Three-dimensional cryotransmission electron microscopy of cells and organelles

Methods in Molecular Biology

Volumn 369, Issue , 2007, Pages 407-429

  Marko, Michael ^a   Hsieh, Chyong Ere ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Cryotransfer; Electron imaging; Electron tomography; Macromolecules; Plunge freezing; Stereo pairs

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CELL; CELL ORGANELLE; COMPUTER PROGRAM; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; FREEZING; INSTRUMENTATION; MALE; METHODOLOGY; SEA URCHIN; SPERMATOZOON TAIL; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; CELLS; CRYOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; FREEZING; IMAGING, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; MALE; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; ORGANELLES; SEA URCHINS; SOFTWARE; SPERM TAIL;

EID: 34548043971     PISSN: 10643745     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1385/1-59745-294-7:407     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Dubochet, J., Adrian, M., Chang, J. J., et al. (1988) Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens. Quart. Rev. Biophys. 21, 129-228.
2. Frank, J. (ed.) (2006) Electron Tomography of Cells and Tissue. Springer, New York.
3. Stoffler, D., Feja, B., Fahrenkrog, J., Walz, J., Typke, D., and Aebi, U. (2003) Cryo-electron tomography provides novel insights into nuclear pore architecture: implications for nucleocytoplasmic transport. J. Mol. Biol. 328, 119-130.
4. Beck, M., Förster, F., Ecke, M., et al. (2004) Nuclear pore complex structure and dynamics revealed by cryoelectron tomography. Science 306, 1387-1390.
5. Grünewald, K., Desai, P., Winkler, D. C., et al. (2003) Three-dimensional structure of herpes simplex viras from cryo-electron tomography. Science 302, 1396-1398.
6. Förster, F., Medalia, O., Zauberman, N., Baumeister, W., and Pass, D. (2005) Retrovirus envelope protein complex structure in situ studied by cryo-electron tomography. PNAS USA 102, 4729-4734.
7. Cyrklaff, M., Risco, C., Fernandez, J. J., et al. (2005) Cryo-electron tomography of vaccinia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 102, 2772-2777.
8. Rockel, B., Jakana, J., Chiu, W., and Baumeister, W. (2002) Electron cryo-microscopy of VAT, the archaeal p97/CDC48 homologue from Thermoplasma acidophilum. J. Mol. Biol. 317, 673-681.
9. Zhao, Q. Ofverstedt, L. G., Skoglund, U., and Isaksson, L. A. (2004) Morphological variation of individual Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunits in vitro and in situ, as revealed by cryo-electron tomography. Exp. Cell Res. 297, 495-507.
10. Sandin, S., Ofverstedt, L. G., Wikstrom, A. C., Wrange, O., and Skoglund, U. (2004) Structure and flexibility of individual immunoglobulin G molecules in solution. Structure 12, 409-415.
11. Bongini, L. Fanell,i D., Piazza, F., De los Rios, P., Sandin, S., and Skoglund, U. (2004) Freezing immunoglobulins to see them move. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 101, 6466-6471.
12. Nicastro, D., Frangakis, A. S., Typke, D., and Baumeister, W. (2000) Cryoelectron tomography of Neurospora mitochondria. J. Struct. Biol. 129, 48-56.
13. Mannella, C. A., Pfeiffer, D. R., Bradshaw, P. C., et al. (2001) Topology of the mitochondrial inner membrane: dynamics and bioenergetic implications. IUBMB Life 52, 93-100.
14. McEwen, B. F., Marko, M., Hsieh, C.-E., and Mannella, C. (2002) Use of frozenhydrated axonemes to assess imaging parameters and resolution limits in cryoelectron tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 138, 47-57.
15. Nicastro, D., Mcintosh, J. R., and Baumeister, W. (2005) 3-D structure of eukaryotic flagella in a quiescent state revealed by cryo-electron tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 102, 15889-15894.
16. Wagenknecht, T., Hsieh, C.-E., Rath, B., Fleischer, S., and Marko, M. (2002) Electron tomography of frozen-hydrated isolated triad junctions. Biophys. J. 83, 2491-2501.
17. Jonkman, T., Kohler, J., Medalia, O., et al. (2002) Dynamic organization of the actin system in the motile cells of Dictyostelium. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motility 23, 639-649.
18. Nickell, S., Hegerl, R., Baumeister, W., and Rachel, R. (2003) Pyrodictium cannulae enter the periplasms space but do not enter the cytoplasm, as revealed by cryo-electron tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 141, 34-42.
19. Kürner, J., Frangakis, A. S., and Baumeister, W. (2005) Cryo-electron tomography reveals the cytoskeletal structure of Spiroplasma melliferum. Science 307, 436-438.
20. Kürner, J., Medalia, O., Linaroudis, A. A., and Baumeister, W. (2004) New insights into the structural organization of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ctyoskeletons using cryo-electron tomography. Exp. Cell Res. 301, 38-42.
21. Medalia, O., Weber, I., Frangakis, A. S., Nicastro, D., Gerisch, G., and Baumeister, W. (2002) Macromolecular architecture in eukaryotic cells visualized by cryoelectron tomography. Science 289, 1209-1213.
22. Koster, A. J., Grimm, R., Typke, D., et al. (1997) Perspectives of molecular and cellular electron tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 120, 276-308.
23. McIntosh, J. R. (2001) Electron microscopy of cells: a new beginning for a new century. J. Cell Biol. 153, F25-F32.
24. Frank, J., Wagenknecht, T., McEwen, B. F., Marko, M., Hsieh, C.-E., and Mannella, C. A. (2002) Three-dimensional imaging of biological complexity. J. Struct. Biol. 138, 85-91.
25. Plitzko, J. M., Frangakis, A. S., Foerster, F., Gross, A., and Baumeister, W. (2002) In vivo Veritas: electron cryotomography of intact cells with molecular resolution. Trends Biotechnol. 20,40-44.
26. Steven, A. C and Aebi, U. (2003) The next ice age: cryo-electron tomography of intact cells. Trends Cell Biol. 13, 107-110.
27. Frangakis, A. S. and Förster, F. (2004) Computational exploration of structural information from cryo-electron tomograms. Current Opinion Struct. Biol. 14, 325-331.
28. Baumeister, W. (2004) Mapping molecular landscapes inside cells. Biol. Chem. 385, 865-872.
29. Subramaniam, S. and Milne, J. L. S. (2004) Three-dimensional electron microscopy at molecular resolution. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 33, 141-155.
30. Mcintosh, J. R., Nicastro, D., and Mastronarde, D. (2005) New views of cells in 3D: an introduction to electron tomography. Trends Cell Biol. 15, 43-51.
31. Frank, J. (ed.) (2006) Three-dimensional Electron Microscopy of Macromolecular Assemblies-Visualization of Biological Macromolecules in Their Native State, Oxford University Press, New York.
32. Böhm, J., Frangakis, A. S., Hegerl, R., Nickell, S., Typke, D., and Baumeister, W. (2000) Toward detecting and identifying macromolecules in a cellular context: template matching applied to electron tomograms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 97, 14245-14250.
33. Böhm, J., Lambert, O., Frangakis, A. S., et al. (2001) FhuA-mediated phage genome transfer into liposomes: a cryo-electron tomography study. Curr. Biol. 11, 1168-1175.
34. Frangakis, A. S., Böhm, J., Förster, F., et al. (2002) Identification of macromolecular complexes in cryoelectron tomograms of phantom cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 99, 14153-14158.
35. Grunewald, K., Medalha, O., Gross, A., Steven, A., and Baumeister, W. (2002) Prospects of electron cryotomography to visualize macromolecular complexes inside cellular compartments: implications of crowding. Biophys. Chem. 100, 577-591.
36. Rath, B. K., Hegerl, R., Leith, A., Shaikh, T. R., Wagenknecht, T., and Frank, J. (2003) Fast 3D motif search of EM density maps using a locally normalized crosscorrelation function. J. Struct. Biol. 144, 95-103.
37. Hsieh, C.-E., Marko, M., Frank, J., and Mannella, C. A. (2002) Electron tomographic analysis of frozen-hydrated tissue sections. J. Struct. Biol. 138, 63-73.
38. Hsieh, C.-E., Leith, A., Mannella, C. A., Frank, J., and Marko, M. (2006) Towards high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of native mammalian tissue: Electron tomography of frozen-hydrated rat liver sections. J. Struct. Biol. 153, 1-13.
39. Grimm, R., Typke, D., and Baumeister, W. (1998) Improving image quality by zero-loss energy filtering: quantitative assessment by means of image cross-correlation. J. Microsc. (Oxford) 190, 339-349.
40. McEwen, B. F., Marko, M., Hsieh, C.-E., and Mannella, C. (2002) Use of frozenhydrated axonemes to assess imaging parameters and resolution limits in cryoelectron tomography. J. Struct, Biol. 138, 47-57.
41. Egerton, R. F. (1996) Electron Energy-Loss Spectoscopy in the Electron Microscope, 2nd ed. Plenum, New York.
42. Crowther, R. A., DeRosier, D. J., and Klug, A. (1970) The reconstruction of a three-dimensional structure from its projections and its application to electron microscopy. Proc. R. Soc. Land. (A) 317, 319-340.
43. Radermacher, M. and Hoppe, W. (1980) Properties of three-dimensionally reconstructed objects from projections by conical tilting compared to single axis tilting. Proc. 7th Eur. Congr. Electron Microsc. Den Haag 1, 132-133.
44. Penczek, P., Marko, M., Buttle, K., and Frank, J. (1995) Double-tilt electron tomography. Ultramicroscopy 60, 393-410.
45. Mastronarde, D. N. (1997) Dual-axis tomography: an approach with alignment methods that preserve resolution. J. Struct. Biol. 120, 343-352.
46. Jeng, T. W. and Chiu, W. (1984) Quantitative assessment of radiation damage in a thin protein crystal. J. Microsc. (Oxford) 136, 35-44.
47. McEwen, B. F., Marko, M., Hsieh, C.-E., and Mannella, C. (2002) Use of frozenhydrated axonemes to assess imaging parameters and resolution limits in cryoelectron tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 138, 47-57.
48. McEwen, B. F., Downing, K. H., and Glaeser, R. M. (1995) The relevance of dosefractionation in tomography of radiation-sensitive specimens. Ultramicroscopy 60, 357-373.
49. Dierksen, K., Typke, D., Hegerl, R., and Baumeister, W. (1993) Towards automatic electron tomography. II. Implementation of autofocus and low-dose procedures. Ultramicroscopy 49, 109-120.
50. Dierksen, K., Typke, D., Hegerl, R., Walz, J., Sackmann, E., and Baumeister, W. (1995) Three-dimensional structure of lipid vesicles embedded in vitreous ice and investigated by automated electron tomography. Biophys. J. 68, 1416-1422.
51. Rath, B. K., Marko, M., Radermacher, M., and Frank, J. (1997) Low-dose automated electron tomography: a recent implementation. J. Struct. Biol. 120, 210-218.
52. Ziese, U., Janssen, A. H., Murk, J. L., et al. (2002) Automated high-throughput electron tomography by pre-calibration of image shifts. J. Microsc. (Oxford) 205, 187-200.
53. Mastronarde, D. N. (2005) Automated electron microscope tomography using robust prediction of specimen movements. J. Struct. Biol. 152, 36-51.
54. Zheng, Q. S., Braunfeld, M. B., Sedat, J. W., and Agard, D. A. (2004) An improved strategy for automated electron microscopic tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 147, 91-101.
55. Saxton, W. O., Baumeister, W., and Hahn, M. (1984) Three-dimensional reconstruction of imperfect two-dimensional crystals. Ultramicroscopy 13, 57-70.
56. Marko, M. and Leith, A. (1996) Sterecon-three-dimensional reconstruction from stereoscopic contouring. J. Struct. Biol. 116, 93-98.
57. Hama, K. (1973) High voltage electron microscopy, in Advances in Biological Electron Microscopy (Koehler, J. K., ed.), Springer, New York, pp. 275-296.
58. Frank, J., Penczek, P., Agrawal, R. K., Grassucci, R. A., and Heagle, A. B. (2000) Three-dimensional cryoelectron microscopy of ribosomes. Meth. Enzvmol. 317, 276-291.
59. Nickell, S., Förster, F., Alexandras, L., et al. (2005) TOM software toolbox: acquisition and analysis for electron tomorgrapy. J. Struct. Biol. 149, 227-234.
60. Kremer, J. R., Mastronarde, D. N., and Mcintosh, J. R. (1996) Computer visualization of three-dimensional image data using IMOD. J. Struct. Biol. 116, 71-76.
61. Frank, J., Radermacher, M., Penczek, P., et al. (1996) SPIDER and WEB: processing and visualization of images in 3D electron microscopy and related fields. J. Struct. Biol. 116, 190-199.
62. Dubochet, J., Adrian, M., Chang, J. J., et al. (1988) Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens. Quart. Rev. Biophys. 21, 129-228.
63. Frank, J. (ed.) (2006) Electron Tomography of Cells and Tissue. Springer, New York.
64. Stoffler, D., Feja, B., Fahrenkrog, J., Walz, J., Typke, D., and Aebi, U. (2003) Cryo-electron tomography provides novel insights into nuclear pore architecture: implications for nucleocytoplasmic transport. J. Mol. Biol. 328, 119-130.
65. Beck, M., Förster, F., Ecke, M., et al. (2004) Nuclear pore complex structure and dynamics revealed by cryoelectron tomography. Science 306, 1387-1390.
66. Grünewald, K., Desai, P., Winkler, D. C., et al. (2003) Three-dimensional structure of herpes simplex viras from cryo-electron tomography. Science 302, 1396-1398.
67. Förster, F., Medalia, O., Zauberman, N., Baumeister, W., and Pass, D. (2005) Retrovirus envelope protein complex structure in situ studied by cryo-electron tomography. PNAS USA 102, 4729-4734.
68. Cyrklaff, M., Risco, C., Fernandez, J. J., et al. (2005) Cryo-electron tomography of vaccinia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 102, 2772-2777.
69. Rockel, B., Jakana, J., Chiu, W., and Baumeister, W. (2002) Electron cryo-microscopy of VAT, the archaeal p97/CDC48 homologue from Thermoplasma acidophilum. J. Mol. Biol. 317, 673-681.
70. Zhao, Q. Ofverstedt, L. G., Skoglund, U., and Isaksson, L. A. (2004) Morphological variation of individual Escherichia coli 30S ribosomal subunits in vitro and in situ, as revealed by cryo-electron tomography. Exp. Cell Res. 297, 495-507.
71. Sandin, S., Ofverstedt, L. G., Wikstrom, A. C., Wrange, O., and Skoglund, U. (2004) Structure and flexibility of individual immunoglobulin G molecules in solution. Structure 12, 409-415.
72. Bongini, L. Fanell,i D., Piazza, F., De los Rios, P., Sandin, S., and Skoglund, U. (2004) Freezing immunoglobulins to see them move. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 101, 6466-6471.
73. Nicastro, D., Frangakis, A. S., Typke, D., and Baumeister, W. (2000) Cryoelectron tomography of Neurospora mitochondria. J. Struct. Biol. 129, 48-56.
74. Mannella, C. A., Pfeiffer, D. R., Bradshaw, P. C., et al. (2001) Topology of the mitochondrial inner membrane: dynamics and bioenergetic implications. IUBMB Life 52, 93-100.
75. McEwen, B. F., Marko, M., Hsieh, C.-E., and Mannella, C. (2002) Use of frozenhydrated axonemes to assess imaging parameters and resolution limits in cryoelectron tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 138, 47-57.
76. Nicastro, D., Mcintosh, J. R., and Baumeister, W. (2005) 3-D structure of eukaryotic flagella in a quiescent state revealed by cryo-electron tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 102, 15889-15894.
77. Wagenknecht, T., Hsieh, C.-E., Rath, B., Fleischer, S., and Marko, M. (2002) Electron tomography of frozen-hydrated isolated triad junctions. Biophys. J. 83, 2491-2501.
78. Jonkman, T., Kohler, J., Medalia, O., et al. (2002) Dynamic organization of the actin system in the motile cells of Dictyostelium. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motility 23, 639-649.
79. Nickell, S., Hegerl, R., Baumeister, W., and Rachel, R. (2003) Pyrodictium cannulae enter the periplasms space but do not enter the cytoplasm, as revealed by cryo-electron tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 141, 34-42.
80. Kürner, J., Frangakis, A. S., and Baumeister, W. (2005) Cryo-electron tomography reveals the cytoskeletal structure of Spiroplasma melliferum. Science 307, 436-438.
81. Kürner, J., Medalia, O., Linaroudis, A. A., and Baumeister, W. (2004) New insights into the structural organization of eukaryotic and prokaryotic ctyoskeletons using cryo-electron tomography. Exp. Cell Res. 301, 38-42.
82. Medalia, O., Weber, I., Frangakis, A. S., Nicastro, D., Gerisch, G., and Baumeister, W. (2002) Macromolecular architecture in eukaryotic cells visualized by cryoelectron tomography. Science 289, 1209-1213.
83. Koster, A. J., Grimm, R., Typke, D., et al. (1997) Perspectives of molecular and cellular electron tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 120, 276-308.
84. McIntosh, J. R. (2001) Electron microscopy of cells: a new beginning for a new century. J. Cell Biol. 153, F25-F32.
85. Frank, J., Wagenknecht, T., McEwen, B. F., Marko, M., Hsieh, C.-E., and Mannella, C. A. (2002) Three-dimensional imaging of biological complexity. J. Struct. Biol. 138, 85-91.
86. Plitzko, J. M., Frangakis, A. S., Foerster, F., Gross, A., and Baumeister, W. (2002) In vivo Veritas: electron cryotomography of intact cells with molecular resolution. Trends Biotechnol. 20,40-44.
87. Steven, A. C and Aebi, U. (2003) The next ice age: cryo-electron tomography of intact cells. Trends Cell Biol. 13, 107-110.
88. Frangakis, A. S. and Förster, F. (2004) Computational exploration of structural information from cryo-electron tomograms. Current Opinion Struct. Biol. 14, 325-331.
89. Baumeister, W. (2004) Mapping molecular landscapes inside cells. Biol. Chem. 385, 865-872.
90. Subramaniam, S. and Milne, J. L. S. (2004) Three-dimensional electron microscopy at molecular resolution. Ann. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 33, 141-155.
91. Mcintosh, J. R., Nicastro, D., and Mastronarde, D. (2005) New views of cells in 3D: an introduction to electron tomography. Trends Cell Biol. 15, 43-51.
92. Frank, J. (ed.) (2006) Three-dimensional Electron Microscopy of Macromolecular Assemblies-Visualization of Biological Macromolecules in Their Native State, Oxford University Press, New York.
93. Böhm, J., Frangakis, A. S., Hegerl, R., Nickell, S., Typke, D., and Baumeister, W. (2000) Toward detecting and identifying macromolecules in a cellular context: template matching applied to electron tomograms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 97, 14245-14250.
94. Böhm, J., Lambert, O., Frangakis, A. S., et al. (2001) FhuA-mediated phage genome transfer into liposomes: a cryo-electron tomography study. Curr. Biol. 11, 1168-1175.
95. Frangakis, A. S., Böhm, J., Förster, F., et al. (2002) Identification of macromolecular complexes in cryoelectron tomograms of phantom cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 99, 14153-14158.
96. Grunewald, K., Medalha, O., Gross, A., Steven, A., and Baumeister, W. (2002) Prospects of electron cryotomography to visualize macromolecular complexes inside cellular compartments: implications of crowding. Biophys. Chem. 100, 577-591.
97. Rath, B. K., Hegerl, R., Leith, A., Shaikh, T. R., Wagenknecht, T., and Frank, J. (2003) Fast 3D motif search of EM density maps using a locally normalized crosscorrelation function. J. Struct. Biol. 144, 95-103.
98. Hsieh, C.-E., Marko, M., Frank, J., and Mannella, C. A. (2002) Electron tomographic analysis of frozen-hydrated tissue sections. J. Struct. Biol. 138, 63-73.
99. Hsieh, C.-E., Leith, A., Mannella, C. A., Frank, J., and Marko, M. (2006) Towards high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of native mammalian tissue: Electron tomography of frozen-hydrated rat liver sections. J. Struct. Biol. 153, 1-13.
100. Grimm, R., Typke, D., and Baumeister, W. (1998) Improving image quality by zero-loss energy filtering: quantitative assessment by means of image cross-correlation. J. Microsc. (Oxford) 190, 339-349.
101. McEwen, B. F., Marko, M., Hsieh, C.-E., and Mannella, C. (2002) Use of frozenhydrated axonemes to assess imaging parameters and resolution limits in cryoelectron tomography. J. Struct, Biol. 138, 47-57.
102. Egerton, R. F. (1996) Electron Energy-Loss Spectoscopy in the Electron Microscope, 2nd ed. Plenum, New York.
103. Crowther, R. A., DeRosier, D. J., and Klug, A. (1970) The reconstruction of a three-dimensional structure from its projections and its application to electron microscopy. Proc. R. Soc. Land. (A) 317, 319-340.
104. Radermacher, M. and Hoppe, W. (1980) Properties of three-dimensionally reconstructed objects from projections by conical tilting compared to single axis tilting. Proc. 7th Eur. Congr. Electron Microsc. Den Haag 1, 132-133.
105. Penczek, P., Marko, M., Buttle, K., and Frank, J. (1995) Double-tilt electron tomography. Ultramicroscopy 60, 393-410.
106. Mastronarde, D. N. (1997) Dual-axis tomography: an approach with alignment methods that preserve resolution. J. Struct. Biol. 120, 343-352.
107. Jeng, T. W. and Chiu, W. (1984) Quantitative assessment of radiation damage in a thin protein crystal. J. Microsc. (Oxford) 136, 35-44.
108. McEwen, B. F., Marko, M., Hsieh, C.-E., and Mannella, C. (2002) Use of frozenhydrated axonemes to assess imaging parameters and resolution limits in cryoelectron tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 138, 47-57.
109. McEwen, B. F., Downing, K. H., and Glaeser, R. M. (1995) The relevance of dosefractionation in tomography of radiation-sensitive specimens. Ultramicroscopy 60, 357-373.
110. Dierksen, K., Typke, D., Hegerl, R., and Baumeister, W. (1993) Towards automatic electron tomography. II. Implementation of autofocus and low-dose procedures. Ultramicroscopy 49, 109-120.
111. Dierksen, K., Typke, D., Hegerl, R., Walz, J., Sackmann, E., and Baumeister, W. (1995) Three-dimensional structure of lipid vesicles embedded in vitreous ice and investigated by automated electron tomography. Biophys. J. 68, 1416-1422.
112. Rath, B. K., Marko, M., Radermacher, M., and Frank, J. (1997) Low-dose automated electron tomography: a recent implementation. J. Struct. Biol. 120, 210-218.
113. Ziese, U., Janssen, A. H., Murk, J. L., et al. (2002) Automated high-throughput electron tomography by pre-calibration of image shifts. J. Microsc. (Oxford) 205, 187-200.
114. Mastronarde, D. N. (2005) Automated electron microscope tomography using robust prediction of specimen movements. J. Struct. Biol. 152, 36-51.
115. Zheng, Q. S., Braunfeld, M. B., Sedat, J. W., and Agard, D. A. (2004) An improved strategy for automated electron microscopic tomography. J. Struct. Biol. 147, 91-101.
116. Saxton, W. O., Baumeister, W., and Hahn, M. (1984) Three-dimensional reconstruction of imperfect two-dimensional crystals. Ultramicroscopy 13, 57-70.
117. Marko, M. and Leith, A. (1996) Sterecon-three-dimensional reconstruction from stereoscopic contouring. J. Struct. Biol. 116, 93-98.
118. Hama, K. (1973) High voltage electron microscopy, in Advances in Biological Electron Microscopy (Koehler, J. K., ed.), Springer, New York, pp. 275-296.
119. Frank, J., Penczek, P., Agrawal, R. K., Grassucci, R. A., and Heagle, A. B. (2000) Three-dimensional cryoelectron microscopy of ribosomes. Meth. Enzvmol. 317, 276-291.
120. Nickell, S., Förster, F., Alexandras, L., et al. (2005) TOM software toolbox: acquisition and analysis for electron tomorgrapy. J. Struct. Biol. 149, 227-234.
121. Kremer, J. R., Mastronarde, D. N., and Mcintosh, J. R. (1996) Computer visualization of three-dimensional image data using IMOD. J. Struct. Biol. 116, 71-76.
122. Frank, J., Radermacher, M., Penczek, P., et al. (1996) SPIDER and WEB: processing and visualization of images in 3D electron microscopy and related fields. J. Struct. Biol. 116, 190-199.