lorimer, C.G.1
  • 56
    • 0022180570 scopus 로고
    • Methodological considerations in the analysis of forest disturbance history
    • Lorimer, C.G. 1985. Methodological considerations in the analysis of forest disturbance history. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 200-213.
    • (1985) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.15 , pp. 200-213
    • Lorimer, C.G.1
  • 57
    • 0024903367 scopus 로고
    • A methodology for estimating canopy disturbance frequency and intensity in dense temperate forests
    • Lorimer, C.G. & Frelich, L.E. 1989. A methodology for estimating canopy disturbance frequency and intensity in dense temperate forests. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 651-663.
    • (1989) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 651-663
    • Lorimer, C.G.1    Frelich, L.E.2
  • 58
    • 0242662408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scale and frequency of natural disturbances in the northeastern US: Implications for early successional forest habitats and regional age distributions
    • Lorimer, C.G. & White, A.S. 2003. Scale and frequency of natural disturbances in the northeastern US: implications for early successional forest habitats and regional age distributions. For. Ecol. Manage. 185: 41-64.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.185 , pp. 41-64
    • Lorimer, C.G.1    White, A.S.2
  • 59
    • 0027089209 scopus 로고
    • Age structure and dynamics of podocarp-broadleaf forest in Tongariro National Park, New Zealand
    • Lusk, C. & Ogden, J. 1992. Age structure and dynamics of podocarp-broadleaf forest in Tongariro National Park, New Zealand. J. Ecol. 80: 379-393.
    • (1992) J. Ecol. , vol.80 , pp. 379-393
    • Lusk, C.1    Ogden, J.2
  • 60
    • 0036209993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree canopy displacement at forest gap edges
    • Muth, C.G. & Bazzaz, F.A. 2002. Tree canopy displacement at forest gap edges. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 247-254.
    • (2002) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 247-254
    • Muth, C.G.1    Bazzaz, F.A.2
  • 62
    • 0031284512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks
    • Nowacki, G.J. & Abrams, M.D. 1997. Radial-growth averaging criteria for reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks. Ecol. Monogr. 67: 225-249.
    • (1997) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.67 , pp. 225-249
    • Nowacki, G.J.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 65
    • 11144249842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and dynamics of an ancient montane forest in coastal British Columbia
    • Parish, R. & Antos, J.A. 2004. Structure and dynamics of an ancient montane forest in coastal British Columbia. Oecologia 141: 562-576.
    • (2004) Oecologia , vol.141 , pp. 562-576
    • Parish, R.1    Antos, J.A.2
  • 66
    • 0025674838 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance regime of a cold temperate forest as deduced by tree-ring patterns: The Tantaré Ecological Reserve, Quebec
    • Payette, S., Filion, L. & Delwaide, A. 1990. Disturbance regime of a cold temperate forest as deduced by tree-ring patterns: the Tantaré Ecological Reserve, Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 20: 1228-1241.
    • (1990) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.20 , pp. 1228-1241
    • Payette, S.1    Filion, L.2    Delwaide, A.3
  • 67
    • 34547863844 scopus 로고
    • Spruce budworm control: A cooperative project in Maine
    • Augusta, ME, US
    • Peirson, H.B. 1950. Spruce budworm control: a cooperative project in Maine. Maine Forest Service Circular No. 8, Augusta, ME, US.
    • (1950) Maine Forest Service Circular No. 8
    • Peirson, H.B.1
  • 69
    • 0027832631 scopus 로고
    • Structure and tree-fall gap dynamics of old-growth Nothofagus forests in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
    • Rebertus, A.J. & Veblen, T.T. 1993. Structure and tree-fall gap dynamics of old-growth Nothofagus forests in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. J. Veg. Sci. 4: 641-654.
    • (1993) J. Veg. Sci. , vol.4 , pp. 641-654
    • Rebertus, A.J.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 70
    • 0000919110 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana
    • Royoma, T. 1984. Population dynamics of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. Ecol. Monogr. 54: 429-462.
    • (1984) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.54 , pp. 429-462
    • Royoma, T.1
  • 71
    • 0020461658 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America
    • Runkle, J.R. 1982. Patterns of disturbance in some old-growth mesic forests of eastern North America. Ecology 63: 1533-1546.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1533-1546
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 72
    • 0022190288 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance regimes in temperate forests
    • Pickett, S.T.A. & White, P.S. (eds.) Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, US
    • Runkle, J.R. 1985. Disturbance regimes in temperate forests. In: Pickett, S.T.A. & White, P.S. (eds.) The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics, pp. 17-33. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, US.
    • (1985) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics , pp. 17-33
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 73
    • 0003432029 scopus 로고
    • General Technical Report PNW-GTR-283, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, US
    • Runkle, J.R. 1992. Guidelines and sample protocol for sampling forest gaps. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-283, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR, US.
    • (1992) Guidelines and Sample Protocol for Sampling Forest Gaps
    • Runkle, J.R.1
  • 74
    • 0002546969 scopus 로고
    • The red spruce-balsam fir forest of Maine: Evolution of silvicultural practice in response to stand development patterns and disturbances
    • Kelty, M.J., Larson, B.C. & Oliver, C.D. (eds.) Kluwer Publishers, Norwell, MA, US
    • Seymour, R.S. 1992. The red spruce-balsam fir forest of Maine: evolution of silvicultural practice in response to stand development patterns and disturbances. In: Kelty, M.J., Larson, B.C. & Oliver, C.D. (eds.) The ecology and silviculture of mixed-species forests, pp. 217-244. Kluwer Publishers, Norwell, MA, US.
    • (1992) The Ecology and Silviculture of Mixed-species Forests , pp. 217-244
    • Seymour, R.S.1
  • 76
    • 0034494598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconstructing 100-150 years of logging history in coastal spruce forest (Picea abies) with special conservation values in central Norway
    • Storaunet, K.O., Rolstad, J. & Groven, R. 2000. Reconstructing 100-150 years of logging history in coastal spruce forest (Picea abies) with special conservation values in central Norway. Scand. J. Forest Res. 15: 591-604.
    • (2000) Scand. J. Forest Res. , vol.15 , pp. 591-604
    • Storaunet, K.O.1    Rolstad, J.2    Groven, R.3
  • 78
    • 0001032574 scopus 로고
    • A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: Disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes
    • Turner, M.G., Romme, W.H., Gardner, R.H., O'Neill, R.V. & Kratz, T.K. 1993. A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes. Landscape Ecol. 8: 213-227.
    • (1993) Landscape Ecol. , vol.8 , pp. 213-227
    • Turner, M.G.1    Romme, W.H.2    Gardner, R.H.3    O'Neill, R.V.4    Kratz, T.K.5
  • 79
    • 0026049873 scopus 로고
    • The response of subalpine forests to spruce beetle outbreak in Colorado
    • Veblen, T.T., Hadley, K.S., Reid, M.S. & Rebertus, A.J. 1991. The response of subalpine forests to spruce beetle outbreak in Colorado. Ecology 72: 213-231.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 213-231
    • Veblen, T.T.1    Hadley, K.S.2    Reid, M.S.3    Rebertus, A.J.4
  • 80
    • 0002374017 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of growth and form
    • Crawley, M.J. (ed.) Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK
    • Waller, D.M. 1986. The dynamics of growth and form. In: Crawley, M.J. (ed.) Plant ecology, pp. 291-320. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
    • (1986) Plant Ecology , pp. 291-320
    • Waller, D.M.1
  • 81
    • 0024934033 scopus 로고
    • Spatial dispersion of woody regeneration in an old-growth forest
    • Ward, J.S. & Parker, G.R. 1989. Spatial dispersion of woody regeneration in an old-growth forest. Ecology 70: 1279-1285.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1279-1285
    • Ward, J.S.1    Parker, G.R.2
  • 82
    • 0001914344 scopus 로고
    • Pattern and process in the plant community
    • Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. J. Ecol. 35: 122.
    • (1947) J. Ecol. , vol.35 , pp. 122
    • Watt, A.S.1
  • 83
    • 0024878907 scopus 로고
    • Contrasting windstorm consequences in two forests, Itasca State Park, Minnesota
    • Webb, S.L. 1989. Contrasting windstorm consequences in two forests, Itasca State Park, Minnesota. Ecology 70: 1167-1180.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 1167-1180
    • Webb, S.L.1
  • 84
    • 0035106112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Windstorm disturbance without patch dynamics: Twelve years of change in a Minnesota forest
    • Webb, S.L. & Scanga, S.E. 2001. Windstorm disturbance without patch dynamics: twelve years of change in a Minnesota forest. Ecology 82: 893-897.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 893-897
    • Webb, S.L.1    Scanga, S.E.2
  • 87
    • 0022221887 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance and gap dynamics in southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests
    • White, P.S., MacKenzie, M.D. & Bushing, R.T. 1985. Natural disturbance and gap dynamics in southern Appalachian spruce-fir forests. Can. J. For. Res. 15: 233-240.
    • (1985) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.15 , pp. 233-240
    • White, P.S.1    MacKenzie, M.D.2    Bushing, R.T.3
  • 89
    • 0033974298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests over three decades
    • Woods, K.D. 2000. Dynamics in late-successional hemlock-hardwood forests over three decades. Ecology 81: 110-126.
    • (2000) Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 110-126
    • Woods, K.D.1
  • 90
    • 0024249451 scopus 로고
    • Etiology of canopy gaps in spruce-fir forests at Crawford Notch, New Hampshire
    • Worrall, J.J. & Harrington, T.C. 1988. Etiology of canopy gaps in spruce-fir forests at Crawford Notch, New Hampshire. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1463-1469.
    • (1988) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.18 , pp. 1463-1469
    • Worrall, J.J.1    Harrington, T.C.2
  • 91
    • 13644254051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest dynamics and agents that initiate and expand canopy gaps in Picea-Abies forests of Crawford Notch, New Hampshire, USA
    • Worrall, J.J., Lee, T.D. & Harrington, T.C. 2005. Forest dynamics and agents that initiate and expand canopy gaps in Picea-Abies forests of Crawford Notch, New Hampshire, USA. J. Ecol. 93: 178-190.
    • (2005) J. Ecol. , vol.93 , pp. 178-190
    • Worrall, J.J.1    Lee, T.D.2    Harrington, T.C.3
  • 92
    • 0032936065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth pattern of Picea rubens prior to canopy recruitment
    • Wu, X., McCormick, F. & Busing, R.T. 1999. Growth pattern of Picea rubens prior to canopy recruitment. Plant Ecol. 140: 245-253.
    • (1999) Plant Ecol. , vol.140 , pp. 245-253
    • Wu, X.1    McCormick, F.2    Busing, R.T.3
  • 93
    • 0002749441 scopus 로고
    • A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees
    • Yamaguchi, D.K. 1991. A simple method for cross-dating increment cores from living trees. Can. J. For. Res. 21: 414-416.
    • (1991) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.21 , pp. 414-416
    • Yamaguchi, D.K.1
  • 94
    • 0027330850 scopus 로고
    • Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in a subalpine coniferous forest on Mt. Ontake central Honshu, Japan
    • Yamamoto, S.-I. 1993. Gap characteristics and gap regeneration in a subalpine coniferous forest on Mt. Ontake central Honshu, Japan. Ecol. Res. 8: 277-285.
    • (1993) Ecol. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 277-285
    • Yamamoto, S.-I.1
  • 95
    • 0004252445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, US
    • Zar, J.H. 1999. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, US.
    • (1999) Biostatistical Analysis
    • Zar, J.H.1
  • 96
    • 0037001384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance regimes of hemlock-dominated old-growth forests in northern New York, USA
    • Ziegler, S.S. 2002. Disturbance regimes of hemlock-dominated old-growth forests in northern New York, USA. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 2106-2115.
    • (2002) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 2106-2115
    • Ziegler, S.S.1
  • 97
    • 27744452827 scopus 로고
    • Bulletin 55, USDA, Washington, DC, US
    • Zon, R. 1914. Balsam fir. Bulletin 55, USDA, Washington, DC, US.
    • (1914) Balsam Fir
    • Zon, R.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.