Federalism and electoral authoritarianism under Putin

Demokratizatsiya

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 347-371

  Ross, Cameron ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Democratization; Electoral authoritarianism; Federalism

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; DEMOCRATIZATION; ELECTORAL SYSTEM; FEDERAL SYSTEM;

EURASIA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 28144444824     PISSN: 10746846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/demo.13.3.347-372     Document Type: Article

References (103)

1. D. J. Elazar, Exploring Federalism (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1987), 78.
2. R. Watts, Comparing Federal Systems (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1999), 99.
3. D. Kempton, "Russian Federalism: Continuing Myth or Political Salvation?" Demokratizatsiya 9, no. 2 (Spring 2001): 262.
4. M. Gorbachev, "Draft Nationalities Policy of the Party under Present Conditions," adopted by the CPSU Central Committee Plenum, September 20, 1989, quoted in Stephan Kux, "Soviet Federalism," Problems of Communism (March-April 1990): 1-20.
5. A. Stepan, "Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 4 (October 1999): 31.
6. G. M. Hahn, "Putin's Federal Reforms," Demokratizatsiya 9, no. 4 (Fall 2001): 499.
7. A. N. Lebedev, Status Sub'ekta Rossiiskoi Federatsii (Moscow: Institute of State and Law, 1999), 24.
8. N. Ratiani, Izvestiya, June 4, 2003, translated in Johnston's Russia List, no. 7209, June 4, 2003.
9. See Cameron Ross, Federalism and Democratisation in Russia (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).
10. I. Umnova, "The Contemporary Russian Model of Russian Federalism: In Search of the Way to Peace, Democracy and Stabilization," http:// www.federalism.ch/FTPMirror/ircc/InHouseSeminar, 7.
11. Ibid., 87
12. Konstitutsii Respubllik v Sostav Rossiiskoi Federatsii, Vypusk 1 (Izdanie Gosudarstvennoi Dumy, 1995), 61.
13. G. M. Danilenko and W. Burnham, Law and Legal System of the Russian Federation (New York: Juris, 2000), 166.
14. For a more extensive discussion of these points, see Ross, Federalism and Democratisation.
15. G. Smith, The Post-Soviet States: Mapping the Politics of Transition (London: Arnold, 1999), 139.
16. "O Printsipakh i Poryadke Razgranicheniya Predmetov Vedeniya i Polnomochii Mezhdu Organami Gosudarstvennoi Vlasti Rossiiskoi Federatsii i Organami Gosudarstvennoi Vlasti Sub'ektov Rossiiskoi Federatsii," adopted by the State Duma, June 4, 1999, and ratified by the president, June 24, 1999;
17. Rossiiskaya Gazeta, June 30, 1999, 3.
18. Umnova, "The Contemporary Russian Model," 10.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 11
21. Hahn, "Putin's Federal Reforms," 502.
22. D. Furman, "A Disastrous Love of Symmetry - Consolidation of the Federation Might Only Intensify Separatism," Obshchaya Gazeta 22 (June 2000), 7. Translated in the CDPSP 52 no. 22 (2000): 4.
23. Ibid.
24. Izvestiya, March 4, 1997, 4.
25. R. Sakwa, "Federalism, Sovereignty and Democracy," in Regional Politics in Russia, ed. C. Ross, 2 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002).
26. I. Umnova, Konstitutsionnye Osnovy Sovremennovo Rossiiskovo Federalizma (Moscow: DELO, 1998), 50.
27. E. Payin and A. Susarov, "Line Five in the Mirror of Demography," Rossiiskie Vesti, (October 30, 1997), 2;
28. CDPSP 49, no. 44 (1997): 10.
29. In Dagestan, there are thirty-three national groups, none of which comprises a majority. Russians account for only 9.2 percent of the total population of Dagestan.
30. Chuvashiya is landlocked with no borders on foreign states.
31. J. J. Linz and A. Stepan, "Toward Consolidated Democracies," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (1996): 17.
32. See Ross, Federalism and Democratisation in Russia;
33. "Putin's Federal Reforms and the Consolidation of Federalism in Russia: One Step Forward, Two Steps Back!" Communist and Post-Communist Studies 36 (2003): 29-47;
34. "Putin's Federal Reforms," in Russian Politics under Putin, ed. Cameron Ross (Schaumberg, IL: MUP, 2004).
35. V. Putin, "Television Address by the Russian President to the Country's Citizens," Rossiiskaya gazeta, May 2004, 4.
36. See Presidential Decree no. 849, May 13, 2000, "O Polnomochnom Predstavitele Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii v Federal'nom Okruge," and the accompanying resolution, "O Polnomochnom Prestavitele Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii v Federal'nom Okruge." Rossiskaya gazeta, May 13, 2001.
37. Arkady Ostrovsky, "Is Russian Democracy Becoming an Illusion?" Financial Times, February 24, 2003, 7.
38. "Presidential Administration's Samoilov on Seven Representatives," EWI Russian Regional Report 5, no. 30 (August 2, 2000): 4-6.
39. See E. Teague, "Putin Reforms the Federal System";
40. and R. Sakwa, "Federalism, Sovereignty and Democracy," in Ross, Regional Politics in Russia. The duties of the polpredy were further outlined in Putin's presidential decree of January 30, 2001, no. 97, "O Vnesenii dopolneniya i izmeneniya v polozhenie o polnomochnom predstavitele Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii v federal'nom okruge, utverzhdennoe ukazom Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii ot 13 Maya 2000 No 849";
41. Rossiskaya gazeta, January 30, 2001. According to this decree the presidential envoys were directly subordinate to the head of the presidential administration.
42. Nikolai Petrov and Darrell Slider, "Putin and the Regions," in Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain, ed. Dale R. Herspring, 215 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).
43. See Federal Law no. 113-F3, August 5, 2000, "O Poryadke Formorovaniya Soveta Federatsiya Federal'novo Sobraniya Rossiiskoi Federatsii," adopted by the State Duma, July 19, 2000, and ratified by the Federation Council July 26, 2000;
44. Rossiskaya gazeta, August 5, 2000.
45. R. Orttung, EWI Russian Regional Report 7, no. 5 (February 6, 2002), 11.
46. P. King, "Federation and Representation," in Comparative Federalism and Federation, ed. M. Burgess and A. G. Gagnon, 93 (New York and London: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1993).
47. Julie A. Corwin, "Federation Council: House of Lords or House of Valets?" RFE/RL Russian Political Weekly 4, no. 31 (August 16, 2004): 1.
48. "Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiiskoi Federatsii," no. 602, September 1, 2000, published in Rossiiskaya gazeta, September 1, 2000.
49. The law on the removal of the governors and disbanding of legislatures takes the form of amendments to the federal law "Ob Obshchikh Printsipakh Organizatsii Zakonodatel'nykh (Predstavitel'nykh) i Ispolnitel'nykh Organov Gosudarstvennoi Vlasti Sub'ektov Rossiiskoi Federatstii," which was ratified by the president on October 6, 1999, and published in Rossiskaya gazeta, October 19, 1999.
50. "Annual message of the President to the Russian Federal Assembly," Rossiiskaya gazeta July 11, 2000, 3;
51. translated in CDPSP 52, no. 28 (2000): 7.
52. J. A. Corwin, "Vulnerability of Governors to Dismissal Questioned," RFE/RL Russian Federation Report 2, no. 21, (June 7, 2000).
53. R. Orttung and P. Reddaway, "Russian State-building: The Regional Dimension," in The Russia Initiative: Reports of the Four Task Forces, 98 (New York: Carnegie Corporation, 2001).
54. A. Kostyukov, Obshchaya gazeta, no. 5 (February 1-7, 2001), 1. This amends a previous law adopted in October 1999, which limited governors to two terms. The amendment counts the first term for a governor as the one starting after October 16, 1999.
55. See S. Mikhailova, "Constitutional Court Confirms Authorities 'Ability to Fire Governors," EWI Russian Regional Report 7, no. 14 (April 10, 2002): 6.
56. M. I. Vil'chek, "O Kliuchevikh Problemakh Stanovleniya Instituta Polnomochnykh Predstavitelei Prezidenta RF," in Polpredy Prezidenta: Problemy Stanovleniya Novovo Instituta (Nauchnye Doklady: MGU January 2001), 20.
57. J. Corwin, RFE/RL Russian Federation Report 3, no. 2 (January 10, 2001), as cited in Obshchaya gazeta, no. 52 (January 10, 2001): 2.
58. "Full Text of Putin Annual State-of-the-nation Address to Russian Parliament," BBC Monitoring, in Johnson's Russia List 6195 (April 19, 2002), 11.
59. Nikolai Petrov, "Dozhivet li Rossiiskii Federalizm do 2014 goda," in Rossiya Blizhaishee Desyatiletie, ed. Endryu Kachins and Dmitrii Trenin (Moscow: Carnegie Centre, 2004), 56.
60. RFE/RL, Tatar-Bashkir Service, May 3, 2002, 2.
61. Julie A. Corwin, "Why Are so Many Elected Leaders in Russia Ready to Give Up on Elections?" RFE/RL, Russian Political Weekly 4, no. 36 (September 16, 2004): 1.
62. This was an amendment to the federal law, "On the General Principles of the Organization of Legislative and Executive Authorities in the Subjects of the Russian Federation," and the Federal Law on Voting Rights and the Right to Referendum.
63. Robert Coalson, "How will the Governors Be Appointed?" RFE/RL, Russian Political Weekly 4, no. 43 (November 5, 2004): 1.
64. Petrov, "Dozhivet li Rossiiskii Federalizm," 57.
65. Robert Coalson, RFE/RL, Russian Political Weekly 4, no. 39, (October 6, 2004): 1.
66. Ibid.
67. "Putin Seen Reappointing Incumbent Governors to Maintain Regional Stability," Rossiyskaya gazeta, April 30, 2005, reprinted in Johnson's Russia List, 9140, (May 5, 2005).
68. Kathryn Pinnick, Russian Regional Report 10, no. 7, (April 13, 2005), 1-2.
69. Johnson's Russia List 8446 (November 10, 2004).
70. Olga Redichkina and Aidar Buribayev, "The Abundance of Parties is Scary," Gazeta, November 11, 2004, 2.
71. Galina Mikhaleva, "After the Presidential Elections: The Political Regime; Regional Variations," Russia Election Watch 3, no. 5 (February 2004), 8.
72. Moscow Times, September 28, 2004, 1.
73. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, "Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation," April 15, 2005, RTR Russia TV, Moscow, reproduced in Johnson's Russia List 9130 (April 25, 2005), 12.
74. Robert Coalson, "The End of the Russian Federation," RFE/RL, Russian Political Weekly 4, no. 37 (September 24, 2004), 1.
75. Nezavisimaya gazeta, October 26, 2004, 3.
76. Paul Goble, "Putin's Regionalisation Plan Sparks Territorial Disputes," RFE/RL Newsline 9, no. 62, part 1 (April 4, 2005): 1.
77. Ibid.
78. See the issues of Demokratizatsiya edited by Fredo Arias-King (12, no. 1, 2004),
79. and Vladimir Brovkin (12, no. 2, 2004).
80. Andreas Schedler, "Elections without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation," Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (April 2002), 38.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. See Turovsky's excellent study, "Gubernatory i 'oligarkhi:' istoriya otnoshenii," in Rostislav Turovsky, Politika v Regionakh: Gubernatory i Gruppy Vliyaniya (Moscow: Tsentr Politicheskikh Tekhnologii, 2002).
84. Vladimir Gel'man, "Democratic Gains Reversed in Regional Elections from Moscow to Sakha," East-West Institute, Russian Regional Report 7, no. 5 (February 6, 2002).
85. Nikolai Petrov, "Regional Elections under Putin and Prospects for Russian Electoral Democracy," Ponars Policy Memo 287 (February 2003): 2.
86. Alexander Lukin, "Electoral Democracy or Electoral Clanism? Russian Democratization and Theories of Transition," Demokratizatsiya 7, no. 1 (1999): 108.
87. Petrov, "Regional Elections," 2.
88. Nikolai Petrov and Darrell Slider, "Putin and the Regions," in Putin's Russia: Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain, ed. Dale R. Herspring, 215 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).
89. G. O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy 5, no. 1 (January 1994): 61.
90. Nikolai Petrov, "Regional Elections under Putin," 1.
91. Ibid.
92. Vladimir Pribylovsky, "Upravlyaemye Vybory: Degradatsiya Vyborov," in Rossiya Putina: Istoriya Bolezni, ed. V. Pribylovsky (Tsentr: Panorama, 2004), 8.
93. Ibid., 8-9.
94. Ibid., 8.
95. Julie A. Corwin, "If You Can't Beat Them, Disqualify Them," RFE/RL, Russian Political Weekly 4, no. 47 (December 9, 2004): 1.
96. R. V. Daniels, "Democracy and Federalism in the Former Soviet Union and the Russian Federation," in Beyond the Monolith: The Emergence of Regionalism in Post-Soviet Russia, ed. P. J. Stavrakis, J. DeBardeleben, and L. Black, 233 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).
97. P. King, Federalism and Federation (London: Croom Helm, 1982), 94;
98. cited in M. Burgess and A. G. Gagnon, eds. Comparative Federalism and Federation (New York and London: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1993), 5.
99. See Ross, Federalism and Democratisation.
100. Elazar, Exploring Federalism, 78.
101. Putin, "Address to the Federal Assembly," 1.
102. Thomas Carothers, "The End of the Transition Paradigm," Journal of Democracy 13, no. (January 1, 2002): 10.
103. See Gordon M. Hahn's excellent study, "Managed Democracy? Building Stealth Authoritarianism in St. Peterburg," Demokratizatsiya 12, no. 2 (Spring 2004): 195-232.