Vulnerability associations and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in soldiers deployed to Iraq

Behaviour Research and Therapy

Volumn 45, Issue 10, 2007, Pages 2317-2325

  Engelhard, Iris M ^a   Huijding, Jorg ^b   van den Hout, Marcel A ^a   de Jong, Peter J ^b  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Cognitive model; Military; PTSD; Trauma; Vulnerability

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST; INTERVIEW; IRAQ; NETHERLANDS; NEUROSIS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREDICTION; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOLDIER; SYMPTOM; VARIANCE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ASSOCIATION LEARNING; FEAR; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003 -; MALE; MILITARY PERSONNEL; NETHERLANDS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; SELF ASSESSMENT (PSYCHOLOGY); STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; VIOLENCE;

EID: 34548487940     PISSN: 00057967     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.005     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Arrindell W.A., and Ettema J.H.M. SCL-90. Handleiding bij een multidimensionele psychopathologie-indicator (2003), Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse
2. Asendorpf J.B., Banse R., and Mücke D. Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psycholgy 83 (2002) 380-393
3. Brewin C.R., Andrews B., and Valentine J.D. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68 (2000) 748-766
4. Bryant R.A., and Guthrie R.M. Maladaptive appraisals as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress. A study of trainee firefighters. Psychological Science 16 (2005) 749-752
5. Dalgleish T. Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder: The evolution of multirepresentation theorizing. Psychological Bulletin 130 (2004) 228-260
6. De Houwer. The implicit association test as a tool for studying dysfucntional associations in psychopathology: Strengths and limitations. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 33 (2002) 115-133
7. de Jong P.J., Pasman W., Kindt M., and van den Hout M.A. A reaction time paradigm to assess (implicit) complaint-specific dysfunctional beliefs. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 (2001) 101-113
8. de Jong P.J., van den Hout M.A., Rietbroek H., and Huijding J. Dissociations between implicit and explicit attitudes towards phobic stimuli. Cognition and Emotion 17 (2003) 521-545
9. Derogatis, L.R. (1977). SCL-90: Administration, scoring and procedures manual-I for the R(evised) version. Baltimore: John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Clinical Psychometrics Research Unit.
10. Dunmore E., Clark D.M., and Ehlers A. Cognitive factors involved in the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy 37 (1999) 809-829
11. Dunmore E., Clark D.M., and Ehlers A. A prospective investigation of the role of cognitive factors in persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after physical or sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 (2001) 1063-1084
12. Egloff B., and Schmukle S.C. Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002) 1441-1455
13. Ehlers A., and Clark D.M. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 319-345
14. Ehlers A., Mayou R.A., and Bryant B. Psychological predictors of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107 (1998) 508-519
15. Engelhard, I.M. & van den Hout, M.A. (in press). Pre-existing neuroticism, subjective stressor severity, and posttraumatic stress in soldiers deployed to Iraq. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry.
16. Engelhard I.M., van den Hout M.A., and Kindt M. The relationship between neuroticism, pre-traumatic stress, and post-traumatic stress: A prospective study. Personality and Individual Differences 35 (2003) 381-388
17. Eysenck H.J., and Eysenck S.B.G. Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1975), Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, CA
18. First M.B., Spitzer R.L., and Williams J.B.W. Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders: SCID-I (clinician version) (1997), American Psychiatric Press, Columbia University, New York City
19. Foa, E.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress diagnostic scale: Manual. Minneapolis: National Computer Systems.
20. Foa E.B., and Riggs D.S. Posttraumatic stress disorder and rape. In: Oldham J., Riba M.B., and Tasman A. (Eds). Annual review of psychiatry Vol. 12 (1993), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 273-303
21. Foa E.B., and Rothbaum B.O. Treating the trauma of rape (1998), The Guilford Press, New York
22. Foa E.B., Ehlers A., Clark D.M., Tolin D., and Orsillo S.M. The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment 3 (1999) 303-314
23. Foa E.B., Riggs D.S., Dancu C.V., and Rothbaum B.O. Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress 6 (1993) 459-473
24. Greenwald A.G., McGhee D.E., and Schwartz J.L.K. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 1464-1480
25. Greenwald A.G., Nosek B.A., and Banaji M.R. Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (2003) 197-216
26. Haslam N. Categorical versus dimensional models of mental disorder: The taxometric evidence. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37 (2003) 696-704
27. Huijding J., and de Jong P.J. Specific predictive power of automatic spider-related affective associations for controllable and uncontrollable fear responses toward spiders. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44 (2006) 161-176
28. Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma (1992), Free Press, New York
29. Janoff-Bulman R., and Frieze I.H. A theoretical perspective for understanding reactions to victimization. Journal of Social Issues 39 (1983) 1-17
30. Litz B.T., Orsillo S.M., Friedman M., Ehlich P., and Batres A. Posttraumatic stress disorder associated with peacekeeping duty in Somalia for US military personnel. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 178-184
31. Maguen S., Litz B.T., Wang J.L., and Cook M. The stressors and demands of peacekeeping in Kosovo: Predictors of mental health response. Military Medicine 169 (2004) 198-206
32. McNally R.J. On the scientific status of cognitive appraisal models of anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 39 (2001) 513-521
33. Peat J., and Barton B. Medical statistics: A guide to data analysis and critical appraisal (2005), Blackwell Publishing, Oxford
34. Perloff L.S. Perceptions of vulnerability to victimization. Journal of Social Issues 39 (1983) 41-61
35. Perloff L.S., and Fetzer B.K. Self-other judgments and perceived vulnerability to victimization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (1986) 502-510
36. Pinter B., and Greenwald A.G. Clarifying the role of the "other" category in the self-esteem IAT. Experimental Psychology 52 (2005) 74-79
37. Roe-Berning S., and Straker G. The association between illusions of invulnerability and exposure to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 10 (1997) 319-327
38. Ruch L.O., Chandler S.M., and Harter R.A. Life change and rape impact. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 21 (1980) 248-260
39. Sanderman R., Arrindell W.A., Ranchor A.V., Eysenck H.J., and Eysenck S.B.G. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) (1991), Noordelijk Centrum voor Gezondheidsvraagstukken, Goningen, The Netherlands
40. Smith K., and Bryant R.A. The generality of cognitive bias in acute stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 709-715
41. Southwick S.M., Morgan III C.A., Nicolaou A.L., and Charney D.S. Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. American Journal of Psychiatry 154 (1997) 173-177
42. Spalding L.R., and Hardin C.D. Unconscious unease and self-handicapping: Behavioral consequences of individual differences in implicit and explicit self-esteem. Psychological Science 10 (1999) 535-539
43. Steffens M.C., and Schulze König S. Predicting spontaneous big five behavior with implicit association tests. European Journal of Psychological Assessment 22 (2006) 13-20
44. Steil R., and Ehlers A. Dysfunctional meaning of posttraumatic intrusions in chronic PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38 (2000) 537-558
45. Strack F., and Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8 (2004) 220-247
46. Teachman B.A., Gregg A.P., and Woody S.R. Implicit associations for fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 (2001) 226-235
47. van den Hout M.A., and Engelhard I.M. Pretrauma neuroticism, negative appraisals of intrusions, and severity of PTSD symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 26 (2004) 181-183