Cellular immune reactions directed against Toxoplasma gondii with special emphasis on the central nervous system

Medical Microbiology and Immunology

Volumn 185, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 195-206

  Däubener, Walter ^a   Hadding, Ulrich ^a  

^a HEINRICH HEINE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Central nervous system; Encephalitis; Indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase; Nitric oxide; T cell; Toxoplasma

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030422746     PISSN: 03008584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s004300050031     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Adams LB, Hibbs JB, Taintor RR, Krahenbuhl JL (1990) Microbiostatic effect of murine-activated macrophages for Toxoplasma gondii. Role for synthesis of inorganic nitrogen oxides from L-arginine. J Immunol 144:2725-2729
2. Andersen SE, Bautista S, Remington JS (1976) Induction of resistance to Toxoplasma gondii in human macrophages by soluble lymphocyte products. J Immunol 117:381-387
3. Beaman MH. Wong SY, Remington JS (1992) Cytokines, Toxoplasma and intracellular parasitism. Immunol Rev 127:97-117
4. Beaman MH, Araujo FG, Remington JS (1994) Protective reconstitution of the SCID mouse against reactivation of toxoplasmic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 169:375-383
5. Beaman MH, Hunter CA, Remington JS (1994) Enhancement of intracellular replication of Toxoplasma gondii by IL-6. J Immunol 153:4583-4587
6. Bianchi M, Bertini R, Ghezzi P (1988) Induction of indolamine dioxygenase by Interferon in mice: a study with different recombinant interferons and various cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 152:237-242
7. Bohne W, Heesemann J, Gross U (1994) Reduced replication of Toxoplasma gondii is necessary for induction of bradyzoitespecific antigens: a possible role for nitric oxide in triggering stage conversion. Infect Immun 62:1761-1767
8. Brown CR, McLeod R ( 1990) Class I MHC and CD8+ T cells determine cyst number in Toxoplasma gondii infection. J Immunol 145:3438-3441
9. Brown CR, Hunter ÇA, Estes RG, Beckmann E, Forman J, David C, Remington JS (1995) Definitive identification of a gene that confers resistance against Toxoplasma cyst burden and encephalitis. Immunology 85:419-428
10. Buxton D (1993)Toxoplasmosis: the first commercial vaccine. Parasit Today 9:335-337
11. Byrne GI. Lehmann LK, Landry GJ (1986) Induction of tryptophan catabolism is the mechanism for gamma Interferon mediated inhibition of intracellular Chlamydia psitacci replication in T24 cells. Infect Immun 53:347-351
12. Candolfi E, Hunter CA, Remington JS (1994) Mitogen- and antigen-specific proliferation of T cells in murine toxoplasmosis is inhibited by reactive nitrogen intermediates. Infect Immun 62:1995-2001
13. Canessa A, Pistoia V, Roncella S, Merli A, Melioli G, Terragna A, Ferrarini M (1988) An in vitro model for Toxoplasma infection in man. J Immunol 140:3580-3588
14. Carlin JM, Borden EC, Sondel PM, Byrne Gl (1989) Interferon induced indolamine 2,3 dioxygenase activity in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Leukoc Biol 45:29-34
15. Catterall JR, Sharma SD, Remington JS (1986) Oxygen-independent killing by alveolar macrophages. J Exp Med 163:1 1 13-1131
16. Chang HR, Grau GE, Pechere JC (1990) Role of TNF and IL-1 in infections with Toxoplasma gondii. Immunology 69:33-37
17. Chao CC, Anderson WR, Hu S, Gekker G, Martella A. Peterson PK (1993) Activated microglia inhibit multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii via a nitric oxide mechanism. Clin Immunol Immunopatho! 67:178-183
18. Chao CC, Hu S, Gekker G, Novik WJ, Remington JS, Peterson PK (1993) Effects of cytokines on multiplikation of Toxoplasma gondii in microglial cells. J Immunol 150:3404-3410
19. Chao CC, Gekker G, Hu S, Peterson PK (1994) Human microglia cell defense against Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 152:1246-1252
20. Chao CC, Hu S, Sheng WS, Bu D, Bukrinsky MI, Peterson PK ( 1996) Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a nitric oxide mechanism. Glia 16:276-284
21. Curiel T, Krug E, Purner M, Poignard P, Berens R (1993) Cloned human CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for Toxoplasma gondii lyse tachyzoite-infected target cells. J Immunol 151:2024-2031
22. Däubener W, Seghrouchni-Zennati S. Wernet P, Bilzer T, Fischer HG, Hadding U (1992) Human glioblastoma cell line 86HG39 activates T cells in an antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent manner. J Neuroimmunol 41:21-28
23. Däubener W, Pilz K, Seghrouchni-Zennati S, Bilzer T, Fischer HG, Hadding U ( 1993) Induction of toxoplasmostasis in a human glioblastoma by interferon-y. J Neuroimmunol 43:31-38
24. Däubener W, Wanagat N, Pilz K, Seghrouchni S, Fischer HG, Hadding U (1994) A new, simple, bioassay for human IFN-y. J Immunol Methods 168:39-47
25. Däubener W, Mackenzie C, Hadding U (1995) Establishment of T helper type l - and T helper type 2-like human Toxoplasma antigen-specific T cell clones. Immunology 86:79-84
26. Däubener W, Remscheid C, Nockemann S, Pilz K, Seghrouchni S, Mackenzie C, Hadding U (1996) Anti-parasitic effector mechanisms in human brain tumor cells: role of interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-a. Eur J Immunol 26:487-492
27. Deckert-Schliiter M, Schliiter D, Theisen, F, Wiestier ÖD, Hof H (1994) Activation of the innate immune system in murine congenital Toxoplasma encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 53: 47-51
28. Deckert-SchliiterM, Albrecht S, Hof M, WiestlerOD, Schliiter D (1995) Dynamics of the intracerebral and splenic cytokine mRNA production in Toxoplasma gondii-resisiant and -susceptible congenic strains of mice. Immunology 85:408-418
29. Dimier IH, Bout DT ( 1993) Co-operation of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor- in the activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to inhibit Toxoplasma gondii replication. Immunology 79:336-338
30. Dimier IH, Bout DT (1993) Rat intestinal epithelial cell line IC-6 is activated by recombinant interferon-y to inhibit replication of the coccidian Toxoplasma gondii. Eur J Immunol 23:981-983
31. Eastman CL, Guilarte TR (1989) Cytotoxicity of 3-hydroxykynurenine in a neuronal hybrid cell line. Brain Res 495:225-231
32. Fadul CE, Channon JY, Kasper LH (1995) Survival of immunoglobulin G-opsonized Toxoplasma gondii in nonadherent human monocytes. Infect Immun 63:4290-4294
33. Ferguson DJP, Hutchison WM, Pettersen E (1989) Tissue cyst rupture in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitol Res 75:599-603
34. Fierz W, Endler B, Reske K, Weckerle H, Fontana A (1985) Astrocytes as antigen-presenting cells. J Immunol 134:3785-3793
35. Fischer HG, Bielinsky AK, Nitzgen B, Däubener W, Hadding U ( 1993) Functional dichotomy of mouse microglia developed in vitro: differential effect of macrophage and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on cytokine secretion and antitoxoplasmic activity. J Neuroimmunol 45:193-202
36. Flohr T, Bange C, Euch A von, Kiekenbeck M, Bouger EC (1992) Depletion of tryptophan is not involved in expression of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthase mediated by interferon. Infect Immun 60:4418-4421
37. Fontana A, Bodmer S, Frei K (1987) Imrnunoregulatory factors secreted by astrocytes and glioblastoma cells. Lymphokines 14:91-121
38. Fontana A. Frei K, Bodmer S, Hofer E (1987) Immune-mediated encephalitis: on the role of antigen-presenting eel Is in brain tissue. Immunol Rev 100:185-201
39. Freund YR. Sgarlato O. Jacob CO, Suzuki Y, Remington JS (1992) Polymorphism in the tumor necrosis-a gene correlate with murine resistance to development of toxoplasmie encephalitis and with levels of TNF-amRNA in infected brain tissue. J ExpMed 175:683-688
40. Fuchs D, Möller AA, Reibnegger G. Stöckle E. Werner ER, Wächter H ( 1990) Decreased serum tryptophan in patients with HI V-1 infection correlated with increased serum neopterin and with neurologic/psychiatric symptoms. J AIDS 3:873-876
41. Fuhrmann SH, Joiner KA (1989) Toxoplasma gondii: mechanism of resistance to complement-mediated killing. J Immunol 142:940-947
42. Gazzinelli RT, Hakim FT, Hieny S, Shearer GM, Sher A ( 1991 ) Synergistic role of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in IFN-y production and protective immunity induced by an attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. J Immunol 146:286-292
43. Gazzinelli RT, Oswald IP, James SL, Sher A (1992) IL-10 inhibits parasite killing and nitrogen oxid production by IFN-y activated macrophages. J Immunol 148:1792-1796
44. Gazzinelli RT, Hieny S, Wynn TA, Wolf S, Sher A ( 1993) Interleukin-12 is required for the T lymphocyte-independent induction of interferon- / by an intracellular parasite and induces resistance in T cell-deficient hosts. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 90:6115-6119
45. Gazzinelli RT, Eltoum I, Wynn A, Sher A (1993) Acute cerebral toxoplasmosis is induced by in vivo neutralization of TNF-a and correlates with the down-regulated expression of inducible nitric oxid synthase and other markers of macrophage activation. J Immunol 151:3672-3681
46. Gazzinelli RT, Wysocka M, Hayashi S, Denkers EY, Hieny S, Caspar P, Trinchieri G, Sher A (1994) Parasite induced IL-12 stimulates early IFN-y synthesis and resistance during acute infection with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 153:2533-2543
47. Grau GE, Tacchini-Cottier, Piguet PF ( 1992) Is TNF benefical or deleterious in toxoplasmie encephalitis? Parasit Today 8:322-324
48. Grunvald E, Chiaramonte M, Hieny S, Wysocka M, Trinchieri G, Vogel SN, Gazzinelli RT, Sher A. (1996) Biochemical characterization and protein kinase C dependency of monokine-inducing activities of Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 64:2010-2018
49. Hakim FT, Gazzinelli RT, Denkers E, Hieny S, Shearer GM, Sher A ( 1991 ) CD8+ T cells from mice vaccinated against Toxoplasma gondii are cytotoxic for parasite-infected or antigenpulsed host cells. J Immunol 147:2310-2316
50. Hara T, Ohashi S, Yamashita Y, Abe T, Hisaeda H, Himeno K, Good RA, Takeshita K (1996) Human V<52+ y
51. Hayashi S, Chan CC, Gazzinelli R, Roberge FG (1996) Contribution of nitric oxide to the host parasite equilibrium in toxoplasmosis. J Immunol 156:1476-1481
52. Hayashi O, Hirata F, Ohnishi T, Henry JP, Rosenthal I, Katoh A ( 1977) Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Biol Chem 252:35483550
53. Herion P, Saavedra R (1993) Human T cell clones as tools for the characterization of the cell-mediated immune response to Toxoplasma gondii. Res Immunol 144:48-51
54. Heyes MP, Quearry BJ, Markey SP (1989) Systemic endotoxin increases L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolonic acid content of mouse cerebral cortex. Brain Res 491:173-179
55. Heyes MP, Brew BJ, Sito K, Quearry BJ, Price RW, Lee K, Bhalla RB, Der M, Markey SP (1992) Inter-relationships between quinolonic acid, neuroactive kynurenines, neopterin and /J2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of HIV-1 infected patients. J Neuroimmunol 40:71-80
56. Hisaeda H, Nagasawa H, Maeda KI, Maekawa Y, Ishikawa H, Ito Y, Good RA, Himeno K (1994) jôl cells play an important role in hsp65 expression and in acquiring protective immune responses against infection with Toxoplasma gondii. } Immunol 154:244-251
57. Ho-Yen DO. Joss AWL (eds) (1992) Human toxoplasmosis. Oxford University press, Oxford
58. Howe DK, Sibley LD (1995) Toxoplasma gondii comprises three clonal lineages: correlation of parasite genotype with human disease. J Infect Dis 172:1561-1566
59. Hunter CA, Remington JS ( 1994) Immunopathogenesis of toxoplasmic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 170:1057-1067
60. Hunter CA, Roberts CW, Alexander J ( 1992) Kinetics of cytokine mRNA production in the brains of mice with progressive toxoplasmic encephalitis. Eur J Immunol 22:2317-2322
61. Hunter CA, Roberts CW, Murray W, Alexander J (1992) Detection of cytokine mRNA in the brains of mice with toxoplasmic encephalitis. Parasit Immunol 14:405-413
62. Hunter CA, Litton MJ, Remington JS, Abrams JS (1994) Immunocytochemical detection of cytokines in the lymph nodes and brains of mice resistant or suceptible to toxoplasmic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 170:939-945
63. HunterCA. Subauste CS, Cleave VH van, Remington JS ( 1994) Production of gamma Interferon by natural killer cells from Toxoplasma gondii-infecied SCID mice: regulation by interleukin-10, interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Infect Immun 62:2818-2824
64. Israelski DM, Araujo FG, Wachtel JS, Heinrichs L, Remington JS ( 1990) Differences in microbicidal activities of human macrophgaes against Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. Infect Immun 58:263-265
65. Johnson LL (1992) A protective role for endogenous tumor necrosis factor in Toxoplasma gondii infection. Infect Immun 60:1979-1983
66. Joiner KA (1993) Cell entry by Toxoplasma gondii: all paths do not lead to success. Res Immunol 144:34-38
67. Joiner KA, Dubremetz F (1993) Toxoplasma gondii: a protozoan for the nineties. Infect Immun 61:1169-1172
68. Kasper LH, Matsuura T, Khan IA (1995) IL-7 stimulates protective immunity in mice against the intracellular pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 155:4798-4804
69. Khan IA, Eckel ME. Pfefferkorn ER, Kasper LH (1988) Production of y interferon by cultured human lymphocytes stimulated with a purified membrane protein (p30) from Toxoplasma gondii. J Infect Dis 157:979-984
70. Khan 1A, Smith KA, Kasper LH (1988) Induction of antigenspecific parasiticidal cytotoxic T cell splenocytes by a major membrane protein (p30) of Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 141:3600-3605
71. Khan I A. Smith KA, Kasper LH ( 1990) Induction of antigenspecific human cytotoxic T cells by Toxoplasma gondii. J Clin Invest 85:1879-1886
72. Khan IA. Matsuura T, Kasper LH (1994) Interleukin-12 enhances murine survival against acute toxoplasmosis. Infect Immun 62:1639-1642
73. Khan IA. Matsuura T, Fonseka S. Kasper LH (1996) Production of nitric oxide (NO) is not essential for protection against acute Toxoplasma gondii infection in IRF-1 -/- mice. J Immunol 156:636-643
74. Lee SC. Dickson DW, Liu W, Brosnan CF (1993) Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in human astrocytes by interleukin-ljSand interferon-y. J Neuroimniunol 46:19-24
75. Lee SC. Dickson DW, Brosnan CF, Casadevall A (1994) Human astrocytes inhibit cryptococcus neoformans growth by a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism. J Exp Med 180:365369
76. Li ZY. Manthey CL, Perera PY, Sher A. Vogel SN (1994) Toxoplasma gondii soluble antigen induces a subset of lipopolysaccharide-inducible genes and tyrosine phosphoproteins in peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun 62:3434-3440
77. Liew FY. Cox FEG (1991) Nonspecific defence mechanism: the role of nitric oxide. Immunol Today 12:17-21
78. Luft BJ, Kansas G, Englemann EG, Remington JS (1984) Functional and quantitative alterations in T lymphocyte subpopulations in acute toxoplasmosis. J Infect Dis 150:761-767
79. McCabe RE, Remington JS (1986) Mechanism of killing of Toxoplasma gondii by rat peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun 52:151-155
80. McGeer PL, McGeer EG (1995) The inflammatory response system of brain: implications for therapy of Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Res Rev 21:195-218
81. McLeod R, Estes R, Mack DG, McLeod EG (1983) Effects of human alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes on Toxoplasma gondii. J Infect Dis 147:957
82. Melillo G, Cox GW, Radzioch D, Varesio L (1993) Picolinic acid, a catabolit of L-tryptophan, is a co-stimulus for the induction of reactive nitrogen intermediate production in murine macrophages. J Immunol 150:4031-4040
83. Montoya JG, Lowe KE, Clayberger C, Moody D, Do D, Remington JS, Talib S, Subaust CS (1996) Human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes are both cytotoxic to Toxoplasma gondii-'mfecled cells. J Immunol 64:176-181
84. Murray HW, Teitelbaum RF (1992) L-Arginine-dependent reactive nitrogen intermediates and the antimicrobial effect of activated human mononuclear phagocytes. J Infect Dis 165:513-517
85. Murray HW, Byrne GI, Rothermel CD, Cartelli DM (1983) Lymphokine enhances oxygen-independent activity against intracellular pathogens. J Exp Med 158:234-239
86. Murray HW, Rubin BY, Carriero SM, Harris AM, Jaffee EA (1985) Human mononuclear phagocyte antiprotozoal mechanisms: oxygen-dependent vs. oxygen-independent activity against intracellular Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 134: 1982-1988
87. Murray HW, Szurol-Sudol A, Wellner D, Oca MJ, Granger AM, Libby DM, Rothermel CD, Rubin BY (1989) Role of tryptophan degradation in respiratory burst-independent antimicrobial activity of gamma interferon-stimulated human macrophages. Infect Immun 57:845-849
88. Nakao M, Konishi E (1991) Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii in human neutrophils in vitro. Parasitology 103:23-27
89. Orellana MA, Suzuki Y, Araujo F, Remington JS (1991 ) Role of beta Interferon in resistance to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Infect Immun 59:3287-3290
90. Ozaki Y, Edelstein MP, Duch DS (1988) Induction of indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase: a mechanism of the antitumor activity of interferon J. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 81:908-912
91. Parker SJ, Roberts CW, Alexander J (1991) CD8+ T cells are the major lymphocyte subpopulation involved in the protective immune response to Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 84:207-212
92. Pelloux H, Ricard J, Bracchi V, Markowicz Y, Verna JM, Ambroise-Thomas P ( 1994) Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 alpha, and interleukin 6 mRNA expressed by human astrocytoma cells after infection by three different strains of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Res 80:271-276
93. Peterson PK, Gekker G, Hu S, Chao CC (1993) Intracellular survival and multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii in astrocytes. J Infect Dis 168:1472-1478
94. Peterson PK, Gekker G, Hu S, Chao CC (1995) Human astrocytes inhibit intracellular multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii by a nitric oxide-mediated mechanism. J Infect Dis 171: 516-518
95. Pfefferkorn ER (1984) Interferon-/ blocks the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts by inducing the host cells to degrade tryptophan. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 81: 908-912
96. Pfefferkorn ER, Guyre PM ( 1984) Inhibition of growth of Toxoplasma gondii in cultured fibroblasts by human recombinant gamma interferon. Infect Immun 44:211-216
97. Prigione I. Facchetti P, Ghiotto F, Tasso P, Pistoia V (1995) Toxoplasma gondii specific CD4+ T cell clones from healthy, latently infected humans display a THO profile of cytokine secretion. Eur J Immunol 25:1298-1305
98. Railing N. Ulmer AJ, Duchrow M. Ernsl M. Flad HD. Hauschildt S (1994) Nitric oxide synthase: inRNA expression of différent isofortns in human monocytes/macrophages. Eur J Immunol 24:1941-1944
99. Remington JS, Krahenbuhl JI, Mendenhall JW (1972) A role for activated macrophages in resistance to infection with Toxoplasma. Infect Immun 6:829-834
100. Robert R, Jarrige PL, Mahaza C. Göttin J. Maroi-Leblond A. Senet JM ( 1991 ) Specific binding of neoglycoproteins to Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Infect Immun 59:4670-4673
101. Roberts CW, Ferguson DJP. Jebbari H. Satoskar A, Bluethmann H, Alexander J (1996) Different roles for interleukin-4 during the course of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Infect Immun 64:897-904
102. Scalise F, Gerli R, Castellucci G, Spinozzi F, Fabietti G. Crupi S, Sensi L, Britta R, Vaccaro R, Bertotto A (1992) Lymphocytes bearing the yS T cell receptor in acute loxoplasmosis. Immunology 76:668-670
103. Schlüter D, Deckert-Schlüter M, Schwendemann G, Brunner H, Hof H (1993) Expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens and levels of Interferon-/, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in Toxoplasma gondii-'wfscted SCID and immunocompetent C.B-17 mice. Immunology 78:430-435
104. Schmilz, JL, Carlin JM, Borden EC, Byrne GI (1989) Beta interferon inhibits Toxoplasma gondii growth in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Infect Immun 57:3524-3256
105. Schneemann M, Schoedon G, Hofer S, Blau N, Gurrero L, Schaffner A (1993) Nitric oxide synthase is not a constituent of the antimicrobial armature of human mononuclear phagocytes. J Infect Dis 167:1358-1363
106. Schreiber RD, Feldman HA (1980) Identification of the activator system for antibody to Toxoplasma as the classical complement pathway. J Infect Dis 141:366-369
107. Schwartzman JD, Gonias SL, Pfefferkorn ER (1990) Murine gamma interferon fails to inhibit Toxoplasma gondii growth in murine fibroblasts. Infect Immun 58:833-834
108. Sharma SD, Hofflin JM, Remington JS (1985) In vivo recombinant interleukin-2 administration enhances survival against a lethal challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. J Immunol 135:4160-4163
109. Sher A, Oswald IP, Hieny S, Gazzinelli RT (1993) Toxoplasma gondii induces a T-independent IFN-yresponse in natural killer cells that requires both adherent accessory cells and tumor necrosis factor-a. J Immunol 150:3982-3989
110. Sibley LD, Lawson R, Weidner E (1986) Superoxid dismutase and catalase in Toxoplasma gondii. Mol Biochem Parasitol 19:83-87
111. Sibley LD, Adams LB, Fukomoti Y, Krahenbuhl JL (1991) Tumor necrosis factor-a triggers anti-toxoplasmal activity of IFN-y primed macrophages. J Immunol 147:2340-2345
112. Sibley D, Marinella M, Niesman IR ( 1994) Stable DNA transformation in the obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii by complementation of tryptophan auxotrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 91:5508-5512
113. Sklenar I, Jones TC, Alkan S, Erb P (1986) Association of symptomatic human infection with Toxoplasma gondii with imbalance of monocytes and antigen-specific T cell subsets. J Infect Dis 153:314-324
114. Subauste CS, Remington JS (1993) Immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Curr Opin Immunol 5:532-537
115. Subauste CS, Koniaris AH, Remington JS ( 1991 ) Murine CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes lyse Toxoplasma gondii-infected cells. J Immunol 147:3955-3959
116. Suzuki Y. Remington JS ( 1988) Dual regulation of resistance against Toxoplasma gondii infection by Lyt-2+ and Lyt-l + L3T4+ T cells in mice. J Immunol 140: 3943-3446
117. Su/uki Y, Remington JS (1990) The effect of umi-IFN-yamibotly on the protective effect of Lyt-2' immune T cells against loxoplasmosis in mice. J Immunol 144:1954-1956
118. Suzuki Y, Orellana MA. Schreiher RD. Remington JS ( 1988) Interferon-y: the major mediator of resistance against To.\
119. Suzuki Y. Conley FK. Remington JS (1989) Differences in virulence and development of encephalitis during chronic infection vary with the strain of Toxoplasma gondii. J Infect Dis 159:790-794
120. Suzuki Y, Conley FK, Remington JS (1989) Importance of endogenous IFN-yfor prevention of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice. J Immunol 143:2045-2050
121. Suzuki Y, Conley FK, Remington JS ( 1990) Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in mice with recombinant gamma interferon. Infect Immun 58:3050-3055
122. Suzuki Y, Orellana A. Wong SY, Conley FK, Remington JS (1993) Susceptibility to chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii does not correlate with susceptibility to acute infection in mice. Infect Immun 61:2284-2288
123. Suzuki Y, Yang Q, Conley FK, Abrams JS. Remington JS (1994) Antibodies against interleukin-6 reduces inflammation and numbers of cysts in brains of mice with toxoplasmic encephalitis. Infect Immun 62:2773-2778
124. Suzuki Y, Wong SY, Grumet FC, Fessel J, Montoya JG, Zolopa AR, Portmore A, Schumacher-Perdreau F, Schrappe M, Koppen S, Ruf B, Brown BW, Remington JS (1996) Evidence for genetic regulation of susceptibility to toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS patients. J Infect Dis 173:265-268
125. Taylor MW, Feng G (1991) Relationship between interferony, indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism. JFASEB 5:2516-2522
126. Thomas SM, Garrity LF, Brandt CR, Schobert CS, Feng GS, Taylor MW, Carlin JM, Byrne GI ( 1993) IFN-/-mediated antimicrobial response. J Immunol 150:5529-5534
127. Thomas SR, Mohr D, Stocker R (1994) Nitric oxide inhibits indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in interferon-y primed mononuclear phagocytes. J Biol Chem 269:14457-14464
128. Titto EH de, Catterall JR, Remington JS (1986) Activity of recombinant tumor necrosis factor on Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. J Immunol 137:1342-1345
129. Vouldoukis I, Riveros-Moreno V, Dugas B. Quaaz F, Becherel P, Debre P, Moncada S, Mossalayi MD (1995) The killing of Leishmania major by human macrophages is mediated by nitric oxide induced after ligation of the FceRII/CD23 surface antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sei USA 92:7804-7808
130. Werner-Felmayer G, Werner ER, Fuchs D, Hausen A, Reibnegger G, Wächter H (1989) Characteristics of Interferon induced tryptophan metabolism in human cells in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 1012:140-147
131. Wilson CB, Remington JS ( 1979) Activity of human blood leucocytes against Toxoplasma gondii. i Infect Dis 140:890-895
132. Wilson CB, Tsai V, Remington JS ( 1980) Failure to trigger the oxidative burst of normal macrophages. Possible mechanism for survival of intracellular pathogens. J Exp Med 151:328-346
133. Woodman JP. Dimier IH, Bout DT (1991) Human endothelial cells are activated by IFN-yto inhibit Toxoplasma gondii replication. J Immunol 147:2019-2023