The PrfA virulence regulon

Microbes and Infection

Volumn 9, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 1196-1207

  Scortti, Mariela ^a,b   Monzó, Héctor J ^a,b   Lacharme Lora, Lizeth ^a,b   Lewis, Deborah A ^a   Vázquez Boland, José A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEÓN   (Spain)

Author keywords

Listeria; PrfA; Regulation; Virulence genes

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL PROTEIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; DIMER; NUCLEOTIDE; PROTEIN CAP; PROTEIN FNR; PROTEIN PRFA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALLOSTERISM; BACTERIAL GENE; BACTERIAL GENOME; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; CELL INVASION; CELL SPREADING; CYTOSOL; ECOLOGICAL NICHE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE REPRESSION; GENE SEQUENCE; HOST CELL; HOST PARASITE INTERACTION; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; NONHUMAN; PARASITISM; PHAGOSOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROMOTER REGION; REGULON; SHORT SURVEY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SPECIES HABITAT; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; HUMANS; LISTERIA INFECTIONS; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PEPTIDE TERMINATION FACTORS; REGULON; VIRULENCE;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); LISTERIA; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES;

EID: 34548499897     PISSN: 12864579     EISSN: 1769714X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.05.007     Document Type: Short Survey

References (92)

1. Farber J.M., and Peterkin P.I. Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen. Microbiol. Rev. 55 (1991) 476-511
2. Vázquez-Boland J.A., Kuhn M., Berche P., Chakraborty T., Domínguez-Bernal G., Goebel W., González-Zorn B., Wehland J., and Kreft J. Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14 (2001) 584-640
3. Chakraborty T., Leimeister-Wachter M., Domann E., Hartl M., Goebel W., Nichterlein T., and Notermans S. Coordinate regulation of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes requires the product of the prfA gene. J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) 568-574
4. Portnoy D.A., Auerbauch V., and Glomski I.J. The cell biology of Listeria monocytogenes infection: the intersection of bacterial pathogenesis and cell-mediated immunity. J. Cell Biol. 158 (2002) 409-414
5. Dussurget O., Pizarro-Cerda J., and Cossart P. Molecular determinants of Listeria monocytogenes virulence. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 58 (2004) 587-610
6. Hamon M., Bierne H., and Cossart P. Listeria monocytogenes: a multifaceted model. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 4 (2006) 423-434
7. Goebel W., Kreft J., and Böckmann R. In: Fischetti V.A., Novick R.P., Ferretti J.J., Portnoy D.A., and Rood J.I. (Eds). Gram-Positive Pathogens (2000), American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC 499-506
8. Kreft J., and Vázquez-Boland J.A. Regulation of virulence genes in Listeria. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 291 (2001) 145-157
9. Eiting M., Hagelüken G., Schubert W.-D., and Heinz D.W. The mutation G145S in PrfA, a key virulence regulator of Listeria monocytogenes, increase DNA-binding affinity by stabilizing the HTH motif. Mol. Microbiol. 56 (2005) 433-466
10. Vega Y., Rauch M., Banfield M., Ermolaeva E., Scortti M., Goebel W., and Vazquez-Boland J.A. New Listeria monocytogenes prfA* mutants, transcriptional properties of PrfA* proteins, and structure-function of the virulence regulator PrfA. Mol. Microbiol. 52 (2004) 1553-1565
11. Green J., Scott C., and Guest J.R. Functional versatility in the CRP-FNR superfamily of transcription factors: FNR and FLP. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 44 (2001) 1-34
12. Kolb A., Busby S., Buc H., Garges S., and Adhya S. Transcriptional regulation by cAMP and its receptor protein. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62 (1993) 749-795
13. Ripio M.-T., Domínquez-Bernal G., Suárez M., Brehm K., Berche P., and Vázquez-Boland J.A. Transcriptional activation of virulence genes in wild-type strains of Listeria monocytogenes in response to a change in the extracellular medium composition. Res. Microbiol. 147 (1996) 311-384
14. Ripio M.-T., Dominquez-Bernal G., Lara M., Suárez M., and Vázquez-Boland J.-A. A Gly145Ser substitution in the transcriptional activator PrfA causes constitutive overexpression of virulence factors in Listeria monocytogenes. J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 1533-1540
15. Shetron-Rama L.M., Mueller K., Bravo J.M., Bouwer H.G.A., Way S.S., and Freitag N.E. Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes mutants with high-level in vitro expression of host cytosol-induced gene products. Mol. Microbiol. 48 (2003) 1537-1551
16. Wong K.K.Y., and Freitag N.E. A novel mutation within the central Listeria monocytogenes regulator PrfA that results in constitutive expression of virulence gene products. J. Bacteriol. 186 (2004) 6265-6276
17. Vega Y., Dickneite C., Ripio M.-T.-, Böckmann R., González-Zorn B., Novella S., Domínguez-Bernal G., Goebel W., and Vázquez-Boland J.-A. Functional similarities between the Listeria monocytogenes virulence regulator PrfA and cyclic AMP receptor protein: the PrfA* (Gly145Ser) mutation increases binding affinity for target DNA. J. Bacteriol. 180 (1998) 6655-6660
18. Passner J.M., Schultz S.C., and Steitz T.A. Modeling the cAMP-induced allosteric transition using the crystal structure of CAP-cAMP at 2.1 Å resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 304 (2000) 847-859
19. Diller T.C., Madhusudan, Xuong N.-H., and Taylor S.S. Molecular basis for regulatory subunit diversity in cAMP-dependent protein kinase: Crystal structure of the type IIβ regulatory subunit. Structure 9 (2001) 73-82
20. Lanzilotta W.N., Schuller D.J., Thorsteinsson M.V., Kerby R.L., Roberts G.P., and Poulos T.L. Structure of the CO sensing transcription activator CooA. Nat. Struct. Biol. 7 (2000) 876-880
21. Busby S., and Ebright R.H. Transcription activation by catabolite activator protein (CAP). J. Mol. Biol. 293 (1999) 199-213
22. Renzoni A., Cossart P., and Dramsi S. PrfA, the transcriptional activator of virulence genes, is upregulated during interaction of Listeria monocytogenes with mammalian cells and in eukaryotic cell extracts. Mol. Microbiol. 34 (1999) 552-561
23. Moors M.A., Levitt B., Youngman P., and Portnoy D.A. Expression of listeriolysin O and ActA by intracellular and extracellular Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 131-139
24. Shetron-Rama L.M., Marquis H., Bouwer H.G.A., and Freitag N.E. Intracellular induction of Listeria monocytogenes actA expression. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 1087-1096
25. Karpova T.I., Marakusha B.I., Sapenko T.P., Tartakovskii I.S., Vázquez-Boland J.A., and Ermolaeva S.A. Effect of the constitutive activity of pathogenicity genes in Listeria monocytogenes. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol. 3 (2005) 3-8
26. Freitag N.E., and Jacobs K.E. Examination of Listeria monocytogenes intracellular gene expression by using the green fluorescent protein of Aquorea victoria. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 1844-1852
27. Bubert A., Sokolovic Z., Chun S.-K., Papatheodorou L., Simm A., and Goebel W. Differential expression of Listeria monocytogenes virulence genes in mammalian host cells. Mol. Gen. Genet. 261 (1999) 323-336
28. Renzoni A., Klarsfeld A., Dramsi S., and Cossart P. Evidence that PrfA, the pleiotropic activator of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes, can be present but inactive. Infect. Immun. 65 (1997) 1515-1518
29. Ermolaeva E., Novella S., Vega Y., Ripio M.-T., Scortti M., and Vazquez-Boland J.A. Negative control of Listeria monocytogenes virulence genes by a diffusible autorepressor. Mol. Microbiol. 52 (2004) 601-611
30. Milenbachs A.A., Brown D.P., Moors M., and Youngman P. Carbon-source regulation of virulence gene expression in Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 23 (1997) 1075-1085
31. Brehm K., Ripio M.-T., Kreft J., and Vazquez-Boland J.A. The bvr locus of Listeria monocytogenes mediates virulence gene repression by β-glucosides. J. Bacteriol. 181 (1999) 5024-5032
32. Ripio M.-T., Brehm K., Lara M., Suárez M., and Vázquez-Boland J.A. Glucose-1-phosphate utilization by Listeria monocytogenes is PrfA dependent and coordinately expressed with virulence factors. J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 7174-7180
33. Stülke J., and Hillen W. Regulation of carbon catabolism in Bacillus species. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 54 (2000) 849-880
34. Chico-Calero I., Suarez M., Gonzalez-Zorn B., Scortti M., Slaghuis J., and Vázquez-Boland J.A. Hpt, a bacterial homolog of the microsomal glucose- 6-phosphate translocase, mediates rapid intracellular proliferation in Listeria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 431-436
35. Behari J., and Youngman P. A homolog of CcpA mediates catabolite control in Listeria monocytogenes but not carbon source regulation of virulence genes. J. Bacteriol. 180 (1998) 6316-6324
36. Herro R., Poncet S., Cossart P., Buchrieser C., Goudin E., Glaser P., and Deutscher J. How seryl-phosphorylated HPr inhibits PrfA, a transcription activator of Listeria monocytogenes virulence genes. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 9 (2005) 224-234
37. Park S.F., and Kroll R.G. Expression of listeriolysin and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is repressed by the plant-derived molecule cellobiose in Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 8 (1993) 653-661
38. Mengaud J., Dramsi S., Gouin E., Vázquez-Boland J.A., Milon G., and Cossart P. Pleiotropic control of Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors by a gene which is autoregulated. Mol. Microbiol. 5 (1991) 2273-2283
39. Freitag N.E., Rong L., and Portnoy D.A. Regulation of the prfA transcriptional activator of Listeria monocytogenes: multiple promoter elements contribute to intracellular growth and cell-to-cell spread. Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 2537-2544
40. Camilli A., Tilney L., and Portnoy D.A. Dual roles of PlcA in Listeria monocytogenes pathogenesis. Mol. Microbiol. 8 (1993) 143-157
41. Freitag N.E., and Portnoy D.A. Dual promoters of the Listeria monocytogenes prfA transcriptional activator appear essential in vitro but are redundant in vivo. Mol. Microbiol. 12 (1994) 845-853
42. Johansson J., Mandin P., Renzoni A., Chiaruttini C., Springer M., and Cossart P. An RNA thermosensor controls the expression of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes. Cell 110 (2002) 551-561
43. Leimeister-Wächter M., Domann E., and Chakraborty T. The expression of virulence genes in Listeria monocytogenes is thermoregulated. J. Bacteriol. 174 (1992) 947-952
44. Rauch M., Luo Q., Müller-Altrock S., and Goebel W. SigB-Dependent in vitro transcription of prfA and some newly identified genes of Listeria monocytogenes whose expression is affected by PrfA in vivo. J. Bacteriol. 187 (2005) 800-804
45. Schwab U., Bowen B., Nadon C., Wiedmann M., and Boor K.J. The Listeria monocytogenes prfAP2 promoter is regulated by sigma B in a growth phase dependent manner. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 245 (2005) 329-336
46. Sokolovic Z., Fuchs A., Wuenscher M., and Goebel W. Synthesis of species-specific stress proteins by virulent strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect. Immun. 58 (1990) 3582-3587
47. Sokolovic Z., Riedel J., Wuenscher M., and Goebel W. Surface-associated, PrfA-regulated proteins of Listeria monocytogenes synthesized under stress conditions. Mol. Microbiol. 8 (1993) 219-227
48. B and PrfA to expression of virulence and stress response genes during extra- and intracellular growth. Microbiology 152 (2006) 1827-1838
49. Greene S.L., and Freitag N.E. Negative regulation of PrfA, the key activator of Listeria monocytogenes virulence gene expression, is dispensable for bacterial pathogenesis. Microbiology 149 (2003) 111-120
50. Sheehan B., Klarsfeld A., Msadek T., and Cossart P. Differential activation of virulence gene expression by PrfA, the Listeria monocytogenes virulence regulator. J. Bacteriol. 177 (1995) 6469-6476
51. Sheehan B., Klarsfeld A., Ebright R., and Cossart P. A single substitution in the putative helix-turn-helix motif of the pleiotropic activator PrfA attenuates Listeria monocytogenes virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 20 (1996) 785-797
52. Bohne J., Kestler H., Uebele C., Sokolovic Z., and Goebel W. Differential regulation of the virulence genes of Listeria monocytogenes by the transcriptional activator PrfA. Mol. Microbiol. 20 (1996) 1189-1198
53. Williams J.R., Thayyullathil C., and Freitag N.E. Sequence variations within PrfA DNA binding sites and effects on Listeria monocytogenes virulence gene expression. J. Bacteriol. 182 (2000) 837-841
54. Domann E., Wehland J., Niebuhr K., Haffner C., Leimeister-Wächter M., and Chakraborty T. Detection of a prfA-independent promoter responsible for listeriolysin gene expression in mutant Listeria monocytogenes strains lacking the PrfA regulator. Infect. Immun. 61 (1993) 3073-3075
55. Luo Q., Rauch M., Marr A.K., Müller-Altrock S., and Goebel W. In vitro transcription of the Listeria monocytogenes virulence genes inlC and mpl reveals overlapping PrfA-dependent and -independent promoters that are differentially activated by GTP. Mol. Microbiol. 52 (2004) 39-52
56. Lingnau A., Domann E., Hudel M., Bock M., Nichterlein T., Wehland J., and Chakraborty T. Expression of Listeria monocytogenes EGD inlA and inlB genes, whose products mediate bacterial entry into tissue culture cell lines, by PrfA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Infect. Immun. 64 (1995) 1002-1006
57. B contributes to Listeria monocytogenes invasion by controlling expression of inlA and inlB. Microbiol. 151 (2005) 3215-3222
58. Luo Q., Herler M., Müller-Altrock S., and Goebel W. Supportive and inhibitory elements of a putative PrfA-dependent promoter in Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 55 (2005) 986-997
59. Wong K.K., Bouwer H.G., and Freitag N.E. Evidence implicating the 5′ untranslated region of Listeria monocytogenes actA in the regulation of bacterial actin-based motility. Cell Microbiol. 6 (2004) 155-166
60. Stritzker J., Schoen C., and Goebel W. Enhanced synthesis of internalin A in aro mutants of Listeria monocytogenes indicates posttranscriptional control of the inlAB mRNA. J. Bacteriol. 187 (2006) 2836-2845
61. Shen A., and Higgins D. The 5′ untranslated region-mediated enhancement of intracellular listeriolysin O production is required for Listeria monocytogenes pathogenicity. Mol. Microbiol. 57 (2005) 1460-1473
62. Glaser P., Frangeul L., Buchrieser C., Rusniok C., Amend A., Baquero F., Berche P., Bloecker H., Brandt P., Chakraborty T., Charbit A., Chetouani F., Couvé E., De Daruvar A., Dehoux P., Domann E., Domínguez-Bernal G., Duchaud E., Durand L., Dussurget O., Entian K.-D., Fsihi H., Portillo F.G., Garrido P., Gautier L., Goebel W., Gómez-López N., Hain T., Hauf J., Jackson D., Jones L.M., Kaerst U., Kreft J., Kuhn M., Kunst F., Kurapkat G., Madueño E., Maitournam A., Mata-Vicente J., Ng E., Nedjari H., Nordsiek G., Novella S., De Pablos B., Pérez-Díaz J.C., Purcell R., Remmel B., Rose M., Schlueter T., Simoes N., Tierrez A., Vázquez-Boland J.A., Voss H., Wehland J., and Cossart P. Comparative genomics of Listeria spp. Science 294 (2001) 849-852
63. Milohanic E., Glaser P., Coppée J.Y., Frangeul L., Vega Y., Vázquez-Boland J.A., Kunst F., Cossart P., and Buchrieser C. Transcriptome analysis of Listeria monocytogenes EGDe identifies three groups of genes differently regulated by PrfA. Mol. Microbiol. 47 (2003) 1613-1625
64. Marr A.K., Joseph B., Mertins S., Ecke R., Müller-Altrock S., and Goebel W. Overexpression of PrfA leads to growth inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in glucose-containing culture media by interfering with glucose uptake. J. Bacteriol. 188 (2006) 3887-3901
65. Engelbrecht F., Chun S.-K., Ochs C., Hess J., Lottspeich F., Goebel W., and Sokolovic Z. A new PrfA-regulated gene of Listeria monocytogenes encoding a small, secreted protein which belongs to the family of internalins. Mol. Microbiol. 21 (1996) 823-837
66. Joseph B., Przybilla K., Schauer C., Slaghuis J., Fuchs T.M., and Goebel W. Identification of Listeria monocytogenes genes contributing to intracellular replication by expression profiling and mutant screening. J. Bacteriol. 188 (2006) 556-568
67. Chatterjee S.S., Hossain H., Otten S., Kuenne C., Kuchmina K., Machata S., Dománn E., Chakraborty T., and Hain T. Intracellular gene expression profile of Listeria monocytogenes. Infec. Immun. 74 (2006) 1323-1338
68. Vazquez-Boland J.A., Domínguez-Bernal G., González-Zorn B., Goebel W., and Kreft J. Pathogenicity islands and virulence evolution in Listeria. Microb. Infect. 3 (2001) 571-584
69. Vázquez-Boland J.A., Stachowiak R., Lachrme L., Scortti M., and Listeriolysin. In: Alouf J.E., and Popoff M. (Eds). Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins (2006), Academic Press 698-714
70. Dussurget O., Cabanes D., Dehoux P., Lecuit M., the European Listeria Genome Consortium, Buchrieser C., Glaser P., and Cossart P. Listeria monocytogenes bile salt hydrolase is a PrfA-regulated virulence factor involved in the intestinal and hepatic phases of listeriosis. Mol. Microbiol. 45 (2002) 1095-1106
71. B regulates stress response and virulence functions. J. Bacteriol. 185 (2003) 5722-5734
72. Garner M.R., Njaa B.L., Wiedmann M., and Boor K.J. Sigma B contributes to Listeria monocytogenes gastrointestinal infection but not to systemic spread in the guinea pig infection model. Infect. Immun. 74 (2006) 876-886
73. B-dependent gene induction and expression in Listeria monocytogenes during osmotic and acid stress conditions simulating the intestinal environment. Microbiology 150 (2004) 3842-3855
74. Sleator R.D., Wouters J., Gahan C.G., Abee T., and Hill C. Analysis of the role of OpuC, an osmolyte transport system, in salt tolerance and virulence potential of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67 (2001) 2692-2698
75. Mandin P., Fsihi H., Dussurget P., Vergasola M., Milohanic E., Toledo-Arana A., Lasa I., Johansson J., and Cossart P. VirR, a response regulator critical for Listeria monocytogenes virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 57 (2005) 1367-1380
76. Cabanes D., Sousa S., Cebriá A., Lecuit M., García-del Portillo F., and Cossart P. Gp96 is a receptor for a novel Listeria monocytogenes virulence factor, Vip, a surface protein. EMBO J. 24 (2005) 2827-2838
77. Raynaud C., and Charbit A. Regulation of expression of type I signal peptidases in Listeria monocytogenes. Microbiology 151 (2005) 3759-3776
78. Sleator R.D., Wemekamp-Kamphuis H.H., Gahan C.G.M., Abee T., and Hill C. A PrfA-regulated bile exclusion (BilE) is a novel virulence factor in Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 55 (2005) 1183-1195
79. Ripio M.-T., Vazquez-Boland J.-A., Vega Y., Nair S., and Berche P. Evidence for expressional crosstalk between the central virulence regulator PrfA and the stress response mediator ClpC in Listeria monocytogenes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 158 (1998) 45-50
80. Rouquette C., Ripio M.T., Pellegrini E., Bolla J.M., Tascon R.I., Vazquez-Boland J.-A., and Berche P. Identification of a ClpC ATPase required for stress tolerance and in vivo survival of Listeria monocytogenes. Mol. Microbiol. 21 (1996) 977-987
81. Michel E., Mengaud J., Galsworthy S., and Cossart P. Characterization of a large motility gene cluster containing cheR, motAB genes of Listeria monocytogenes and evidence that PrfA downregulates motility genes. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 169 (1998) 341-347
82. Angelakopoulos H., Loock K., Sisul D.M., Jensen E.R., Miller J.F., and Hohmann E.L. Safety and shedding of an attenuated strain of Listeria monocytogenes with a deletion of actA/plcB in adult volunteers: a dose escalation study of oral inoculation. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 3592-3601
83. Dietrich G., Hess J., Gentschev I., Knapp B., Kaufmann S.H., and Goebel W. From evil to good: a cytolysin in vaccine development. Trends Microbiol. 9 (2001) 23-28
84. Paterson Y., and Johnson R.S. Progress towards the use of Listeria monocytogenes as a live bacterial vaccine vector for the delivery of HIV antigens. Expert. Rev. Vaccines. 3 (2004) S119-S134
85. Starks H., Bruhn K.W., Shen H., Barry R.A., Dubensky T.W., Brockstedt D., Hinrichs D.J., Higgins D.E., Miller J.F., Giedlin M., and Bouwer H.G. Listeria monocytogenes as a vaccine vector: virulence attenuation or existing antivector immunity does not diminish therapeutic efficacy. J. Immunol. 1 (2004) 420-427
86. Dietrich G., Bubert A., Gentschev I., Sokolovic Z., Simm A., Catic A., Kaufmann S.H., Hess J., Szalay A.A., and Goebel W. Delivery of antigen-encoding plasmid DNA into the cytosol of macrophages by attenuated suicide Listeria monocytogenes. Nat. Biotechnol. 16 (1998) 181-185
87. Scortti M., Lacharme-Lora L., Wagner M., Chico-Calero I., Losito P., and Vázquez-Boland J. Coexpression of virulence and fosfomycin susceptibility in Listeria: molecular basis of an antimicrobial in vitro-in vivo paradox. Nat. Med. 12 (2006) 515-517
88. Böckmann R., Dickneite C., Middendorf B., Goebel W., and Sokolovic Z. Specific binding of the Listeria monocytogenes transcriptional regulator protein PrfA to target sequences requires additional factor(s) and is influenced by iron. Mol. Microbiol. 22 (1996) 643-653
89. Conte M.P., Longhi C., Petrone G., Polidoro M., Valenti P., and Seganti L. Modulation of actA gene expression in Listeria monocytogenes by iron. J. Med. Microbiol. 49 (2000) 681-683
90. Dussurget O., Dumas E., Archambaud C., Chafsey I., Chambon C., Hebraud M., and Cossart P. Listeria monocytogenes ferritin protects against multiple stresses and is required for virulence. FEMS, Microbiol. Lett. 250 (2005) 253-261
91. Datta A.R., and Kothary M.H. Effects of glucose, growth temperature, and pH on listeriolysin O production in Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 (1993) 3495-3497
92. Behari J., and Youngman P. Regulation of hly expression in Listeria monocytogenes by carbon sources and pH occurs through separate mechanisms mediated by PrfA. Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 3635-3642