Respiratory syncytial virus infections: Characteristics and treatment

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

Volumn 57, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 1371-1381

  Chidgey, Sharon M ^a   Broadley, Kenneth J ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; BUDESONIDE; DEXAMETHASONE; DORNASE ALFA; HELIOX; NITRIC OXIDE; PALIVIZUMAB; PREDNISOLONE; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS ANTIBODY; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS VACCINE; RIBAVIRIN; SALBUTAMOL; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BRONCHODILATING AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN INTRAVENOUS;

BRONCHUS MUSCLE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG STRUCTURE; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HUMAN; INCUBATION TIME; NASOPHARYNX; OXYGEN THERAPY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; REVIEW; SUCTION DRAINAGE; VIRUS INFECTION; WHEEZING; CLASSIFICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; HYGIENE; INFANT; PATHOGENICITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; BRONCHODILATOR AGENTS; HUMANS; HYGIENE; IMMUNOGLOBULINS, INTRAVENOUS; INFANT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS VACCINES; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN;

EID: 34548099675     PISSN: 00223573     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1211/jpp.57.11.0001     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Abul-ainine, A., Luyt, D. (2002) Short term effects of adrenaline in bronchiolitis: a randomised controlled trial. Arch. Dis. Child. 86: 276-279
2. Amirav, I., Balanov, I., Gorenberg, M., Luder, A. S., Newhouse, M. T., Groshar, D. (2002) β-agonist aerosol distribution in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infants. J. Nucl. Med. 43: 487-491
3. Barr, F. E., Patel, N. R., Newth, C. J. (2000a) The pharmacologic mechanism by which inhaled adrenaline reduces airway obstruction in respiratory syncytial induced virus-associated bronchiolitis. J. Pediatr. 136: 699-700
4. Barr, F. E., Pedigo, H., Johnson, T. R., Sheppherd, V. L. (2000b) Surfactant protein-A enhances uptake of respiratory syncytial virus by monocytes and U937 macrophages. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 23: 586-592
5. Barry, W., Cockburn, F., Cornall, R., Price, J. F., Sutherland, G., Vardag, A. (1986) Ribavirin aerosol for acute bronchiolitis. Arch. Dis. Child. 61: 593-597
6. Beem, M. (1967) Repeated infections with respiratory syncytial virus. J. Immunol. 98: 1115-1122
7. Bennion, K., Ballard, J., Sayler, J. (2001) The interaction of nasopharyngeal (NP) suction and salbutamol in the treatment of bronchiolitis: a two year comparison. Respir. Care 47: 1072
8. Bertrand, P., Aranibar, H., Castro, E., Sanchez, I. (2001) Efficacy of nebulised adrenaline versus salbutamol in hospitalised infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 31: 284-288
9. Black, C. P. (2003) Systematic review of the biology and medical management of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Respir. Care 48: 209-232
10. Blount, R. E., Morris, J. A., Savage, R. E. (1956) Recovery of cytopathogenic agent from chimpanzees with coryza. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 92: 544-549
11. Broughton, S., Greenough, A. (2003) Effectiveness of drug therapies to treat or prevent respiratory syncytial virus infection related morbidity. Expert. Opin. Pharmacother. 4: 1801-1808
12. Buckingham, S. C., Jafri, H. S., Bush, A. J., Carubelli, C. M., Sheeran, P., Hardy, R. D., Ottolini, M. G., Ramilo, O., DeVincenzo, J. P. (2002) A randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexamethasone in severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection: effects on RSV quantity and clinical outcome. J. Infect. Dis. 185: 1222-1228
13. Bulow, S. M., Nir, M., Levin, E., Friis, B., Thomsen, L. L., Nielsen, J. E., Holm, J. C., Moller, T., Bonde-Hansen, M. E., Nielsen, H. E. (1999) Prednisolone treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection: a randomised controlled trial of 147 infants. Pediatrics 104: e77
14. Channock, R. M., Parrott, R. H. (1965) Acute respiratory disease in infancy and childhood: present understanding and prospects for prevention. Paediatrics 36: 21-39
15. Channock, R., Roizman, B., Myers, R. (1957) Recovery from infants with respiratory illness of a virus related to chimpanzee coryza agent (CCA). Am. J. Hyg. 66: 281-290
16. Clark, S. J., Beresford, M. W., Subhedar, N. V., Shaw, N. J. (2000) Respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants and the potential impact of prophylaxis in the United Kingdom cohort. Arch. Dis. Child. 83: 313-316
17. Collins, P. L., McIntosh, K., Channock, R. M. (2001) Respiratory syncytial virus. In: Fields, B. N., Knipe, D. M., Hawley, P. M. (eds) Virology. 4th edn, Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1313
18. Committee on Infectious Disease. American Academy of Paediatrics (1996) Reassessment of the indications for ribavirin therapy in respiratory syncytial virus infections. Paediatrics 97: 137-140
19. Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Foetus and Newborn, American Academy of Paediatrics (2003) Revised indications for the use of palivizumab and respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous for the prevention of respiratory syncytial infections. Paediatrics 112: 1442-1446
20. Conrad, D. A., Christenson, J. C., Waner, J. L., Marks, M. I. (1987) Aerosolised ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants hospitalised during an epidemic. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 6: 152-158
21. Dargaville, P. A., South, M., McDougall, P. N. (1996) Surfactant abnormalities in infants with severe viral bronchiolitis. Arch. Dis. Child. 75: 133-136
22. De Boeck, K., Van Der, A. A., Van Lierdr, S., Corbeel, L. (1997) Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis; a double-blind dexamethasone efficacy study. J. Pediatr. 131: 919-921
23. Domachowske, J. B., Rosenberg, H. F. (1999) Respiratory syncytial virus infection: immune response, immunopathogenesis, and treatment. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 12: 298-309
24. Fox, G. F., Everard, M. L., Marsh, M. J., Milner, A. D. (1999) Randomised controlled trial of budesonide for the prevention of post-bronchiolitis wheezing. Arch. Dis. Child. 80: 343-347
25. Friis, B., Andersen, P., Brenoe, E., Hornsleth, A., Jensen, A., Knudsen, F. U., Krasilnikoff, P. A., Mordhorst, C. H., Nielsen, S., Uldall, P. (1984) Antibiotic treatment of pneumonia and bronchiolitis. A prospective randomised study. Arch. Dis. Child. 59: 1038-1045
26. Glezen, W. P. (1987) Incidence of respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza type 3 viruses in an urban setting. Pediatr. Virol. 2: 1-4
27. Glezen, W. P., Denny, F. W. (1973) Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory disease in children. N. Engl. J. Med. 11: 239-243
28. Gross, M. F., Spear, R. M., Peterson, B. M. (2000) Helium-oxygen mixture does not improve gas exchange in mechanically ventilated children with bronchioltis. Crit Care 4: 188-192
29. Groothuis, J. R, Gutierrez, K. M, Lauer, B. (1988) Respiratory syncytial virus infection in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 82: 199-203
30. Groothius, J. R., King, S. J., Hogerman, D. A., Paradise, P. R., Simoes, E. A. (1998) Safety and immunogenicity of a purified F protein respiratory syncytial virus (PFP-2) vaccine in seropositive children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J. Infect. Dis. 177: 467-469
31. Hall, C. B. (2000) Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections: the cold war has not ended. Clin. Infect. Dis. 31: 590-596
32. Hall, C. B. (2003) Respiratory syncytial virus. In: Feigin, R. D, Cherry, J. D. (eds) Textbook of paediatric infectious diseases. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 2084-2111
33. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G. (1981) Modes of transmission of RSV. J. Pediatr. 99: 100-103
34. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G., Geimen, J. M. (1976) Respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants: quantitation and duration of shedding. J. Pediatr. 89: 11-15
35. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G., Geiman, J. M. (1980) Possible transmission by fomites of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Infect. Dis. 141: 98-102
36. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G., Schnabel, K. C., Geiman, J. M. (1981) Infectivity of respiratory syncytial virus by various routes of inoculation. Infect. Immun. 33: 779-783
37. Hall, C. B., McBride, J. T., Walsh, E. E., Bell, D. M., Gala, C. L., Hildreth, S. (1983) Aerosolised ribavirin treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection: a randomised double blind study. N. Engl. J. Med. 308: 1443-1447
38. Hall, C. B., Powell, K. R., MacDonald, N. E., Gala, C. L., Menegus, M. E. (1986) Respiratory syncytial virus in children with compromised immune function. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 77-81
39. Hall, C. B., Walsh, E. E., Long, C. E. (1991) Immunity to and frequency of infection and re-infection with RSV. J. Infect. Dis. 163: 693-698
40. Hartling, L., Wiebe, N., Russell, K., Patel, H., Klassen, T. P. (2004) Epinephrine for bronchiolitis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 1
41. Henderson, F. W., Collier, A. M., Clyde, W. A. (1979) Respiratory syncytial virus infections, re-infections and immunity. A prospective longitudinal study in young children. N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 530-534
42. Hertz, M. I., Englund, J. A., Snover, D., Bitterman, P. B., McGlave, P. B. (1989) Respiratory syncytial virus induced acute lung injury in adult patients with bone marrow transplants: a clinical approach and review of the literature. Medicine 68: 269-281
43. Hoehn, T., Krause, M., Krueger, M., Hentschel, R. (1998) Treatment of respiratory failure with inhaled nitric oxide and high frequency ventilation in an infant with respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respiration 65: 477-480
44. Holberg, C. J., Wright, A. L., Martinez, F. D., Ray, C. G., Taussig, L. M., Leibowitz, M. D. (1991) Risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory illnesses in the first year of life. Am. J. Epidemiol. 133: 1135-1151
45. Hollman, G., Shen, G., Zeng, L., Yngsdal-Krenz, R., Perloff, W., Zimmerman, J., Strauss, R. (1998) Helium-oxygen improves clinical asthma scores in children with acute bronchiolitis. Crit. Care Med. 26: 1731-1736
46. Joffe, S., Ray, G. T., Escobar, G. J., Bhack, S. B., Leiu, T. A. (1999) Cost effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis among preterm infants. Paediatrics 104: 419-427
47. Johnson, P. R., Collins, P. L. (1988) The fusion of glycoproteins of human respiratory syncytial virus of subgroup A and B: sequence conservation provides a structural basis for antigenic relatedness. J. Gen. Virol. 69: 2623-2628
48. Johnson, S., Oliver, C., Prince, G. A., Hemming, V. G., Pfarr, D. S., Wang, S. C., Dormitzer, M., O'Grady, J., Koenig, S., Tamura, J. K., Woods, R., Bansal, G., Couchenour, D., Tsao, E., Hall, W. C., Young, J. F. (1997) Development of a humanised monoclonal antibody (MEDI-493) with potent in vitro and in vivo activity against respiratory syncytial virus. J. Infect. Dis. 176: 1215-1224
49. Juhasz, K., Whitehead, S. S., Boulanger, C. A., Firestone, C. Y., Collins, P. L., Murphy, B. R. (1999) The two amino acid substitutions in the L protein of cpts 530/1009, a live attenuated respiratory syncytial virus candidate vaccine, are independent temperature-sensitive and attenuation mutations. Vaccine 17: 1416-1424
50. Kamal-Bahl, S., Doshi, J., Campbell, J. (2002) Economic analysis of respiratory syncytial virus immunoprophylaxis in high-risk infants: a systematic review. Arch. Pediatr. Adol. Med. 156: 1034-1041
51. Kellner, J. D., Ohlsson, A., Gadomski, A. M., Wang, E. E. L. (2000) Bronchodilators for bronchiolitis. The Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews
52. Kim, H. W., Canchola, J. G., Brandt, C. D., Pyles, G., Chanock, R. M., Jensen, K. (1969) Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated virus. Am. J. Epidemiol. 89: 422-434
53. Klassen, T. P., Sutcliffe, T., Watters, L. K., Wells, G. A., Allen, U. D., Li, M. M. (1996) Efficacy of bronchodilator therapy in bronchiolitis: a meta analysis. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 150: 1166-1172
54. Leclere, F., Riou, Y., Martinot, A., Storme, L., Hue, V., Flurin, V., Deschildre, A., Sadik, A. (1994) Inhaled nitric oxide for a severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in an infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Intensive Care Med. 20: 511-512
55. Levine, S., Klaiber-Franco, R., Paradiso, P. R. (1987) Demonstration that glycoprotein G is the attachment protein of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Gen. Virol. 68: 2521-2526
56. Levine, D. A., Platt, S. L., Dayan, P. S., Macias, C. G., Zorc, J. J., Krief, W., Schor, J., Bank, D., Feffermann, N., Shaw, K. N., Kuppermann, N. (2004) Risk of serious bacterial infection in young febrile infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics 113: 1728-1734
57. Lofland, J. H., O'Connor, J. P., Chatterton, M. L., Moxey, E. D., Paddock, L. E., Nash, D. B., Desai, S. A. (2000) Palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in high-risk infants: a cost effective analysis. Clin. Ther. 22: 1357-1369
58. Lozano, J. M., Wang, E. (2002) Bronchiolitis. Clin. Evid. 8: 291-303
59. MacDonald, N. E., Hall, C. B., Suffin, S. C., Alexon, D., Harris, P. J., Manning, J. A. (1982) Respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with congenital heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 307: 397-400
60. Maggon, K., Barik, S. (2004) New drugs and treatment for respiratory syncytial virus. Rev. Med. Virol. 14: 149-168
61. Mandelberg, A., Tal, G., Witzling, M., Someck, E., Houri, S., Balin, A., Priel, I. E. (2003) Nebulised 3% hypertonic saline solution treatment in hospitalised infants with viral bronchiolitis. Chest 123: 481-487
62. Martinon-Torres, F., Rodriguez-nuez, A., Martinon-Sanchez, J. M. (2002) Heliox therapy in infants with acute bronchiolitis. Paediatrics 109: 68-73
63. McCartney, K. K., Gorelick, M. H., Manning, M. L., Hodinka, R. L. (2000) Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections; the cost effectiveness and cost benefit of infection control. Paediatrics 106: 520-526
64. McConnochie, K. M., Hall, C., Walsh, E. E., Roghmann, K. J. (1990) Variation in severity of respiratory syncytial virus infections with subtype. J. Paediatr. 117: 52-62
65. th edn, Plenum, New York, pp 691-711
66. McKinley, G., Ballard, J., Salyer, J. (2001) The effect of NP suctioning on symptom scores in bronchiolitis patients. Respir. Care 47: 1071
67. Meanwell, N. A., Krystal, M. (2000) Respiratory syncytial virus: recent progress towards the discovery of effective prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Drug Discov. Today 5: 241-252
68. Meissner, H. C. (1994) Economic impact of viral respiratory disease in children. J. Pediatr. 124: S17-S21
69. Menon, K., Sutcliffe, T., Klassen, T. P. (1995) A randomised trial comparing the efficacy of adrenaline with salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis. J. Pediatr. 126: 1004-1007
70. Merkus, P. J., de Hoog, M., Van Gent, R., de Jonste, J. C. (2001) DNase treatment for atelectasis in infants with severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Eur. Respir. J. 18: 734-737
71. Munoz, F. M., Piedra, P. A., Glezen, W. P. (2003) Safety and immunogenicity of respiratory syncytial virus purified fusion protein-2 vaccine in pregnant women. Vaccine 21: 3465-3467
72. Nasr, S. Z., Strouse, P. J., Solkolne, E., Maxvold, N. J., Garver, K. A., Rubin, B. K., Moler, F. W. (2001) Efficacy of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I in the hospital management of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Chest 120: 203-208
73. Patel, N. R., Hammer, J., Nichani, S., Numa, A., Newth, C. J. (1999) Effect of inhaled nitric oxide on respiratory mechanics in ventilated infants with RSV bronchiolitis. Intensive Care Med. 25: 81-87
74. Piedra, P. A., Cron, S. G., Jewell, A., Hamblett, N., McBride, R., Palacio, M. A., Ginsberg, R., Oermann, C. M., Hiatt, P. W. (2003) Immunogenicity of a new purified fusion protein vaccine to respiratory syncytial virus: a multi-centre trial in children with cystic fibrosis. Vaccine 21: 2448-2460
75. Plint, A. C., Johnson, D. W., Wiebe, N., Bulloch, B., Pusic, M., Joubert, G., Pianosi, P., Turner, T. (2004) Practice variation among paediatric emergency departments in the treatment of bronchiolitis. Am. Emerg. Med. 11: 353-360
76. Power, U. F., Nguyen, T. N., Rietveld, E., de Swart, R. L., Groen, J., Osterhaus, A. D., de Groot, R., Corvaia, N., Beck, A., Bouveret-Le-Cam, N., Bonnefoy, J. Y. (2001) Safety and immunogenicity of a novel recombinant subunit respiratory virus vaccine (BBG2Na) in healthy young adults. J. Infect. Dis. 184: 1456-1460
77. Power, U. F., Plotnicky, H., Blaeke, A., Nguyen, T. N. (2003) The immunogenicity, protective efficacy and safety of BBG2Na, a subunit respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine candidate, against RSV-B. Vaccine 22: 168-176
78. Prince, G. A., Capiau, C., Deschamps, M., Fabry, L., Garcon, N., Gheysen, D., Prieels, J. P., Thiry, G., Van Opstal, O., Porter, D. D. (2000) Efficacy and safety studies of a recombinant chimeric respiratory syncytial virus FG glycoprotein vaccine in cotton rats. J. Virol. 74: 10287-10292
79. Rakshi, K., Couriel, J. M. (1994) Management of acute bronchiolitis. Arch. Dis. Child. 71: 463-469
80. Reijonen, T., Korppi, M., Kuikka, L., Remes, K. (1996) Anti-inflammatory therapy reduces wheezing after bronchiolitis. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 150: 512-517
81. Richter, H., Sedddon, P. (1998) Early nebulised budesonide in the treatment of bronchiolitis and the prevention of postbronchiolitic wheezing. J. Pediatr. 132: 849-853
82. Rodriguez, W. J., Kim, H. W., Brandt, C. D., Fink, R. J., Getson, P. R., Arrobio, J., Murphy, T. M., McCarthy, V., Parrott, R. H. (1987) Aerosolised ribavirin in the treatment of patients with respiratory syncytial diseases. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 6: 159-163
83. Romero. J. R. (2003) Palivizumab prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus disease from 1998-2002; results from four years of palivizumab usage. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 22: S46-S54
84. Roosevelt, G., Grupp-Phelan, J., Tanz, R. R., Listernick, R. (1996) Dexamethasone in bronchiolitis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 348: 292-295
85. Sanchez, I., De Koster, J., Powell, R. E., Wolstein, R., Chernick, V. (1993) Effect of racemic adrenaline and salbutamol on clinical score with pulmonary mechanics in infants with bronchiolitis. J. Pediatr. 122:145-151
86. Schuh, S., Coates, A. L., Binnie, R. (2002) Efficacy of oral dexamethasone in outpatients with acute bronchiolitis. J. Pediatr. 140: 2-32
87. Shay, D. K., Holman, R. C., Newman, R. D., Liu, L. L., Stout, J. W., Anderson, L. J. (1999) Bronchiolitis-associated hospitalisations among US children, 1980-1996. JAMA 282: 1440-1446
88. Shay, D. K., Holman, R. C., Roosevelt, G. E., Clarke, M. J., Anderson, L. J. (2001) Bronchiolitis-associated mortality and estimates of respiratory syncytial virus-associated deaths among US children, 1979-1997. J. Infect. 183: 16-22
89. Skeleton, R., Holland, P., Darowski, M., Checuti, P. A., Morgan, L. W., Harwood, J. L. (1999) Abnormal surfactant composition and activity in severe bronchiolitis. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 88: 942-946
90. Smith, D. A., Frankel, L. R., Mathers, L. H., Tang, A. E. T., Ariango, R. L. (1991) A controlled trial of aerosolised ribavirin in infants receiving mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory syncytial virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 325: 24-28
91. Stang, P., Brandenberg, N., Carter, B. (2001) The economic burden of respiratory syncytial virus-associated bronchiolitis hospitalisations. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 155: 95-96
92. Taber, L. H., Knight, V., Gilbert, B. E., McClung, H. W., Wilson, S. Z., Norton, H. J., Thurson, J. M., Gordon, W. H., Atmar, R. L., Schlaudt, W. R. (1983) Ribavirin aerosol treatment of bronchiolitis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Paediatrics 72: 613-618
93. The Impact-RSV Study Group (1998) Palivizumab a humanised respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody reduces hospitalisation from RSV infection in high-risk infants. Paediatrics 102: 531-537
94. The PREVENT Study Group (1997) Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation among premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia using respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prophylaxis. Paediatrics 99: 93-99
95. Tibby, S. M., Hatherill, M., Wright, S. M., Wilson, P., Postle, A. D., Murdoch, I. A. (2000) Exogenous surfactant supplementation in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162: 1251-1256
96. Van Schaik, S. M., Welliver, R. C., Kimpen, J. L. L. (2000) Novel pathways in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus disease. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 30: 131-138
97. Van Woensel, J. B. M., Wolfs, T. F. W., Van Aalderen, W. M. C., Brand, P. L. P., Kimpen, J. L. L. (1997) Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of prednisolone in children admitted to hospital with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Thorax 52: 634-637
98. van Woensel, J. B., van Aalderen, W. M., de Weerd, W., Jansen, N. J., van Gestel, J. P., Markhorst, D. G., van Vught, A. J., Bos, A. P., Kimpen, J. L. (2003) Dexamethasone for treatment of patients mechanically ventilated for lower respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus. Thorax 58: 383-387
99. Ventre, K., Randolph, A. G. (2004) Ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants and young children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4
100. Walsh, E. E., McConnochie, C. E., Long, C. E., Hall, C. B. (1997) Severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection is related to virus strain. J. Infect. Dis. 175: 814-820
101. Whitehead, S. S., Firestone, C. Y., Karron, R. A., Crowe, J. E., Elkins, W. R., Collins, P. L., Murphy, B. R. (1999) Addition of a mis-sense mutation present in the L gene respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) cpts 530/1030 to RSV vaccine candidate cpts 248/404 increases its attenuation and temperature sensitivity. J. Virol. 73: 871-877
102. Wright, P. F., Karron, R. A., Belshe, R. B., Thompson, J., Crowe, J. E., Boyce, T. G., Halburnt, L. L., Reed, G. W., Whitehead, S. S., Anderson, E. L., Wittek, A. E., Casey, R., Eichelberger, M., Thumar, B., Randolph, V. B., Udem, S. A., Chanock, R. M., Murphy, B. R. (2000) Evaluation of a live, cold-passaged, temperature-sensitive respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in infancy. J. Infect. Dis. 182: 1331-1342
103. Young, J. (2002) Development of a potent respiratory syncytial virus-specific monoclonal antibody for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants. Respir. Med. 96 (Suppl. B): S31-S35
104. Zemlicka-Dunn, T., Ballard, J., Salyer, J. (2001) The association between nasopharyngeal suction and oxygen requirements in bronchiolitis patients. Respir. Care 47: 1071-1074