Highly crosslinked polyethylenes in hip replacements: Improved wear performance or paradox?

Tribology Transactions

Volumn 50, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 277-290

  Williams, Paul A ^a   Yamamoto, Kengo ^b   Masaoka, Toshinori ^b   Oonishi, Hironobu ^c   Clarke, Ian C ^a  

^a LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b TOKYO MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c Tominaga Hospital   (Japan)

Author keywords

Biotribology; Crosslinking; Debris Particles; Hip Joint Replacements; Osteolysis; Polymeric Bearings; Wear

Indexed keywords

BIOACTIVITY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CROSSLINKING; FAILURE ANALYSIS; LUBRICATION; PARTICLE SIZE; WEAR OF MATERIALS; WEAR RESISTANCE;

ARTIFICIAL JOINTS; BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE; BIOTRIBOLOGY; POLYMERIC BEARINGS;

POLYETHYLENES;

BIOACTIVITY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CROSSLINKING; FAILURE ANALYSIS; LUBRICATION; PARTICLE SIZE; POLYETHYLENES; WEAR OF MATERIALS; WEAR RESISTANCE;

EID: 34548707139     PISSN: 10402004     EISSN: 1547397X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10402000701325204     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Amstutz, H. C., Campbell, P., Kossovsky, N. and Clarke, I. C. (1992), "Mechanism and Clinical Significance of Wear Debris-Induced Osteolysis," Clin. Orthop., 276, pp 7-18.
2. Clarke, I. and Campbell, P. (1989), "Interface Failure Dynamics: Osteoclastic and Macrophagic Bone Loss," In R. M. Kenedi and J. P. Paul eds., Progress in Bioeng., Strathclyde University, pp 104-115.
3. Collier, J. P., Mayor, M. B., Jensen, R. E., Surprenant, V. A., Surprenant, H. P., McNamar, J. L. and Belec, L. (1992), "Mechanisms of Failure of Modular Prostheses," Clin. Orthop., 285, pp 129-139.
4. Charnley, J. and Cupic, Z. (1973), "The Nine and Ten Year Results of the Low-Friction Arthroplasty of the Hip," Clin. Orthop., 95, pp 9-25.
5. Charnley, J. and Halley, D. K. (1975), "Rate of Wear in Total Hip Replacement," Clin. Orthop., 112, pp 170-179.
6. Clarke, I. C., Good, V., Anissian, L. and Gustafson, A. (1997), "Charnley Wear Model for Validation of Hip Simulators - Ball Diameter Versus Polytetrafluoroethylene and Polyethylene Wear," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H]., 211(1), pp 25-36.
7. Charnley, J., Kamangar, A. and Longfield, M. D. (1969), "The Optimum Size of Prosthetic Heads in Relation to the Wear of Plastic Sockets in Total Replacement of the Hip," Med. Biol. Eng., 7(1), pp 31-39.
8. Wroblewski, B. M., Siney, P. D. and Fleming, P. A. (2000), "Wear of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Cup in the Charnley Low Friction Arthroplasty Using Metal and Ceramic 22.225 Mm Diameter Head," Transactions of the Sixth World Biomaterials Congress, Kamuela, Hawaii.
9. Maeda, M. (1984), "Experimental Studies on Polyacetal Composites for Joint Prosthesis," Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi, 58(9), pp 919-936.
10. Chowdhury, S. K. R., Mishra, A., Pradhan, B. and Saha, D. (2004), "Wear Characteristic and Biocompatibility of Some Polymer Composite Acetabular Cups," Wear, 256(11-12), pp 1026-1036.
11. Mathiesen, E. B., Lindgren, U., Reinholt, F. P. and Sudmann, E. (1986), "Wear of the Acetabular Socket. Comparison of Polyacetal and Polyethylene," Acta Orthop. Scand., 57(3), pp 193-196.
12. Schmalzreid, T. P., Clarke, I. C. and McKellop, H. (1998), "Bearing Surfaces," In J. J. Callaghan, A. Rosenberg and H. Rubash eds., The Adult Hip, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, pp 247-265.
13. McKellop, H. A. (2001), "Bearing Surfaces in Total Hip Replacements: State of the Art and Future Developments," Instr. Course Lect., 50, pp 165-179.
14. Collier, J. P., Sutula, L. C., Currier, B. H., Currier, J. H., Wooding, R. E., Williams, I. R., Farber, K. B. and Mayor, M. B. (1996), "Overview of Polyethylene as a Bearing Material: Comparison of Sterilization Methods," Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 333, pp 76-86.
15. Digas, G. (2005), "New Polymer Materials in Total Hip Arthroplasty. Evaluation with Radiostereometry, Bone Densitometry, Radiography and Clinical Parameters," Acta Orthop. Scand. Suppl., 76(315), pp 3-82.
16. Hopper, R. H., Jr., Young, A. M., Orishimo, K. F. and Engh, C. A., Jr. (2003), "Effect of Terminal Sterilization with Gas Plasma or Gamma Radiation on Wear of Polyethylene Liners," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 85-A(3), pp 464-468.
17. Oonishi, H. and Kadoya, Y. (2000), "Wear of High-Dose Gamma-Irradiated Polyethylene in Total Hip Replacements," J. Orthop. Sci., 5(3), pp 223-228.
18. Oonishi, H., Kuno, M., Tsuji, E. and Fujisawa, A. (1996), "The Optimum Dose of Gamma Radiation-Heavy Doses to Low Wear Polyethylene in Total Hip Prostheses.," J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 8(1), pp 11-18.
19. McKellop, H., Lu, B. and Li, S. (1992), "Wear of Acetabular Cups of Conventional and Modified Uhmw Polyethylenes Compared on a Hip Joint Simulator.," Ann. Meet Orthop. Res. Soc., p 356.
20. McKellop, H., Shen, F.W, Lu, B., Campbell, P. and Salovey, R. (1999), "Development of an Extremely Wear-Resistant Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene for Total Hip Replacements," J. Orthop. Res., 17(2), pp 157-167.
21. McKellop, H., Shen, F. W., Lu, B., Campbell, P. and Salovey, R. (2000), "Effect of Sterilization Method and Other Modifications on the Wear Resistance of Acetabular Cups Made of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene. A Hip-Simulator Study," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 82-A(12), pp 1708-1725.
22. Muratoglu, O. K., Bragdon, C. R., O'Connor, D. O., Jasty, M. and Harris, W. H. (2001), "A Novel Method of Cross-Linking Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene to Improve Wear, Reduce Oxidation, and Retain Mechanical Properties. Recipient of the 1999 Hap Paul Award," J. Arthroplasty, 16(2), pp 149-160.
23. Muratoglu, O. K., Bragdon, C. R., O'Connor, D. O., Jasty, M., Harris, W. H., Gul, R. and McGarry, F. (1999), "Unified Wear Model for Highly Crosslinked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylenes (UHMWPE)," Biomaterials, 20(16), pp 1463-1470.
24. Muratoglu, O. K., O'Connor, D. O., Bragdon, C. R., Delaney, J., Jasty, M., Harris, W. H., Merrill, E. and Venugopalan, P. (2002), "Gradient Crosslinking of UHMWPE Using Irradiation in Molten State for Total Joint Arthroplasty," Biomaterials, 23(3), pp 717-724.
25. Kurtz, S. M., Manley, M., Wang, A., Taylor, S. and Dumbleton, J. (2002), "Comparison of the Properties of Annealed Crosslinked (Crossfire) and Conventional Polyethylene as Hip Bearing Materials," Bull Hosp. Jt. Dis., 61(1-2), pp 17-26.
26. Muratoglu, O. K., Bragdon, C. R., O'Connor, D., Perinchief, R. S., Estok, D. M., 2nd, Jasty, M. and Harris, W. H. (2001), "Larger Diameter Femoral Heads Used in Conjunction with a Highly Cross-Linked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene: A New Concept," J. Arthroplasty, 16(8 Suppl 1), pp 24-30.
27. McKellop, H., Shen, F. W. DiMaio, W. and Lancaster, J. G. (1999), "Wear of Gamma-Crosslinked Polyethylene Acetabular Cups against Roughened Femora] Balls," Clin. Orthop., 369, pp 73-82.
28. Sundfeldt, M., Carlsson, L. V., Johansson, C. B., Thomsen, P. and Gretzer, C. (2006), "Aseptic Loosening, Not Only a Question of Wear: A Review of Different Theories," Acta Orthop., 77(2), pp 177-197.
29. Yamamoto, K., Clarke, I. C., Masaoka, T., Oonishi, H., Williams, P. A., Good, V. D. and Imakiire, A. (2001), "Microwear Phenomena of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Cups and Debris Morphology Related to Gamma Radiation Dose in Simulator Study," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 56(1), pp 65-73.
30. Wroblewski, B. M. (1994), "Osteolysis Due to Particle Wear Debris Following Total Hip Arthroplasty: The Role of High-Density Polyethylene," Instr. Course Lect., 43, pp 289-294.
31. McKellop, H. A., Campbell, P., Park, S. H., Schmalzried, T. P., Grigoris, P., Amstutz, H. C. and Sarmiento, A. (1995), "The Origin of Submicron Polyethylene Wear Debris in Total Hip Arthroplasty," Clin. Orthop., 311, pp 3-20.
32. Maloney, W. J., Smith, R. L., Schmalzried, T. P., Chiba, J., Huene, D. and Rubash, H. (1995), "Isolation and Characterization of Wear Particles Generated in Patients Who Have Had Failure of a Hip Arthroplasty without Cement," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 77(9), pp 1301-1310.
33. Kadoya, Y., Kobayashi, A. and Ohashi, H. (1998), "Wear and Osteolysis in Total Joint Replacements," Acta Orthop. Scand Suppl., 278, pp 1-16.
34. Endo, M., Tipper, J. L., Barton, D. C., Stone, M. H., Ingham, E. and Fisher, J. (2002), "Comparison of Wear, Wear Debris and Functional Biological Activity of Moderately Crosslinked and Non-Crosslinked Polyethylenes in Hip Prostheses," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H]., 216(2), pp 111-122.
35. DiCarlo, E. F. and Bullough, P. G. (1992), "The Biologic Responses to Orthopedic Implants and Their Wear Debris," Clin. Mater., 9(3-4), pp 235-260.
36. Green, T. R., Fisher, J., Matthews, J. B., Stone, M. H. and Ingham, E. (2000), "Effect of Size and Dose on Bone Resorption Activity of Macrophages by in Vitro Clinically Relevant Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Particles," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 53(5), pp 490-497.
37. Fisher, J., Bell, J., Barbour, P.S., Tipper, J.L., Matthews, J.B., Besong, A. A., Stone, M. H. and Ingham, E. (2001), "A Novel Method for the Prediction of Functional Biological Activity of Polyethylene Wear Debris," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H]., 215(2), pp 127-132.
38. Wang, A. (1998), "Wear of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Acetabular Cups in a Physiological Hip Joint Simulator in the Anatomical Position Using Bovine Serum as a Lubricant," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H]., 212(1), pp 71-2; discussion 72-73.
39. Engh, C. A., Sychterz, C. J. and Engh, C. A., Jr. (2005), "Conventional Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene: A Gold Standard of Sorts," Instr. Course Lect., 54, pp 183-187.
40. Wang, A., Essner, A., Polineni, V. K., Stark, C. and Dumbleton, J. H. (1998), "Lubrication and Wear of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene in Total Joint Replacements," Tribology International, 31(1-3), pp 17-33.
41. Hermida, J. C., Bergula, A., Chen, P., Colwell, C. W., Jr. and D'Lima, D. D. (2003), "Comparison of the Wear Rates of Twenty-Eight and Thirty-Two-Millimeter Femoral Heads on Cross-Linked Polyethylene Acetabular Cups in a Wear Simulator," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 85-A(12), pp 2325-2331.
42. Fisher, J., Firkins, P., Reeves, E. A., Hailey, J. L. and Isaac, G. H. (1995), "The Influence of Scratches to Metallic Counterfaces on the Wear of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H]., 209(4), pp 263-264.
43. Wang, A., Polineni, V. K., Stark, C. and Dumbleton, J. H. (1998), "Effect of Femoral Head Surface Roughness on the Wear of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Acetabular Cups," J. Arthroplasty, 13(6), pp 615-620.
44. Elfick, A. P., Hall, R. M., Pinder, I. M. and Unsworth, A. (1999), "The Influence of Femoral Head Surface Roughness on the Wear of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Sockets in Cementless Total Hip Replacement," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 48(5), pp 712-718.
45. Kim, Y. H., Ritchie, A. and Hardaker, C. (2005), "Surface Roughness of Ceramic Femoral Heads after In Vivo Transfer of Metal: Correlation to Polyethylene Wear," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 87-A(3), pp 577-582.
46. Saikko, V., Calonius, O. and Keranen, J. (2001), "Effect of Counterface Roughness on the Wear of Conventional and Crosslinked Ultra-high Molecular Weight Polyethylene Studied with a Multi-Directional Motion Pin-on-Disk Device," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 57(4), pp 506-512.
47. Saikko, V., Calonius, O. and Keranen, J. (2002), "Wear of Conventional and Cross-Linked Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Acetabular Cups against Polished and Roughened CoCr Femoral Heads in a Biaxial Hip Simulator," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 63(6), pp 848-853.
48. Endo, M. M., Barbour, P. S., Barton, D. C., Fisher, J., Tipper, J. L., Ingham, E. and Stone, M. H. (2001), "Comparative Wear and Wear Debris under Three Different Counterface Conditions of Crosslinked and Non-Crosslinked Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene," Biomed. Mater. Eng., 11(1), pp 23-35.
49. Bowsher, J. G. and Shelton, J. C. (2001), "A Hip Simulator Study of the Influence of Patient Activity Level on the Wear of Crosslinked Polyethylene under Smooth and Roughened Femoral Conditions," Wear, 250(1-12), pp 167-179.
50. Good, V., Ries, M., Barrack, R. L., Widding, K., Hunter, G. and Heuer, D. (2003), "Reduced Wear with Oxidized Zirconium Femoral Heads," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 85-A(Suppl 4), pp 105-110.
51. Capello, W. N., Dantonio, J. A., Feinberg, J. R. and Manley, M. T. (2005), "Alternative Bearing Surfaces: Alumina Ceramic Bearings for Total Hip Arthroplasty," Instr. Course Lect., 54, pp 171-176.
52. Schmalzried, T. P., Shepherd, E. F., Dorey, F. J., Jackson, W. O., dela Rosa, M., Fa'vae, F., McKellop, H. A., McClung, C. D., Martell, J., Moreland, J. R. and Amstutz, H. C. (2000), "The John Charnley Award. Wear Is a Function of Use, Not Time," Clin. Orthop., 381, pp 36-46.
53. Davey, S. M., Orr, J. F., Buchanan, F. J., Nixon, J. R. and Bennett, D. (2005), "The Effect of Patient Gait on the Materia] Properties of UHMWPE in Hip Replacements," Biomaterials, 26(24), pp 4993-5001.
54. Saikko, V., Calonius, O. and Keranen, J. (2003), "Effect of Extent of Motion and Type of Load on the Wear of Polyethylene in a Biaxial Hip Simulator," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 65B(1), pp 186-192.
55. Oonishi, H., Kadoya, Y. and Masuda, S. (2001),"Gamma-Irradiated Cross-Linked Polyethylene in Total Hip Replacements-Analysis of Retrieved Sockets after Long-Term Implantation," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 58(2), pp 167-171.
56. Oonishi, H., Takayama, Y. and Tsuji, E. (1992), "Improvement of Polyethylene by Irradiation in Artificial Joints.," Radiat. Phys. Chem., 39(6), pp 495-504.
57. Grobbelaar, C. J., du Plessis, T. A. and Marais, F. (1978), "The Radiation Improvement of Polyethylene Prostheses. A Preliminary Study," J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 60-B(3), pp 370-374.
58. Wroblewski, B. M., Siney, P. D. and Fleming, P. A. (1999), "Low-Friction Arthroplasty of the Hip Using Alumina Ceramic and Cross-Linked Polyethylene. A Ten-Year Follow-up Report," J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 81(1), pp 54-55.
59. Heisel, C., Silva, M., dela Rosa, M. A. and Schmalzried, T. P. (2004), "Short-Term In Vivo Wear of Cross-Linked Polyethylene," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 86-A(4), pp 748-751.
60. Martell, J. M., Verner, J. J. and Incavo, S. J. (2003), "Clinical Performance of a Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene at Two Years in Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Randomized Prospective Trial," J. Arthroplasty, 18(7 Suppl 1), pp 55-59.
61. Rohrl, S., Nivbrant, B., Mingguo, L. and Hewitt, B. (2005), "In Vivo Wear and Migration of Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Cups a Radiostereometry Analysis Study," J. Arthroplasty, 20(4), pp 409-413.
62. D'Antonio, J. A., Manley, M. T., Capello, W. N., Bierbaum, B. E., Ramakrishnan, R., Naughton, M. and Sutton, K. (2005), "Five-Year Experience with Crossfire Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene," Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., 441, pp 143-150.
63. Dorr, L. D., Wan, Z., Shahrdar, C., Sirianni, L., Boutary, M. and Yun, A. (2005), "Clinical Performance of a Durasul Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Acetabular Liner for Total Hip Arthroplasty at Five Years," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 87(8), pp 1816-1821.
64. Manning, D. W., Chiang, P. P., Martell, J. M., Galante, J. O. and Harris, W. H. (2005), "In Vivo Comparative Wear Study of Traditional and Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene in Total Hip Arthroplasty," J. Arthroplasty, 20(7), pp 880-886.
65. Heisel, C., Silva, M. and Schmalzried, T. P. (2005), "In Vivo Wear of Bilateral Total Hip Replacements: Conventional Versus Crosslinked Polyethylene," Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg., pp 1-3.
66. Wroblewski, B. M., Siney, P. D. and Fleming, P. A. (2005), "Low-Friction Arthroplasty of the Hip Using Alumina Ceramic and Cross-Linked Polyethylene. A 17-Year Follow-up Report," J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 87(9), pp 1220-1221.
67. Oonishi, H., Clarke, I. C., Yamamoto, K., Masaoka, T., Fujisawa, A. and Masuda, S. (2004), "Assessment of Wear in Extensively Irradiated Uhmwpe Cups in Simulator Studies," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 68A(1), pp 52-60.
68. Wang, A., Stark, C. and Dumbleton, J. H. (1996), "Mechanistic and Morphological Origins of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Wear Debris in Total Joint Replacement Prostheses," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H], 210(3), pp 141-155.
69. Jani, S., Scott, M., Morrison, M. and Tasai, S. (2002), "Wear Debris in Crosslinked UHMWPE under Abrasive Conditions.," 28th Ann Meet Trans Soc Biomat, pp 393.
70. Kobayashi, A., Bonfield, W., Kadoya, Y., Yamac, T., Freeman, M. A., Scott, G. and Revell, P. A. (1997), "The Size and Shape of Particulate Polyethylene Wear Debris in Total Joint Replacements," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H], 211(1), pp 11-15.
71. Savio, J. A., 3rd, Overcamp, L. M. and Black, J. (1994), "Size and Shape of Biomaterial Wear Debris," Clin. Mater., 15(2), pp 101-147.
72. Schmalzried, T. P., Campbell, P., Schmitt, A. K., Brown, I. C. and Amstutz, H. C. (1997), "Shapes and Dimensional Characteristics of Polyethylene Wear Particles Generated in Vivo by Total Knee Replacements Compared to Total Hip Replacements," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 38(3), pp 203-210.
73. Affatato, S., Fernandes, B., Tucci, A., Esposito, L. and Toni, A. (2001), "Isolation and Morphological Characterisation of UHMWPE Wear Debris Generated in Vitro," Biomaterials, 22(17), pp 2325-2331.
74. Calonius, O. and Saikko, V. (2002), "Analysis of Polyethylene Particles Produced in Different Wear Conditions In Vitro," Clin. Orthop., 399, pp 219-230.
75. Affatato, S., Bersaglia, G., Rocchi, M., Taddei, P., Fagnano, C. and Toni, A. (2005), "Wear Behavior of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Assessed In Vitro under Severe Conditions," Biomaterials, 26(16), pp 3259-3267.
76. Bowsher, J. G., Hussain, A., Elfick, A. P., Green, S. S. and Shelton, J. C. (2005), "Severe Patient Activity Substantially Increased the Number of Submicron-Sized Wear Particles in a XlPe-on-Metal Hip Simulator Study.," Trans. 51st Ann. Meet Ortho. Res. Soc., Washington DC, pp 12.
77. Green, D. D., Williams, P., Pezzotti, G. and Clarke, I. C. (2002), "Simulator Investigation of Al-Doped Zirconia in Water for THR.," Bioceramics-15, Sydney, Australia, pp 827-830.
78. Goodman, S. B., Davidson, J. A., Song, Y., Martial, N. and Fornasier, V. L. (1996), "Histomorphological Reaction of Bone to Different Concentrations of Phagocytosable Particles of High-Density Polyethylene and Ti6Al4V Alloy in Vivo," Biomaterials, 17(20), pp 1943-1947.
79. Hicks, D. G., Judkins, A. R., Sickel, J. Z., Rosier, R. N., Puzas, J. E. and O'Keefe, R. J. (1996), "Granular Histiocytosis of Pelvic Lymph Nodes Following Total Hip Arthroplasty. The Presence of Wear Debris, Cytokine Production, and Immunologically Activated Macrophages," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 78(4), pp 482-496.
80. Kovacik, M. W., Gradisar, I. A., Jr., Haprian, J. J. and Alexander, T. S. (2000), "Osteolytic Indicators Found in Total Knee Arthroplasty Synovial Fluid Aspirates," Clin. Orthop., 379, pp 186-194.
81. Prabhu, A., Shelburne, C. E. and Gibbons, D. F. (1998), "Cellular Proliferation and Cytokine Responses of Murine Macrophage Cell Line J774a.1 to Polymethylmethacrylate and Cobalt-Chrome Alloy Particles," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 42(4), pp 655-663.
82. Rao, S., Shirata, K., Furukawa, K.S., Ushida, T., Tateishi, T., Kanazawa, M., Katsube, S. and Janna, S. (1999), "Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of UHMWPE Wear Debris," Biomed. Mater. Eng., 9(4), pp 209-217.
83. Sacomen, D., Smith, R. L., Song, Y., Fornasier, V. and Goodman, S. B. (1998), "Effects of Polyethylene Particles on Tissue Surrounding Knee Arthroplasties in Rabbits," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 43(2), pp 123-130.
84. Shanbhag, A. S., Jacobs, J. J., Black, J., Galante, J. O. and Giant, T. T. (1994), "Macrophage/Particle Interactions: Effect of Size, Composition and Surface Area," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 28(1), pp. 81-90.
85. Ingram, J. H., Stone, M., Fisher, J. and Ingham, E. (2004), "The Influence of Molecular Weight, Crosslinking and Counterface Roughness on Tnf-Alpha Production by Macrophages in Response to Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Particles," Biomaterials, 25(17), pp 3511-3522.
86. Ingham, E. and Fisher, J. (2000), "Biological Reactions to Wear Debris in Total Joint Replacement," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H], 214(1), pp. 21-37.
87. Green, T. R., Fisher, J., Stone, M., Wroblewski, B. M. and Ingham, E. (1998), "Polyethylene Particles of a 'Critical Size' Are Necessary for the Induction of Cytokines by Macrophages in Vitro," Biomaterials, 19(24), pp 2297-2302.
88. Catelas, I., Huk, O. L., Petit, A., Zukor, D. J., Marchand, R. and Yahia, L. (1998), "Flow Cytometric Analysis of Macrophage Response to Ceramic and Polyethylene Particles: Effects of Size, Concentration, and Composition," J. Biomed. Mater Res., 41(4), pp 600-607.
89. Catelas, I., Petit, A., Zukor, D. J., Marchand, R., Yahia, L. and Huk, O. L. (1999), "Induction of Macrophage Apoptosis by Ceramic and Polyethylene Particles In Vitro," Biomaterials, 20(7), pp 625-630.
90. Dean, D. D., Schwartz, Z., Liu, Y., Blanchard, C. R., Agrawal, C. M., Mabrey, J. D., Sylvia, V. L., Lohmann, C. H. and Boyan, B. D. (1999), "The Effect of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Wear Debris on Mg63 Osteosarcoma Cells in Vitro," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 81(4), pp 452-461.
91. Elfick, A. P., Green, S. M., McCaskie, A. W. and Birch, M. A. (2004), "Opsonization of Polyethylene Wear Particles Regulates Macrophage and Osteoblast Responses In Vitro," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 71B(2), pp 244-251.
92. Goodman, S., Wang, J. S., Regula, D. and Aspenberg, P. (1994), "T-Lymphocytes Are Not Necessary for Particulate Polyethylene-Induced Macrophage Recruitment. Histologic Studies of the Rat Tibia," Acta Orthop. Scand., 65(2), pp 157-160.
93. Ren, W., Wu, B., Mayton, L. and Wooley, P. H. (2002), "Polyethylene and Methyl Methacrylate Particle-Stimulated Inflammatory Tissue and Macrophages Up-Regulate Bone Resorption in a Murine Neonatal Calvaria In Vitro Organ System," J. Orthop. Res., 20(5), pp 1031-1037.
94. Aderem, A. and Underhill, D. M. (1999), "Mechanisms of Phagocytosis in Macrophages," Annu. Rev. Immunol., 17, pp 593-623.
95. Cannon, G. J. and Swanson, J. A. (1992), "The Macrophage Capacity for Phagocytosis," J. Cell Sci., 101( Pt 4), pp 907-913.
96. Herant, M., Heinrich, V. and Dembo, M. (2005), "Mechanics of Neutrophil Phagocytosis: Behavior of the Cortical Tension," J. Cell Sci., 118(Pt 9), pp 1789-1797.
97. Baumann, B., Rader, C. P., Seufert, J., Noth, U., Rolf, O., Eulert, J. and Jakob, F. (2004), "Effects of Polyethylene and TiAlV Wear Particles on Expression of RANK, RANKL and OPG mrNA," Acta Orthop. Scand., 75(3), pp 295-302.
98. Baumann, B., Seufert, J., Jakob, F., Noth, U., Rolf, O., Eulert, J. and Rader, C. P. (2005), "Activation of NF-KappaB Signalling and TNf-alpha-Expression in THP-1 Macrophages by TiAlV- and Polyethylene-Wear Particles," J. Orthop. Res., 23(6), pp 1241-1248.
99. Catelas, I., Petit, A., Marchand, R., Zukor, D. J., Yahia, L. and Huk, O. L. (1999), "Cytotoxicity and Macrophage Cytokine Release Induced by Ceramic and Polyethylene Particles In Vitro," J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 81(3), pp 516-521.
100. Rader, C. P., Sterner, T., Jakob, F., Schutze, N and Eulert, J. (1999), "Cytokine Response of Human Macrophage-Like Cells after Contact with Polyethylene and Pure Titanium Particles," J. Arthroplasty, 14(7), pp. 840-848.
101. Shanbhag, A. S., Jacobs, J. J., Black, J., Galante, J. O. and Giant, T. T. (1995), "Human Monocyte Response to Particulate Biomaterials Generated In Vivo and In Vitro," J. Orthop. Res., 13(5), pp 792-801.
102. Shanbhag, A. S., Jacobs, J. J., Black, J., Galante, J. O. and Giant, T. T. (1997), "Effects of Particles on Fibroblast Proliferation and Bone Resorption In Vitro," Clin. Orthop., 342, pp 205-217.
103. Doom, P. F., Campbell, P. A. and Amstutz, H. C. (1996), "Metal Versus Polyethylene Wear Particles in Total Hip Replacements. A Review," Clin. Orthop., 329(Suppl), pp S206-216.
104. Howie, D. W., Haynes, D. R., Rogers, S. D., McGee, M. A. and Pearcy, M. J. (1993), "The Response to Particulate Debris," Orthop. Clin. North Am., 24(4), pp 571-581.
105. Brach del Prever, E. M., Bistolfi, A., Costa, L., Bracco, P., Linari, A., Botto Micca, F., Crova,M. and Gallinaro, P. (2003), "The Biological Reaction to Polyethylene Wear Debris Can Be Related with Oxidation of the UHMWPE Cups," Chir. Organi. Mov., 88(3), pp 291-303.
106. Kobayashi, A., Freeman, M. A., Bonfield, W., Kadoya, Y., Yamac, T., Al-Saffar, N., Scott, G. and Revell, P. A. (1997), "Number of Polyethylene Particles and Osteolysis in Total Joint Replacements. A Quantitative Study Using a Tissue-Digestion Method," J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 79(5), pp 844-848.
107. Yang, S. Y., Ren, W., Park, Y., Sieving, A., Hsu, S., Nasser, S. and Wooley, P. H. (2002), "Diverse Cellular and Apoptotic Responses to Variant Shapes of Uhmwpe Particles in a Murine Model of Inflammation," Biomaterials, 23(17), pp 3535-3543.
108. Sieving, A., Wu, B., Mayton, L., Nasser, S. and Wooley, P. H. (2003), "Morphological Characteristics of Total Joint Arthroplasty-Derived Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Wear Debris That Provoke Inflammation in a Murine Model of Inflammation," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 64A(3), pp 457-464.
109. Ren, W., Yang, S. Y., Fang, H. W., Hsu, S. and Wooley, P. H. (2003), "Distinct Gene Expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-KappaB and RANK Ligand in the Inflammatory Response to Variant Morphologies of UHMWPE Particles," Biomaterials, 24(26), pp 4819-4826.
110. Wooley, P. H., Morren, R., Andary, J., Sud, S., Yang, S. Y., Mayton, L., Markel, D., Sieving, A. and Nasser, S. (2002), "Inflammatory Responses to Orthopaedic Biomaterials in the Murine Air Pouch," Biomaterials, 23(2), pp 517-526.
111. Ingram, J., Matthews, J. B., Tipper, J., Stone, M., Fisher, J. and Ingham, E. (2002), "Comparison of the Biological Activity of Grade GUR1120 and GUR415HP UHMWPE Wear Debris," Biomed. Mater. Eng., 12(2), pp 177-188.
112. Matthews, J. B., Besong, A. A., Green, T. R., Stone, M. H., Wroblewski, B. M., Fisher, I and Ingham, E. (2000), "Evaluation of the Response of Primary Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Phagocytes to Challenge with In Vitro Generated Clinically Relevant UHMWPE Particles of Known Size and Dose," J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 52(2), pp 296-307.
113. Oparaugo, P. C., Clarke, I. C., Malchau, H. and Herberts, P. (2001), "Correlation of Wear Debris-Induced Osteolysis and Revision with Volumetric Wear-Rates of Polyethylene: A Survey of 8 Reports in the Literature," Acta Orthop. Scand., 72(1), pp 22-28.
114. Dumbleton, J. H., Manley, M. T. and Edidin, A. A. (2002), "A Literature Review of the Association between Wear Rate and Osteolysis in Total Hip Arthroplasty," J. Arthroplasty, 17(5), pp 649-661.
115. Saikko, V. O., Paavolainen, P. O. and Slatis, P. (1993), "Wear of the Polyethylene Acetabular Cup. Metallic and Ceramic Heads Compared in a Hip Simulator," Acta Orthop. Scand., 64(4), pp 391-402.
116. Clarke, I. C. and Gustafson, A.(2000), "Clinical and Hip Simulator Comparisons of Ceramic-on-Polyethylene and Metal-on-Polyethylene Wear," Clin. Orthop., 379, pp 34-40.
117. Sugano, N., Nishii, T., Nakata, K., Masuhara, K. and Takaoka, K. (1995), "Polyethylene Sockets and Alumina Ceramic Heads in Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty. A Ten-Year Study," J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 77(4), pp 548-556.
118. Hernigou, P. and Bahrami, T. (2003), "Zirconia and Alumina Ceramics in Comparison with Stainless-Steel Heads. Polyethylene Wear after a Minimum Ten-Year Follow-Up," J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., 85(4), pp 504-509.
119. Bradford, L., Kurland, R., Sankaran, M., Kim, H., Pruitt, L. A. and Ries, M. D. (2004), "Early Failure Due to Osteolysis Associated with Contemporary Highly Cross-Linked Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene. A Case Report," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 86-A(5), pp 1051-1056.
120. Bradford, L., Baker, D. A., Graham, J., Chawan, A., Ries, M. D. and Pruitt, L. A. (2004), " Wear and Surface Cracking in Early Retrieved Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Acetabular Liners," J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., 86-A(6), pp 1271-1282.
121. Yamamoto, K., Imakiire, A., Masaoka, T., Shishido, T., Mizoue, T., Clarke, I. C., Shoji, H., Kawanabe, K. and Tamura, J. (2003), "Wear Mode and Wear Mechanism of Retrieved Acetabular Cups," Int. Orthop., 27(5), pp 286-290.