Acute stroke - A dynamic process

Danish Medical Bulletin

Volumn 54, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 210-225

  Christensen, Hanne ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b NONE   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTEPLASE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CANDESARTAN; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL; CYTOKINE; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HYDROCORTISONE; LABETALOL; NICARDIPINE; TROPONIN I; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ACUTE DISEASE; ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BODY TEMPERATURE MONITORING; BRAIN DAMAGE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN INFECTION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ECG ABNORMALITY; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HEART DISEASE; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HEMOGLOBIN BLOOD LEVEL; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; STROKE; SUDDEN DEATH; BLOOD; BLOOD CELL COUNT; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY TEMPERATURE; DENMARK; INCIDENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; METABOLISM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SURVIVAL RATE;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BLOOD CELL COUNT; BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY TEMPERATURE; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; DENMARK; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; INCIDENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; PROGNOSIS; SURVIVAL RATE; TROPONIN I;

EID: 34548824076     PISSN: 16039629     EISSN: 16039629     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P. Effects of post-stroke pyrexia on stroke outcome. A meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke 2000;31(2):410-4.
2. Christensen H, Boysen G. Acceptable agreement between tympanic and rectal temperature in acute stroke patients. IJCP 2002;56:82-4.
3. Castillo J, Davalos A, Marrugat J, Noya M. Timing for fever-related brain damage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998;29(12):2455-60.
4. Castillo J, Martinez F, Laira R, Prieto JM, Lema M, Noya M. Mortality and morbidity of acute cerebral infarction related to temperature and basal analytic parameters. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4:66-71.
5. Terént A, Andersson B. The prognosis for patients with cerebrovascular stroke and transient ischemic attars. Ups Med J 1981;86:63-74.
6. Hindfelt B. The prognostic significance of subfebrility and fever in ischaemic cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Scand 1976;53:72-9.
7. Kammersgaard LP, Jørgensen HS, Rungby JA, Reith J, Nakayama H, Weber UJ et al. Admission body temperature predicts long-term mortality after acute stroke. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke 2002;33 (1759): 1762.
8. Suzuki S, Kelly RE, Dandapani BK, Reyes-Iglesias Y, Dietrich WD, Duncan RC. Acute leukocyte and temperature response in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1995;26:1020-3.
9. Azzimoridi G, Bassein L, Nonino F, Fiorani L, Vignatelli L, Re G, et al. Fever in acute stroke worsen prognosis. Stroke 1995;26:2040-3.
10. Schwartz S, Häfner K, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 2000;54:354-61.
11. Reith J, Jørgensen HS, Pedersen PM, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Jeppesen P, et al. Body temperature in acute stroke:relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality and outcome. Lancet 1996;347:422-5.
12. MacWalter R, McMahon A, Fraser H, Bruce V, Hendrick S. Does body temperature on admission predict long-term outcome after an acute stroke? Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8 (suppl 4):abstract 36.
13. Wang Y, Lim LL-Y, Levi C, Heller RF, Fisher J, Maths B. Influence of admission body temperature on stroke mortality. Stroke 2000;31:404-9.
14. Szczudlik A, Slowik A, Turaj W, Wyrwicz-Petkow U, Pera J, Dziedzic T, et al. Transient hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke patients. J Neurol Sci 2001;189:105-11.
15. Szczudlik A, Turaj W, Slowik A, Strojny J. Hyperthermia is not an independent predictor of greater mortality in patietns with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Med Sci Monit 2002;8:CR702-CR707.
16. Szczudlic A, Sluwik A, Turaj W, Zwolinska G, Wyrwicz-Petkow U, Kasprzyk K et al. Early predictors of 30-day mortality in supratentorial ischemic stroke patients - first episode. Med Sci Monit 2000;6:75-80.
17. Cooper PE, Martin JB. Neuroendocrine disease. In:Rosenberg RN, editor. The Clinical Neurosciences. New York: Churchhfll Livingstone; 1983.
18. McAllen RM. Preoptic termoregulatory mechanisms in detail. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004:287:R306-R313.
19. Campbell IT. Thermoregulation in critical illness. Br J Anaestesia 1997;78:121-2.
20. Kasner SE, Wein T, Piriyawat P, Villar-Corclova CE, Chalela JA, Krieger DW et al. Acetetaminophen for altering body temperature in acute stroke. A randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2002;33:130-5.
21. Dippel DWJ, van Breda EJ, van der Worp HB, van Gemert HMA, Meijer RJ, Kappelle LJ et al. Effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibubrofen on body temperature in acute ischemic stroke PISA, a phase II double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial [ISRCTN98608690]. http://www.biomedcentral com/1471-2261/3/2 2003 [cited 3 A.D. May 8].
22. Schwab S, Spranger M, Aschoff A, Steiner T Hacke W. Brain temperature monitoring and modulation in patients with severe MCA infarctions. Neurology 1997;48(3):762-7.
23. Wallace JD, Levy LL. Blood pressure after stroke. JAMA 1981;246:2177-80.
24. de Faire U, Britton M, Helmers C, Wester PO. Blood pressure during the acute phases of cerebrovascular disease. Acta Med Scand 1978;621: Suppl 27-.
25. Britton M, Carlsson A, de Faire U. Blood pressure course in patients with acute stroke and matched controls. Stroke 1986;17:861-4.
26. Jansen PAF, Schulte BPM, Poels EFJ, Gribnau FWJ. Course of blood pressure after cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1987:89:243-6.
27. Carlberg B, Asplund K, Hagg E. Factors influencing admission blood pressure levels in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 1991:22:527-30.
28. Broderick J, Brott T Barsan W, Clarke Haley E, Levy D, marler J, Sheppard G et al. Blood pressure during the first minutes of focal cerebral ischemia. Ann Emerg Med 1993;22:1438-43.
29. Lisk DR, Grotta JC, Lamki LM, Tran HD, Taylor JW, Molony DA et al. Should hypertension be treated after acute stroke? A randomized controlled trial using single photon emission computed tomography. Arch Neurol 1993;50:855-62.
30. Harper G, Castleden CM, Potter JF. Factors affecting changes in blood pressure after acute stroke. Stroke 1994:25:1726-9.
31. Morfis L, Schwartz RS, Poulos R, Howes LG. Blood-pressure changes in acute cerebral infarction and hemorrhage. Stroke 1997;28:1401-5.
32. Chamorro A, Vila N, Ascaso C, Elices E, Schonewille W, Blanc R. Blood pressure and functional recovery in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1998;29:1850-3.
33. Saxena R, Wijnhoud AD, Koudstaal PJ, van den Meiracker AH. Induced elevation of blood pressurein the acute phase of ischemic stroke in humans. Stroke 2000;31:346-8.
34. Ahmed N, Näsman P, Wahlgren NG. Effect of intravenous nimodipine on blood pressure and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 2000;31:1250-5.
35. Semplicini A, Maresca A, Boscolo, G, Sartori M, Rocchi R, Giantin V et al. Hypertension in acute ischemic stroke. A compensatory mechanism or an additional damaging factor? Arch Intern Med 2003;163:211-6.
36. Jørgensen HS, Nakayama H, Christensen HR, Raaschou HO, Kampmann JP, Olsen TS. Blood pressure in acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 13:204-9.
37. Christensen H. Hypertension in acute stroke.(letter). Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2651-2.
38. Ahmed N, de la Torre B, Wahlgren NG. Salivary Cortisol, a biological marker of stress, is positively associated with 24-hour systolic blood pressure in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;18:206-13.
39. Boreas AMPH, Lodder J, Kessels F, de Leeuw PW, Troost J. Predictors of poststroke blood pressure level an course. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;10:85-91.
40. Osaki Y, Matsubayashi K, Yamasaki M, Okumiya K, Yoshimura K, Yoshimura K et al. Daily profile of poststroke blood pressure change. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2900;9:232-7.
41. Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PMW, Phillips SJ, Sandercock PAG, for the IST Collaborative Group. Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2002;33(1315):1320.
42. Willmot M, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PMW. High blood pressure in acute stroke and subsequent outcome. A systematic review. Hypertension 2004;43:18-24.
43. Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K, Zakopoulos N, Synetos A, Manios E et al. U-shaped relationship between mortality and admission blood pressure in patietns with acute stroke. J Int Med 2004;255:257-65.
44. Castillo J, Leira R, García MM, Serena J, Blanco M, Dàvalos A. Blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke 2004;35:520-7.
45. Christensen H. The timing of the blood pressure measurement may affect the result in patients with acute stroke (letter). 43:43e. Hypertension 2004;43:43e.
46. Ahmed N, Wahlgren NG. High initial blood pressure after acute stroke is associated with poor functional outcome. J Int Med 2001;249:467-73.
47. Britton M, Carlsson A. Very high blood pressure in acute stroke. J Int Med 1990;228:611-5.
48. Jøorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS. Effect of blood pressure and diabetes on stroke in progression. Lancet 1994:344:156-9.
49. Wahlgren NG, MacMahon DG, De Keyser J, Indredavik B, Ryman T, for the INWEST Study Group. The intravenous Nimodipine West European Trial (INWEST) of nimodipine in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994;4204-10.
50. Aslanyan S, Fazekas F. Weir CJ, Horner S, Lees KR, for the GAIN International Steering Committee and Investigators. Effect of blood pressure during the acute period of ischemic stroke on stroke outcome. A tertiary analysis og the GAIN International Trial. Stroke 2003;34:2420-5.
51. Oliveira-Filho J, Silva SCS, Trabuco CC, Pedreira BB, Sousa EU. Bacellar A. Detrimental effect of blood pressure reduction in the first 24 hours of acute stroke onset. Neurology 2003;61:1047-51.
52. Britton M, de Faire U. Helmers C. Hazards of therapy for excessive hypertension in acute stroke. Acta Med Scand 1980;207:253-7.
53. Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinson L. Cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1990:2:161-92.
54. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, Berger J, Zidek W, Treib J, et al. The ACCESS Study. Evaluation of Acute Cadesartan Cilexetil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke 2003;34:1699-703.
55. Marzan AS, Hungerbühler H-J, Studer A, Baumgartner RW, Georgiadis D. Feasibility and safety of norepinephrine-induced arterial hypertension in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2004;62:1193-5.
56. Bath P. Efficacy of Nitric Oxide (ENOS) in Acute Stroke Trial. Stroke 2001;32:2450-2451.
57. Frankel MR, Morgenstern LB, Kwiatkowski T, Lu M, Tilley BC, Broderick JP et al. Predicting prognosis after stroke. A placebo group analysis from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Trial. Neurology 2000;55:952-9.
58. Wexler BC, Saroff J. Metabolic changes in response to acute cerebral ischemia following unilateral carotid artery ligation in ateriosclerotic versus nonarteriosclerotic rats. Stroke 1970;1:38-51.
59. Meden P, Andersen M, Overgaard K, Rasmussen RS, Boysen G. The effects of early insulin treatment combined with thrombolysis in rat embolic stroke. Neurol Res 2002:24:399-404.
60. Bhalla A, Sankaralingam S, Tilling K, Swaminathan R, Wolfe C, Rudd A. Effect of acute glycaemic index on clinical outcome after acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;13:95-101.
61. Oppenheimer SM. Plasma cortisol as a measure of stress response in acute stroke. Stroke 1990;21:1376.
62. Oppenheimer SM, Hoffbrand BI-Oswald GA, Yudkin JS. Diabetes mellitus and early mortality from stroke. BMJ 1985;291:1014-5.
63. Cox NH, Lorains JW. The prognostic value of blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin in patients with stroke, Postgrad Med J 1986;62(723):7-10.
64. Murros K, Fogelholm R, Kettunen S, Vuorela A-L, Valve J. Blood gtucose, glycosylated haaemoglobin, and outcome of ischemic brain infarction. J Neurol Sci 1992; 111:59-64.
65. Tracey F, Crawford VLS, Lawson JT, Buchanan KD, Stout RW. Hyperglycaemia and mortality from acute stroke. QJ Med 1993:86:437-46.
66. Power MJ, Fullerton KJ, Stout RW. Blood glucose and prognosis of acute stroke. Age and Agening 1988:17:164-70.
67. Woo J, Lam CWK, Kay R, Wong AHY, Teoh R, Nicholls MG. The influence of hyperglycemia and diabetes melliius on immediate and 3-month morbidity and mortality after acute stroke. Arch Neurol 1990;47:1174-7:
68. Power MJ, Fullerton KJ, Stout RW. Blood glucose and prognosis of acute stroke. Age Agening 1988; 17(3):164-70.
69. Murros K, Fogelholm R. Hyperglycemia after stroke:A stress reaction. Stroke 1991;22:692-3.
70. Murros K, Fogelholm R, Kettunen S, Vuorela AL, Valve J. Blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, and outcome of ischaemic brain infarction J Neurol Sci 1992; 111 (1):59-64.
71. Mitchell AJ, Kirkpartrick P. May occur as a result of a neuroendecrine response. BMJ 1997;315:810.
72. O'Neill PA, Davies J, Fullerton KJ, Bennett D. Stress hormone and blood glucose response following acute stroke in the elderly. Stroke 1991;22:842-7.
73. Murros K, Fogelholm R, Kettunen S, Vuorela AL. Serum cortisol and outcome of ischemic brain infarction. J Neurol Sci 1993;116:12-7.
74. van Kooten F, Hoogerbrugge N, Naarding P, Koudstaal PJ. Hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke is not caused by stress. Stroke 1993;24:1129-32.
75. Melamed E. Reactive hyperglycaemia in patients with acute stroke. J Neurol Sci 1976;29:267-75.
76. Candelise L, Landi G, Orazio EN, Boccardi E. Prognostic significanse of hyperglycemia in acute stroke. Arch Neurol 1985;42:611-63.
77. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, O'Connel JE, Alberti KGMM, Gray CS. Prevalence of admission hyperglycaemia across clinical subtypes of acute stroke. Lancet 1999;353:376-7.
78. Pulsinelli WA, Levy DE Sigsbee B, Scherer P, Plum F. Increased damage after ischemic stroke in patietns with hyperglycemia with or without established diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 1983;74:540-4.
79. Woo E, Chan YW, Yu YL, Huang CY. Admission glucose level in relation to mortality and morbidity outcome in 252 stroke patients, Stroke 1989;19:185-91.
80. Weir CJ, Murray GD, Dyker AD, Lees KR. Is hyperglycaemia an independent predictor of poor outcome anfter acute stroke? Results of a long term follow up study. BMJ 1997;314:1303-6.
81. Bruno A, Biller J, Adams HP, Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Williams LS, et al. Acute blood glucose and outcome from ischemic stroke. Neurology 1999;52:280-4.
82. Adams HP, Olinger CP, Marler JR, Biller J, Brott TC, Barsan WG et al. Comparison of admission serum glucose concentration with neurological outcome in acute cerebral infarction. A study in patients given Naloxone. Stroke 1988:19:455-8.
83. Bruno A, Levine SR, Frankel MR, Brott TC, Lin Y, Tilley BC, et al. Admission glucose level and clinical outcome in the NINDS rt-PA stroke trial. Neurology 2002;59:669-74.
84. Baird TA, Parsons MW, Panh T, Butcher KS, Desmond PM, Tress BM, et al. Persistent poststroke hyperglycaemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke 2004;34: 2208-14.
85. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients. A systematic overview. Stroke 2001;32:2426-32.
86. Counsell C, McDowall M, Dennis M. Hyperglycaemia after acute stroke. BMJ 1997;315:810.
87. Weir CJ, Murray GD, Dyker AG, Lees KR. Is hyperglycaemia an independent predictor of poor outcome after acute stroke. Results of a long term follow up study. Br J Anaesth 1997;314 (7090):1303-6.
88. Dewey HM, Donnam GA, Freeman EJ, Sharples CM, Macdonell RAL, McNeil JJ et al. Interrater reliability of the national institute of health scale: Rating by neurologists and nurses in a community-based stroke incidence study. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999;9:323-7.
89. Lindenstrom E, Boysen G, Christiansen LW, à Rogvi Hansen B, Nielsen PW. Reliability of Scandinavian Neurological Stroke Scale. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991;1:103-7.
90. Côté R, Hachinski VC, Shurvell BL, Norris JW, Wolfson C. The Canadian Neurological Scale:A preliminary study in acute stroke. Stroke 1986;17:731-7.
91. Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Lindley RI; Sellar RJ, Warlow CP. The validity of a simple clinical classification of acute stroke. J Neurol 1996;243:274-9.
92. Demchuk AM, Morgenstern LB, Krieger DW, Chi TL, Wein TH, Hardy RJ et al. Serum Glucose level and diabetes predict tissue plasminogen activator-related intracerebral hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999;30:34-9.
93. Els T, Klisch J, Orszagh M, Hetzel A, Schulte-Mönting, Schumacher M, et al. Hyperglycemia in patients with focal cerebral ischemia after intravenous trombolysis:Influence on clinical outcome and infarct size. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002; 13:89-94.
94. Christensen H. Hyperglycaemia in patients with focal cerebral ischaemia. Cerebrovase Dis 2003; 15:154-5.
95. Alvarez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Montaner J, Arenillas JF, Huertas R, Ribo M et al. Effects of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome in reperfused tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients. Stroke 2003;34(1235):1241.
96. Parsons MW, Barber PA, Desmond PM, Baird TA, Darby DG, Byrnes G et al. Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome:A magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Ann Neurol 2002;52:20-8.
97. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, O'Connell JE, Alberti KGMM, Gray CS. Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia. The glocose insulin in stroke trial (GIST). Stroke 1999;30:793-9.
98. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Alberti KGMM, O'Connel JE, on behalf of the GIST Collaboration. Poststroke hyperglycaemia. Natural history and immediate management. Stroke 2004;35:122-6.
99. Lindsberg PJ, Roine RO. Hyperglycaemia in acute stroke. Stroke 2004;35:363-4.
100. Gray CS, Scott JF, French JM, Alberti KGMM, O'Connel JE. Prevalence and prediction of unrerecognised diabetes mellitus and imparied glucose tolerance following acute stroke. Age and Agening 2004;33:71-7.
101. Oka M. Effect of cerebral vascular accident on the level of 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids in plasma. Acta Scand Med 1956;156:221-6.
102. Feibel JH, Hardy PM, Campbell GC, Goldstein MN, Joynt RJ. Prognostic value ofthe stress response following stroke. JAMA 1977;238:1374-6.
103. Myers MG, Norris JW, Hachinski VC, Sole MJ. Plasma norepinephrine in stroke. Stroke 1981;12:200-4.
104. Myers MG, Norris JW, Hachinski VC, Weingert ME, Sole MJ. Cardiac sequelae of acute stroke. Stroke 1982;13:838-42.
105. Christensen NJ, Videback J. Plasma catecholamines and carbonhydrate metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 1974;54:278-86.
106. Little RA, Frayn KN, Randall PE, Stoner HB, Morton C, Yates DW et al. Plasma catecholamines in the acute phase of the response to myocardial infarction. Arch Emerg Med 1986:3:20-7.
107. Desborough JP. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth 2000:85(1):109-17.
108. Meyer JS, Stoica F, Pascu I, Shimazu K, Hartmann A. Chatecholamine concentrations in CSF and plasma of patients with cerebral infarction and haemorrhage. Brain 1973:96:277-88.
109. Smith KE, Hachinski VC, Gibson CJ, Ciriello J. Changes in plasma catecholamine levels after insula damage in experimental stroke. Brain Research 1986:375:182-5.
110. Oppenheimer SM, Saleh TM, Wilson JX, Cechetto DF. Plasma and organ catecholamin levels following stimulation stimulation of the rat insular cortex. Brain Res 1992;569:221-8.
111. Meyer S, Strittmatter M, Fischer C, Georg T, Schmitz B. Lateralization in autonomic dysfunction in ischaemic stroke involving the insular cortex. Neuroreport 2004:15:357-61.
112. Christensen H, Boysen G, Christensen AF, Johannesen HH. Insular lesions, ECC abnormalities, and outcome in acute stroke. JNNP 2005;76:269-71.
113. Olsson T, Astrom M, Eriksson S, Forssell A. Hypercortisolism revealed by the dexamethasone supression test in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 1989:20:1685-90.
114. Olsson T, Marklund N, Gustafson Y, Nasman B. Abnormalities at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis early after stroke. Stroke 1992:23:1573-6.
115. Fassbender K, Schmidt R, Mossner R, Daffertshofer M, Hennerici M. Pattern of activation of the hypothalamic-pituary-adrenal axis in acute stroke. Relation to acute confusional state, extend of brain damage, and clinical outcome. Stroke 1994:25:1105-8.
116. Orlandi G. Fanucchi S, Strata G, Pataleo L, Landucci Pellegrini L, Prontera C et al. Transient autonomic ervous system dysfunction during hyperacute stroke. Acta Scand Neurol 2000;102:317-21.
117. Olsson T. Urinary free cortisol excretion shortly after ischaemic stroke. J Internal Med 1990:228:177-81.
118. Franceschini R, Gandolfo C, Cataldi A, Del Sette M, Cianciosi P, Finocchi C et al. Twenty-four-hour b-endorphin secretory pattern in stroke patients. Stroke 1994:25:2142-5.
119. Johansson A, Olsson T, Carlberg B, Karlsson K, Fagerlund M. Hypercortisolism after stroke - partly cytokine mediated? J Neurol Sci 1997:147:43-7.
120. Johansson Å, Ahrén B, Näsman B, Carlström K, Olsson T. Cortisol axis abnormalities early after stroke - relationships to cytokines and leptin. J Intern Med 2000;247:197-87.
121. Christensen H, Boysen G, Christensen E, Johannesen HH, Bendtzen K. Plasma cytokines in acute stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;11:72-9.
122. Slowik A, Toraj W, Pankiewicz J, Dziedziz T, Szermer P, Szczudlik A. Hypercortisolemia an acute stroke is related to the inflammatory response. J Neurol Sci 2002;196:27-32.
123. Khechinashvili G, Asplund K. Electrocardiographic changes in patients with acute stroke:A systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;14:67-76.
124. McHenry LC Jr, Toole JF, Miller H:S. Long-term EKG monitoring in patietns with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Stroke 1976;7:264-9.
125. Byer E, Ashman R, Toth LA. Electrocardiograms with large, upright T waves and long Q-T intervals. Am Heart J 1947;33:796-806.
126. Burch GE, Meyers R, Abildskov JA. A new Electrocadiographic pattern observed in cerebrovasular accidents. Circulation 1954;9:719-23.
127. Levine HD. Non-specificity of the electrocardiogram associated with coronary heart disease. Am J Med 1953;15:344-55.
128. Kreus KE, Kemila SJ, Takala JK. Electrocardiographic changes in cerebrovascular accidents. Acta Med Scand 1969;185:327-34.
129. Lavy S, Yaar I, Melamed E, Stern S. The effect of acute stroke on cardiac functions as observed in an intensive stroke care unit. Stroke 1974;5:775-80.
130. Britton M, de Faire U, Helmers C, Miah K, Ryding C, Wester PO. Arrhythmias in patients with acute cerebrovascular. disease. Acta Med Scand 1979;205:425-8.
131. Lindgren A, Wohlfart B, Pahlm O, Johansson BB. Electrocardiographic changes in stroke patients without primary heart disease. Clin Physiol 1994;14:223-31.
132. McDermott MM, Lefevre F, Arron M, Martin GJ, Biller J. ST segment depression detected by continuous electrocardiography in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke 1994;25: 1820-4.
133. Yamour BJ, Sridharan MR, Rice JF, Flowers NC. Electrocardiographic changes in cerebrovascular hemorrhage. Am Heart J 1980;99:294-300.
134. Diniant J, Grob D. Electrocardiographic changes and myocardial damage in patients with acute cerebrovascular accidents. Stroke 1977;8:448-55.
135. Babalis D, Maisonblanche P, Leclercq JF, Coumel Ph. Intérět d'un électrocardiogramme de longue durée chez les patients ayant eu un accident cérébral ischémique. Arch Mal Cæur 1984; 77:100-5.
136. Tonet JL, Frank R, Ducardonnet A, Fillette F, Fontaine C, Komadja M et al. L'enregistrement de Holter dans les accidents ischémìques cérébraux. Nouvelle Presse Méd 1981;10:2491-4.
137. Goldstein DS. The electrocardiogram in stroke:Relationship to pathophysiological type and comparison with prior tracings. Stroke 1979;10:253-9.
138. Daniele O, Caravaglios C, Fierro B, Natalè E. Stroke and cardiac Arrhythmias. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;11:28-33.
139. Norris JW, Froggatt GM, Hachinski VC. Cardiac arrhythmias in acute stroke. Stroke 1978;9:392-6.
140. Lavy S, Stern S, Herishianu Y, Carmon A. Electrocardiographic changes in ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 1968;7:409-15.
141. Miah K, von Arbin M, Britton M, de Faire U, Helmers C, Maasing R. Prognosis in acute stroke with special reference to some cardiac factors. J Chron Dis 1983;36:279-88.
142. Elkins JS. Sidney S. Gress DR. Go AS, Bernstein AL. Johnston SC. Electrocardiographic findings predict short-term cardiac morbidity after transient ischaemic attack. Arch Neurol 2002;59:1437-41.
143. Apple FS. Tissue specificity of cardiac troponin I- cardiac troponin T and creatin kinease-MB. Clinica Chimica Acta 1999;284:151-9.
144. Apple FS, Falahatt A, Paulsen PR, Miller EA, Sharkey SW. Improved detection of minor ischemic myocardial injury with measurement of serum cardiac traponin I. Clin Chem 1997;43:2047-51.
145. Falahati A, Sharkey SW, Christensen D, McCoy M, Miller EA, Murat MA, et al. Implementation of serum cardiac troponin I as a marker for detection of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1999;137:332-7.
146. Cina SJ, Li DJ, Chan DW, Boitnott JK, Hruban RH, Smialek JE. Serum concentrations of cardic troponin I in sudden death a pilot study. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1998;19:324-8.
147. Hamm C W. Braunwald E. A classification of unstable angina revisited. Circulation 2000;102:118-22.
148. Benamer H, Steg PC, Benessiano J, Vicaut E, Gaultier CJ, Boccara A et al. Comparison of the prognostic value of C-reactive protein and troponin 1 in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:845-50.
149. Missov E, Mair J. A novel biochemical approach to congestive heart failure:cardiac troponin T. Am Heart J 1999;138:95-9.
150. Kim LJ, Martinez EA, Faraday N, Dorman T, Fleisher LA, Perler BA et al. Cardiac troponin I predicts short-term mortality in vascular surgery patients. Circulation 2002;106:2366-71.
151. Lasocki S, Provenchère S, Benessiano J, Vicaut E, Lecharny JB, Desmonts JM et al. Cardiac troponin I is an independent predictor of in-hospital death after adult cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2002;97:405-11.
152. Sandri MT, Cardinale D, Zorzino L, Passerini R, Lentati P, Martinoni A, et al. Minor increases in plasma troponin I predict decreased left ventricular ejection fraction after high-dose chemotherapy. Clin Chem 2003;49:248-52.
153. Rifai N, Douglas PS, O'Toole M, Rimm E, Ginsburg GS. Cardiac troponin I and T, electrocardigraphic wall motion analyses, and ejection fractions in athletes participating in the Hawaii ironman triathlon. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:1085-9.
154. Hamm CW, Giannitsis E, Katus HA. Cardiac troponin elevations in patients without acute coronary syndrome. Circulation 2002:106:2871-2.
155. Oppenheimer S. The anatomy and physiology of cortical mechanisms of cardiac control. Stroke 1993;24 [suppl I]:I-3-I-5.
156. James P, Ellis CJ, Whitlock RML, McNeil AR, Henley J, Anderson NE. Relation between troponin T concentration and mortality in patients presenting with an acute stroke:observational study. BMJ 2000;320: 1502-4.
157. Di Angelantonio E, Fiorelli M, Toni D, Sacchetti ML, Lorenzano S, Falcou A et al. Prognostic significance of admission levels of troponin I in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:76-81.
158. Etgen T, Baum H, Sander K, Sander D. Cardiac troponins and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in acute ischemic stroke do not relate to clinical prognosis. Stroke 2005;36:270-5.
159. Troøyen M, Indredavik B, Rossvoll O, Slørdahl SA. [The use of cardiac troponin I to determine the incidence of myocardial injury in patients with acute stroke]Norwegian. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2001;121:421-5.
160. Guerrero-Peral AB, Guerrero-Peral AL, Carrascal Y, Bustamante R, Roderiguez MA, ponce-Villares MA et al. [Specific markers of myocardial injury in acute stroke.] article in Spanish. Rev Neurol 2002;35:901-4.
161. Ay H, Arsava EM, Saribas O. Creatine kinease-MB elevation after stroke is not cardiac in origin:comparison with troponin T levels. Stroke 2002;33:286-9.
162. Butcher KS, Parsons MV. Cardiac enzyme elevations after stroke: The importance of specificity. Stroke 2002;33:1944.
163. Meldrum DR. Tumor necrosis factor in the heart. Am J Physiol 1998;274:R557-R595.
164. Naidich TP, Kang E, Fatterpekar GM, Delman BN, Gultekin SH, Wolfe D et al. The insula:Anatomical study and MRI imaging display at 1.5 T. Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:222-32.
165. Dupont S, Bouilleret V, Hasboun D, Semah F, Baulac M. Functional anatomy of the insula:new insights from imaging. Surg Radiol Anat 2003;25:113-9.
166. Isnard J. Guenot M, Sindou M. Mauguiere F. Clinical manifestations of insular lobe seizures:a stereoetectroencephalographic study. Epilepsia 2004;45:1079-90.
167. Ogawa H. Gustatory cortex of primates:anatomy and physiology. Neurosci Res 1994:20:1-13.
168. Pritchard TC, Macaluso DA, Eslinger PJ. Taste perceptions in patients with insular cortex lesions. Behav Neurosci 1999;113:663-71.
169. Kim JS, Choi S. Altered food preference after cortical infarction: Korean style. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;13:187-91.
170. Daniels SK, Foundas AL. The role of insular cortex in clysphagia. Dysphagia 1997;12:146-56.
171. Fifer RC. Insular stroke causing unilateral auditory processing disorder:case report. J Am Acad Audiol 1993;4:364-9.
172. Bamiou D-E. Musiek FE, Luxon LM. The insula (Island of Reil) and its role in auditory processing. Litterature review. Brain Reserch Reviews 2003;42:143-54.
173. Manes F, Paradiso S, Springer JA, Lamberty G, Robinson RG. Neglect after right Insular cortex infarction. Stroke 1999;30:946-8.
174. Kreisler A, Godofroy O, Delmaire C, Debachy B, Leclercq M, Pruvo, JP et al. The anatomy of aphasia revisited. Neurology 2000;54:117-23.
175. Hillis AE, Work M, Barker PB, Jacobs MA, Breese EL, Maurer K. Reexamining the brain regions crucial for orchestrating speech articulation. Brain 2004:127:1479-87.
176. Nestor PJ, Graham NL, Fryer TD, Williams GB, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Progressive nonfluent aphasia is associated with hypometabolism centred on the left anterior insula. Brain 2003;126:2406-18.
177. Manes F, Paradiso S, Robinson RG. Neuropsykiatric effects of insular stroke. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999;187:707-12.
178. Kasai K, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, Onitsuka T, Toner SK, Yurgelun-Todd D et al. Differences and similarities in insular and temporal pole MRI gray matter volume abnormalities in first-episode schizophrenia and affective psychosis. Arch Gen Psykiatry 2003;60:1069.
179. Cereda C, Ghika J, Maeder P, Bogousslavsky J. Strokes restricted to the insular cortex. Neurology 2002;59:1950-5.
180. Cechetto DF. Identification of a cortical site for stress-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 1994;29:362-73.
181. Oppenheimer SM, Wilson JX, Guiraudon C, Cechetto, DF. Insular cortex stimulation produces lethal cardiac arrhythmias. A mechanism of sudden death? Brain Res 1991;550:115-21.
182. Lane RD, Wallace JD, Petrovsky PP, Schwartz GE, Gradman AH. Supraventricular tachycardia in patients with right hemisphere strokes. Stroke 1992;23:362-6.
183. Oppenheimer SM. The anatomy and physiology of cortical mechanisms of cardiac control. Stroke 1993;24 [suppl I]:I-3-I-5.
184. Barron SA, Rogovski Z, Hemli J. Autonomic consequences of cerebral hemisphere infarction. Stroke 1994;25:113-6.
185. Hartmann A, Rundek T, Mast H, Paik MC, Boden-Albala B, Mohr JP et al. Mortality and causes of death after first ischemic stroke:the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study. Neurology 2001;57:2000-5.
186. Silver FL, Norris JW, Lewis AJ, Hachinski VC. Early mortality following stroke:A prospective review. Stroke 1984;15:492-6.
187. Sander D, Klingelh-dsofer J. Changes of circadian blood pressure patterns after hemodynamic and thromboembolic brain infarction. Stroke 1994;25:1730-7.
188. Colivicchi F, Bassi A, Santini M, Caltagirone C. Cardiac autonomic derangement and arrhythmias in right-sided stroke with insular involvement. Stroke 2004;35:2094-8.
189. Sander D, Klingelhöfer J. Stroke-associated pathological sympathetic activation related to size of infarction and extent of insular damage. Cerebrovasc Dis 1995;5:381-5.
190. Tokgözoglu SL, Batur MK, Topçuoglu MA, Saribas O, Kes S, Oto A. Effects of stroke localization on cardiac autonomic balance and sudden death. Stroke 1999;30:1307-11.
191. Eckardt M, Gerlach L, Welter FL. Prolongation of the frequency-corrected QT dispersion following cerebral strokes with involvement of the insula of Reil. Eur Neurol 1999;42:190-3.
192. Fink JN, Selim MM, Kumar S, Voetsch B, Fong WC, Caplan LR. Insular cortex infarction in acute middle cerebral artery territory stroke.
193. Oppenheimer SM, Cechetto DF, Hachinski VC. Cerebrogenic cardiac arrythmias. Cerebral electrocardiographic influences and their role in sudden death. Arch Neurol 1990;47:513-9.
194. Christensen H, Boysen G, Johannesen HH. Serum-cortisol reflects severity and mortality in acute stroke. J Neurol Sci 2004;217:175-80.
195. Hirashima Y, Takashima S, Matsumura N, Kurimoto M, Origasa H, Endo S. Right Sylvian fissure subarachnoid hemorrhage has electrocardiographic consequenses. Stroke 2001;32:2278-81.
196. Oppenheimer SM, Gelb A, Girvin JP, Hachinski VC. Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology 1992;42:1727-32.
197. Allport LE, Butcher KS, Baird TA, MacGregor L, Desmond PM, Tress BM et al. Insular cortical ischemia is independently associated with acute stress hyperglycemia. Stroke 2004;35:1886-91.
198. Christensen H. Insular lesions and hyperglycemia in acute stroke revisited. Stroke 2005;36:229-30.
199. Cheung RTF, Hachinski VC. The insula and cerebrogenic sudden death. Arch Neurol 2000;57:1685-8.
200. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. New Engl J Med 1999;340(2):115-26.
201. Winbeck K, Kukla C, Poppert H, Conrad B, Conrad B, Sander D. Elevated C-reactive protein is associated with an increased intima to media thickness of the common carotid atery. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;13:57-63.
202. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Becher H, Werle E, Hacke W. The association of leukocyte count, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein with vascular risk factors and ischemic vascular diseases. Thrombosis Research 1996;82(3): 245-55.
203. Ridker PM, Burning JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrom, and risk of cardiovascular events. An 8-year follow-up of 14719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003;107:391-7.
204. Emerich FD, Dean III RL, Bartus RT. The role of leukocytes following cerebral ischemia:Pathogenic vaiable or bystander reaction to emerging infarct? Experimental Neurology 2002;173:168-81.
205. Bovill EG, Bild DE, Heiss G, Kuller LH, Lee MH, Rock R et al. White blood cell counts in persons aged 65 years or more from the cardiovascular health study. Correlations with baseline clinical and demographic characteristics. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:1107-15.
206. Ridker PM. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000;342:836-43.
207. Rost NS, Wolf PA, Kelly-Hayes M, Silbershatz H, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. The Framingham Study. Stroke 20001;32:2575-9.
208. del Zoppo GJ, Schmid-Schönbein GW, Mori E, Copeland BR, Chang C-M. Polymorphnuclear leukocytes occlude capillaries following middle cerebral artery oclusion and reperfusion in baboons. Stroke 1991;22:1276-83.
209. Ember JA, del Zoppo, GJ, Mori E, Thomas WS, Copeland BR. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte behaviour in a nonhuman primate focal ischaemia model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1994;14:1046-54.
210. Syrjänen J, Teppo A-M, Valtonen W, livanainen M, Maury CPJ. Acute phase response in cerebral infarction. J Clin Pathol 1989;42:63-8.
211. Di Napoli M, Papa F, for the Villa Pini stroke Data Bank Investigators. Inflammation, hemostatic markers, and antithrombotic agents in relation to long-term risk of new cardiovascular events in first ever ischemic stroke patietns. Stroke 2002;33:1763-71.
212. Emsley HCA, Tyrrell PJ. Inflammation and infection in clinical stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2002;22:1399-419.
213. Devaraj S, Xu DY, Jialal I. C-reactive protein increases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Circulation 2003;107:398-404.
214. Winbeck K, Poppert H, Etgen T, Conrad B, Sander D. Prognostic relevance of early serial C-reactive protein measurements after first ischemic stroke. Stroke 2002;33:2459-64.
215. Di Napoli M. C reactive protein and the acute phase of ischaemic stroke. BMJ 2001;322:1605.
216. Smith CJ, Emsley HCA, Gavin CM, Georgiou RF, Vail A, Barberan EM et al. Peak plasma interleukine-6 and other peripheral markers of inflammation in the firstweek of ischaemic stroke correlate with brain infarct volume, stroke severity and long-term outcome. BMC Neurology 2004; www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2377/4/2.
217. Suzuki S, Kelly RE, Dandapani BK, Reyes-Iglesias Y, Dietrich D, Duncan RC. Acute leukocyte and temperature response in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 1995;26:1020-3.
218. Anuk T, Assayan EB, Rotstein R, Fusman R, Zeltser D, Berliner S et al. Prognostic implications of admission inflammatory profile in acute ischemic neurological events. Acta Scand Neurol 2002;106:196-9.
219. Young B, Gleeson M, Cripps AW. C-reactive protein:a critical review. Pathology 1991;23:188-24.
220. Audebert HJ, Rott MM, Eck T, Haberl RL. Systemic inflammatory response depends on initial stroke severity but is attenuated by succesful thrombolysis. Stroke 2004;35:2128-33.
221. Emsley HCA, Smith CJ, Gavin CM, Georgiou RF, Vail A, Barberan EM et al. An early and sustained peripheral inflammatory response in acute ischaemic stroke:relationships with infection and atherosclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2003;139:93-101.
222. Muir KW, Weir CJ, Alwan W, Squire IB, Lees KR. C-reactive protein and outcome after ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999;30:981-5.
223. Di Napoli M, Papa F, Bocola V. Prognostic influence of increased C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels in ischemic stroke. Stroke 2001;32:133-8.
224. Eikelboom JW, Hankey GJ, Baker RI, McQuillan A, Thom J, Staton J, et al. C-reactive protein in ischemic stroke and its ethiologic subtypes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;12:74-81.
225. Canova CR, Courtin C, Reinhart WH. C-reactive protein (CRP) in cerebro-vascular events. Atheroclerosis 1999;147:49-53.
226. Ridker PM. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cadiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003;107:363-9.
227. Gillum RF, Ingram DD, Macuc DM. White blood cell count and stroke incidence and death. The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:894-902.
228. Pepys MB. The renaissance of C reactive protein. BMJ 2001;322:4-5.
229. Chang MK, Martin DO, Sprecher D, Wazni O, Kanderian A, Carnes CA et al. C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias. Inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2001;104:2886-91.
230. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000;342:836-43.
231. Pepys MB. CRP or not CRP? That is the question. Aterioscler Thromb Vas Biol 2005;25:1225-30.
232. Beamer NB, Coull BM, Clark WM, Briley DP, Wynn M, Sexton G. Persistent inflammatory response in stroke survivors. Neurology 1998;50: 1722-8.
233. Aronow HD, Shishehbor M, Katzan IL, Bhatt DL, Bajzer CT, Abou-Chibl A et al. Leukocyte count predicts microembolic doppler signals during carotid stenting. Alink between inflammation and embolization. Stroke 2005;36:1910-4.
234. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Heindl S, Steichen-Wiehn C, Banerjee T, Maiwald M et al. Recent infection as a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemia. Stroke 1995;26:373-9.
235. Paganini-Hill A, Lozano E Fishberg G, Perez Barreto M, Rajamani K, Ameriso SF, Heseltine PNR et al. Infection and risk of ischemic stroke. Differences among stroke subtypes. Stroke 2003;34:452-7.
236. Macko RF, Ameriso SF, Barndt R, Clough W, Weiner JM, Fisher M. Precipitants of brain infarction. Stroke 1996;27:1999-2004.
237. Bova IY, Bornstein NM, Korczyn AD. Acute infection as a risk fator for ischemic stroke. Stroke 1996;27:2204-6.
238. Bornstein NM, Bova IY, Korczyn AD. Infections as triggering factors for ischemic stroke. Neurology 1997;49(Suppl 4):S45-S46.
239. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Becher H, Zimmermann E, Spiel M, Fent T et al. Recent bacterial and viral infection is a risk factor for cerebrovascular ischemia. Clinical and biochemical studies. Neurology 1998;50:196-203.
240. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Ziegler C, Schwartz W, Meuser J, Tasman A-J et al. Association between acute cerebrovascular ischemia and chronic and recurrent infection. Stroke 1997;28:1724-9.
241. Beck JD, Pankow J, Tyroler HA, Offenbacher S. Dental infections and atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 1999;138:S528-S533.
242. Macko RF, Ameriso SF, Gruber A, Griffin JH, Fernandez JA, Barndt R et al. Impairments of the protein C system and fibrinolysis in infection-associated stroke. Stroke 1996;27:2005-11.
243. Grau AJ, Buggle F, Steichen-Wiehn C, Heindl S, Banerjee T, Seitz R et al. Clinical and biochemical analysis in infection related stroke. Stroke 1995;26:1520-6.
244. van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, Schouten HJA, van Gijn J. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke 1988;19:604-7.
245. Christensen H. Early recurrent stroke or neurological deterioration? Stroke 2005;36:231-2.
246. Christensen H, Boysen G, Christensen E, Johannesen HH, Bendtzen K. Deteriorating ischaemic stroke:cytokines, soluble cytokine receptors, ferritin, systemic blood pressure, body temperature, blood glucose, diabetes, stroke severity, and CT infarction-volume as predictors of deteriorating ischaemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 2002;201:1-7.