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2nd ed, de Meijere, A, Diederich, F, Eds, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim
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(a) Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions, 2nd ed.; de Meijere, A.; Diederich, F., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 2004.
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Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions
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Beller, M, Bolm, C. Eds, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim
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The NHC ligand itself is generated by deprotonation with the organometallic reagent. See also references above.
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(e) The NHC ligand itself is generated by deprotonation with the organometallic reagent. See also references above.
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Polar solvents such as NMP, NEP (N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone), DMPU or DME were not effective as co-solvents, as it is known in other cross-coupling reactions. See also: Gavryushin, A.; Kofink, C.; Manolikakes, G.; Knochel, P. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 4871.
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Polar solvents such as NMP, NEP (N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinone), DMPU or DME were not effective as co-solvents, as it is known in other cross-coupling reactions. See also: Gavryushin, A.; Kofink, C.; Manolikakes, G.; Knochel, P. Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 4871.
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Not using NMP leads to heterogeneous reactions and lower yields
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Not using NMP leads to heterogeneous reactions and lower yields.
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Typical Procedure for the Cross-Coupling Reaction; Preparation of Biphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester (3a, A flame-dried flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, an argon inlet, and a septum was charged with a Ti(OEt)4 solution (1.0 mL, 1.5 M in THF, First phenyl-magnesium chloride (0.84 mL, 1.79 M in THF) was added dropwise at 0°C. then Ni(acac)2 (1.3 mg, 0.005 mmol, ligand 4 (2.1 mg, 0.005 mmol) and 4-bromobenzoic acid ethyl ester (2a; 229 mg, 1.00 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at r.t. Then the mixture was quenched with a sat. NH4Cl solution and extracted with Et2O. Column chromatography (pentane-Et2O, 9:1) of the crude residue yielded 3a as colorless solid 215 mg, 95
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2O, 9:1) of the crude residue yielded 3a as colorless solid (215 mg, 95%).
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