A controlled prospective study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in individuals with schizophrenia: Beyond seroprevalence

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 782-788

  Hinze Selch, Dunja ^a   Däubener, Walter ^b   Eggert, Lena ^a   Erdag, Sükran ^a   Stoltenberg, Renate ^b   Wilms, Sibylle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

^b HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Depression; Immunity; Infection; Toxoplasma gondii, psychosis; Tryptophan

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; PROTOZOON ANTIBODY;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HELPER CELL; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOMODULATION; INFECTION; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; NEUROTRANSMISSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; PSYCHIATRY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEROPREVALENCE; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; TOXOPLASMOSIS; ADOLESCENT; AGED; ANIMAL; BLOOD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GERMANY; IMMUNOLOGY; METABOLISM; MIDDLE AGED; PARASITOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS; TOXOPLASMA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, PROTOZOAN; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FEMALE; GERMANY; HUMANS; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RISK FACTORS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; STATISTICS; TH1 CELLS; TH2 CELLS; TOXOPLASMA; TOXOPLASMOSIS, CEREBRAL;

EID: 34548022364     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: 17451701     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm010     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Torrey EF, Yolken RH. The schizophrenia-rheumatoid arthritis connection: infectious, immune, or both? Brain Behav Immun. 2001;15:401-410.
2. Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:1375-1380.
3. Conejero-Goldberg C, Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Herpesviruses and Toxoplasma gondii in orbital frontal cortex of psychiatric patients. Schizophr Res. 2003;60:65-69.
4. Flegr J, Havlicek J. Changes in the personality profile of young women with latent toxoplasmosis. Folia Parasitol (Praha). 1999;46:22-28.
5. Smith MS, Mitchell J, Corey L, et al. Chronic fatigue in adolescents. Pediatrics. 1991;88:195-202.
6. Thomas HV, Thomas DR, Salmon RL, Lewis G, Smith AP. Toxoplasma and coxiella infection and psychiatric morbidity: a retrospective cohort analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2004;4:32.
7. Tenter AM, Heckeroth AR, Weiss LM. Toxoplasma gondii: from animals to humans. Int J Parasitol. 2000;30:1217-1258.
8. Carruthers VB, Blackman MJ. A new release on life: emerging concepts in proteolysis and parasite invasion. Mol Microbiol. 2005;55:1617-1630.
9. Fischer HG, Nitzgen B, Reichmann G, Gross U, Hadding U. Host cells of Toxoplasma gondii encystation in infected primary culture from mouse brain. Parasitol Res. 1997;83:637-641.
10. Halonen SK, Lyman WD, Chiu FC. Growth and development of Toxoplasma gondii in human neurons and astrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1996;55:1150-1156.
11. Luder CG, Giraldo-Velasquez M, Sendtner M, Gross U. Toxoplasma gondii in primary rat CNS cells: differential contribution of neurons, astrocytes, and microglial cells for the intracerebral development and stage differentiation. Exp Parasitol. 1999;93:23-32.
12. Filisetti D, Candolfi E. Immune response to Toxoplasma gondii. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2004;40:71-80.
13. Daubener W, Hadding U. Cellular immune reactions directed against Toxoplasma gondii with special emphasis on the central nervous system. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl). 1997;185:195-206.
14. Daubener W, Spors B, Hucke C, et al. Restriction of Toxoplasma gondii growth in human brain microvascular endothelial cells by activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Infect Immun. 2001;69:6527-6531.
15. Fujigaki S, Saito K, Takemura M, et al. L-tryptophan-L-kynurenine pathway metabolism accelerated by Toxoplasma gondii infection is abolished in gamma interferon-gene-deficient mice: cross-regulation between inducible nitric oxide synthase and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. Infect Immun. 2002;70:779-786.
16. Fujigaki S, Takemura M, Hamakawa H, Seishima M, Saito K. The mechanism of interferon-gamma induced anti Toxoplasma gondii by 2,3-dioxygenase and/or inducible nitric oxide synthase vary among tissues. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:97-103.
17. Oberdorfer C, Adams O, MacKenzie CR, De Groot CJ, Daubener W. Role of IDO activation in anti-microbial defense in human native astrocytes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:15-26.
18. Miller CL, Llenos IC, Dulay JR, Barillo MM, Yolken RH, Weis S. Expression of the kynurenine pathway enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is increased in the frontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. Neurobiol Dis. 2004;15:618-629.
19. Booij L, Van der Does AJ, Riedel WJ. Monoamine depletion in psychiatric and healthy populations: review. Mol Psychiatry. 2003;8:951-973.
20. Leyton M, Ghadirian AM, Young SN, et al. Depressive relapse following acute tryptophan depletion in patients with major depressive disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2000;14:284-287.
21. Moreno FA, Heninger GR, McGahuey CA, Delgado PL. Tryptophan depletion and risk of depression relapse: a prospective study of tryptophan depletion as a potential predictor of depressive episodes. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:327-329.
22. Widner B, Laich A, Sperner-Unterweger B, Ledochowski M, Fuchs D. Neopterin production, tryptophan degradation, and mental depression - what is the link? Brain Behav Immun. 2002;16:590-595.
23. Hoff EF, Carruthers VB. Is Toxoplasma egress the first step in invasion? Trends Parasitol. 2002;18:251-255.
24. NIMH. Clinical Global Impression. Rockville, Md: Rev Ed Rockville; 1976.
25. WHO. ed. Tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Chapter V (F): mental and behavioural disorders. Diagnostic criteria for research.1993.
26. Hiller W, Zaudig M, Mombour W. Internationale Diagnosen Checklisten für ICD-10 und DSM-IV. Bern, Switzerland: Verlag Hans Huber; 1995.
27. Benkert O, Hippius H. Kompendium der Psychiatrischen Pharmakotherapie. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag; 2003.
28. Pollmacher T, Haack M, Schuld A, Kraus T, Hinze-Selch D. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on cytokine networks. J Psychiatr Res. 2000;34:369-382.
29. Himmerich H, Koethe D, Schuld A, Yassouridis A, Pollmacher T. Plasma levels of leptin and endogenous immune modulators during treatment with carbamazepine or lithium. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;179:447-451.
30. Kraus T, Haack M, Schuld A, Hinze-Selch D, Koethe D, Pollmacher T. Body weight, the tumor necrosis factor system, and leptin production during treatment with mirtazapine or venlafaxine. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002;35:220-225.
31. Torrey EF BJ, Lun ZR, Yolken RH. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. Nov. 2, 2006; doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl050.
32. Mortensen PB, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, et al. 2006. Toxoplasma gondii as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia: analysis of filter paper blood samples obtained at birth. Biol Psychiatry.doi:10.1016/j.biopsych. 2006.05.024.
33. Leweke FM, Gerth CW, Koethe D, et al. Antibodies to infectious agents in individuals with recent onset schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;254:4-8.
34. Yolken RH, Bachmann S, Ruslanova I, et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with first-episode schizophrenia. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:842-844.
35. Montoya JG. Laboratory diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection and toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:Suppl 1S73-S82.
36. Hanson DR, Gottesman II. Theories of schizophrenia: a genetic-inflammatory-vascular synthesis. BMC Med Genet. 2005;6:7.
37. Hinze-Selch D, Pollmacher T. In vitro cytokine secretion in individuals with schizophrenia: results, confounding factors, and implications for further research. Brain Behav Immun. 2001;15:282-318.
38. Rothermundt M, Arolt V, Bayer TA. Review of immunological and immunopathological findings in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun. 2001;15:319-339.
39. Schwarz MJ, Chiang S, Muller N, Ackenheil M. T-helper-1 and T-helper-2 responses in psychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2001;15:340-370.
40. Sperner-Unterweger B, Whitworth A, Kemmler G, et al. Tcell subsets in schizophrenia: a comparison between drug-naive first episode patients and chronic schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res. 1999;38:61-70.
41. Kim YK, Myint AM, Lee BH, et al. Th1, Th2 and Th3 cytokine alteration in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2004;28:1129-1134.
42. Jones-Brando L, Torrey EF, Yolken R. Drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder inhibit the replication of Toxoplasma gondii. Schizophr Res. 2003;62:237-244.
43. Bachmann S, Schroder J, Bottmer C, Torrey EF, Yolken RH. Psychopathology in first-episode schizophrenia and antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Psychopathology. 2005;38:87-90.