Force and federalism: Controlling coercion in federal hybrid regimes

Comparative Politics

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2007, Pages

  Taylor, Brian D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 34548685637     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. William H. Riker, Federalism (Boston: Little, Brown, 1964);
2. Valerie Bunce, Subversive Institutions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
3. Alfred Stepan, "Toward a New Comparative Politics of Federalism, (Multi)Nationalism, and Democracy," in Alfred Stepan, Arguing Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 315-61.
4. Jenna Bednar, William N. Eskridge, Jr., and John Ferejohn, "A Political Theory of Federalism," in John Ferejohn, Jack N. Rakove, and Jonathan Riley, eds., Constitutional Culture and Democratic Rule (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 223-67;
5. Rui J. P. de Figueiredo, Jr., and Barry R. Weingast, "Self-Enforcing Federalism," Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 21 (April 2005), 103-35;
6. Mikhail Filippov, Peter C. Ordeshook, and Olga Shvetsova, Designing Federalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
7. Larry Diamond offers the sixfold classification of liberal democracies, electoral democracies, ambiguous regimes, competitive authoritarian regimes, hegemonic electoral authoritarian regimes, and politically closed authoritarian regimes, with apparently the third through fifth categories counting as hybrid. I include several electoral democracies, such as India and Brazil, because they provide instructive comparisons. The conceptualization of hybrid regimes is beyond the scope of this article. See Larry Diamond, "Thinking about Hybrid Regimes," Journal of Democracy, 13 (April 2002), 21-35.
8. Harry Eckstein, "Case Study and Theory in Political Science," in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science, vol. 7 (Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 108-13.
9. The distinction between the "politics of sovereignty" and "conventional politics" comes from Vadim Volkov, Violent Entrepreneurs (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), p. 156.
10. Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 186.
11. Stepan, "Toward a New Comparative Politics," pp. 318-19.
12. Riker, Federalism;
13. William H. Riker, "Federalism," in Greenstein and Polsby, eds., Handbook of Political Science, vol. 5, pp. 93-172;
14. Craig Volden, "Origin, Operation, and Significance," Publius, 34 (Fall 2004), 92.
15. Stepan, "Toward a New Comparative Politics," pp. 320-23.
16. Karl Deutsch, Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957);
17. Daniel Elazar, Exploring Federalism (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1987).
18. Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992 (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992).
19. Bunce.
20. Henry E. Hale,"The Makeup and Breakup of Ethnofederal States," Perspectives on Politics, 3 (March 2005), 55-70.
21. Ugo M. Amoretti and Nancy Bermeo, eds., Federalism and Territorial Cleavages (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), p. 268.
22. Henry E. Hale, "Divided We Stand," World Politics, 56 (January 2004), 165-93;
23. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 601-28.
24. Nancy Bermeo, "Conclusion," in Amoretti and Bermeo, eds., pp. 472-73.
25. Hale, "Divided We Stand," p. 179. In contrast, if Riker's contention that federations do not have to be democratic is followed, then the argument about the importance of force in managing federal relations would apply even more to authoritarian federal states.
26. Bermeo.
27. Horowitz, p. 625, 38n;
28. James Manor, "Making Federalism Work," Journal of Democracy, 9 (July 1998), 21-35.
29. Riker, Federalism, p. 135;
30. Riker, "Federalism," p. 144.
31. Riker, "Federalism," p. 137.
32. See also Filippov, Ordeshook, and Shvetsova.
33. De Figueiredo and Weingast. See also Ronald L. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s (Kingston: Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queen's University, 1996), ch.10.
34. Alfred Stepan, "Russian Federalism in Comparative Perspective," Post-Soviet Affairs, 16 (April-June 2000), 147;
35. Maxwell A. Cameron and Tulia G. Faletti, "Federalism and the Subnational Separation of Powers," Publius. 35 (Spring 2005), 245-71.
36. Bednar, Eskridge, and Ferejohn.
37. As noted above, for this article electoral democracies have been included in the hybrid regime category.
38. Kent Eaton, Politics beyond the Capital (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 76-78.
39. Daniel J. Elazar, "From Statism to Federalism," Publius, 25 (Spring 1995), 16;
40. Elazar, Designing Federalism, pp. 172, 180.
41. Rotimi T. Suberu, Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001), p. 33.
42. Ladipo Adamolekun, "The Nigerian Federation at the Crossroads," Publius, 35 (Summer 2005), 383-405.
43. Ibid., p. 394;
44. Suberu, pp. 26, 38, 44, 175-176.
45. Johannes Harnischfeger, "The Bakassi Boys," Journal of Modern African Studies, 41 (March 2003), 23-49.
46. Zakaria Haji Ahmad, "The Police and Political Development in Malaysia," in Zakaria Haji Ahmad, ed., Government and Politics of Malaysia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 111-27.
47. Mahendra P. Singh and Douglas V. Verney, "Challenges to India's Centralized Parliamentary Federalism," Publius, 33 (Fall 2003), 20;
48. R. K. Raghavan, "The Indian Police," Publius, 33 (Fall 2003), 130.
49. Manor.
50. Jeffrey Kahn, Federalism, Democratization, and the Rule of Law in Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
51. Kathryn Stoner-Weiss, "Central Governing Incapacity and the Weakness of Political Parties," Publius, 32 (Spring 2002), 125-46;
52. Henry E. Hale, Why Not Parties in Russia? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005);
53. Andrew Konitzer and Stephen K. Wegren, "Federalism and Political Recentralization in the Russian Federation," Publius, 36 (Fall 2006), 503-22.
54. Steven L. Solnick, "The Political Economy of Russian Federalism," Problems of Post-Communism, 43 (November-December 1996), 13-25;
55. Daniel S. Treisman, After the Deluge (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999);
56. Elizabeth Pascal, Defining Russian Federalism (Westport: Praeger, 2003);
57. Donna Bahry, "The New Federalism and the Paradoxes of Regional Sovereignty in Russia," Comparative Politics, 37 (January 2005), 127-46.
58. Solnick;
59. Pascal;
60. Filippov, Ordeshook, and Shvetsova, pp. 131-41.
61. By 2008 there should be eighty-four regions, after several mergers are implemented. For a description of Russia's complex federal system, see Kahn, pp. 5-12.
62. Variously presidents, governors, and mayors, hereafter simply governors.
63. Kahn, pp. 123-32.
64. Brian D. Taylor, Politics and the Russian Army (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 282-301.
65. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems;
66. Filippov, Ordeshook, and Shvetsova;
67. Stepan, "Russian Federalism";
68. Kahn;
69. Pascal.
70. Cameron and Faletti;
71. Aleksandr Deryugin, "Osobennosti rossiyskogo federalizma," Neprikosnovennyy Zapas, 38 (June 2004).
72. Nikolai Petrov, "Federalizm po-rossiyski," Pro et Contra, 5 (Winter 2000), 7-33. Petrov's argument about Russia's nonexistent federalism has almost nothing to say about the original constitutional design. He points to other problems, such as huge political and economic asymmetries between the units and the general weakness of Russian democracy.
73. Kahn, pp. 142-88;
74. Filippov, Ordeshook, and Shvetsova, p. 132.
75. Prior to the 1994 military intervention there was an abortive effort by Yeltsin to deploy force to keep Chechnya in line in November 1991, before the Soviet collapse, but this effort lasted only a few days.
76. Vladimir Putin, Ot pervogo litsa (Moscow: Vagrius, 2000), pp. 132-37.
77. Matthew Evangelista, The Chechen Wars (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 2002);
78. Gail W. Lapidus, "Asymmetrical Federalism and State Breakdown in Russia," Post-Soviet Affairs, 15 (January-March 1999), 74-82.
79. Louise I. Shelley, Policing Soviet Society (New York: Routledge, 1996).
80. Pravovye osnovy deyatel'nosti sistemy MVD Rossii, vol. 1 (Moscow: INFRA-M, 1996), pp. 262-71.
81. Kahn, p. 182;
82. Brian D Taylor, "Law Enforcement and Russia's Federal Districts," in Peter Reddaway and Robert W. Orttung, eds., The Dynamics of Russian Politics, vol. 2 (Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), p. 68.
83. Interview with Leonid Smirnyagin (former adviser to Yeltsin on regional politics), Moscow, May 2001;
84. interview with anonymous former high-ranking MVD official, Moscow, March 2003.
85. Lapidus;
86. Graeme P. Herd, "Russia: Systemic Transformation or Federal Collapse?," Journal of Peace Research. 36 (May 1999), 259-69.
87. Mark Galeotti, "Kalashnikov Confederalism," Jane's Intelligence Review, 11 (September 1999), 8-9;
88. Herd, p. 265;
89. Pavel K. Baev, "The Russian Armed Forces," The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 17 (March 2001), 39.
90. See, for example, Yuriy Karacharov, "Nuzhdam voyennykh," Krasnaya zvezda, 29 (February 2000).
91. Taylor, Politics and the Russian Army.
92. Stepan, "Russian Federalism," p. 170.
93. Reddaway and Orttung, eds., vol. 2, p. 488.
94. "O polnomochnom predstvitele Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii v federal'nom okruge," May 13, 2000, available at http://document.kremlin.ru/ doc.asp?ID=001937.
95. Galina Kovalskaya, "Bessmennye besprizornye," Itogi, Feb. 6, 2001.
96. Nikolai Petrov, "The Security Dimension of the Federal Reform," in Reddaway and Orttung, eds., vol. 2, p. 7.
97. Olga Kryshtanovskaya and Stephen White, "Putin's Militocracy," Post-Soviet Affairs, 19 (October-December 2003), 289-306.
98. There is constant personnel turnover in these structures, but this snapshot from mid 2002 gives a good sense of patterns. See also Petrov, "Security Dimension";
99. Nikolai Petrov, "Siloviki in Russian Regions," Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies, 2 (2005).
100. Petrov, "Security Dimension," pp. 9-10.
101. Pavel Isayev, "B. Gryzlov vystraivayet novuyu vertikal' MVD," Rossiyskiy regional'nyy byulleten ', June 18, 2001.
102. Petrov, "Security Dimension";
103. Petrov, "Siloviki";
104. Taylor, "Law Enforcement";
105. Alexei Trochev and Peter H. Solomon, Jr., "Courts and Federalism in Putin's Russia," in Reddaway and Orttung, eds., vol. 2, pp. 91-122.
106. For overviews, see James Alexander, "Federal Reforms in Russia," Demokratizatsiya, 12 (Spring 2004), 233-63;
107. Cameron Ross, "Federalism and Electoral Authoritarianism under Putin," Demokratizatsiya, 13 (Summer 2005), 347-271;
108. Matthew Hyde, "Putin's Federal Reforms and Their Implications for Presidential Power in Russia," Europe-Asia Studies, 53 (July 2001), 719-43;
109. and, especially, Reddaway and Orttung, eds. 69. Kahn, pp. 178, 249, 45n;
110. Trochev and Solomon, p. 115.
111. Henry E. Hale, "Party Development in a Federal System," in Reddaway and Orttung, eds., vol. 2, p. 184;
112. Konitzer and Wegren.
113. "Governors Begin to Untuck Tails While Putin Switches to 'Carrot and Stick,'" Jamestown Foundation Monitor, May 31, 2000;
114. Hyde, pp. 727-31.
115. Robert Orttung, "Key Issues in the Evolution of the Federal Okrugs and Center-Region Relations under Putin," in Reddaway and Orttung, eds., vol. 1, p. 32.
116. "Governor-Generals Will Deprive Governors of Their Generals," smi.ru. May 23, 2000, in Johnson's Russia List, No. 4321, May 24, 2000.
117. Sergey Glaziev, "Parad suverenitetov nachalsya s naznacheniya gubernatorov," Novaya gazeta, Dec. 16, 2004.
118. David H. Bayley, Patterns of Policing (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1985), pp. 60-61.
119. Stepan, "Toward a New Comparative Politics."
120. De Figueiredo and Weingast, p. 128;
121. Elazar, Exploring Federalism.
122. M. G. W. den Boer, "Internationalization," in R. I. Mawby, ed., Policing across the World (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 59-74.
123. Deil Wright, Understanding Intergovernmental Relations, 2nd ed. (Monterey: Brooks/Cole, 1982);
124. David C. Nice and Patricia Fredericksen, The Politics of Intergovernmental Relations, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1995).
125. Nice and Fredericksen, pp. 15-21;
126. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), pp. 121-38.
127. For overviews, see Pablo Beramendi, "Federalism," in Carlos Boix and Susan Stokes, eds., Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007);
128. Erik Wibbels, "Madison in Baghdad?," Annual Review of Political Science, 9 (2006), 165-88.
129. Ronald L. Watts, "Federalism, Federal Political Systems, and Federations," Annual Review of Political Science, 1 (1998), 124.
130. Diamond, Developing Democracy, p. 137.
131. Jennie Litvack and Jonathan Rodden, "Decentralization and Hard Budget Constraints," APSA-CP, 11 (Winter 2000), 24.
132. Manor, p. 23.
133. Wright, p. 45.