PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants

Biomaterials

Volumn 28, Issue 32, 2007, Pages 4845-4869

  Kurtz, Steven M ^a,b   Devine, John N ^c  

^a EXPONENT INC   (United States)

^b DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c INVIBIO LTD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Composites; Fracture fixation; Hip resurfacing; PEEK; Polyetheretherketone; Spine

Indexed keywords

HIP RESURFACING; JOINT REPLACEMENTS; POLYARYLETHERKETONES (PAEK); SPINE;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIOPOLYMERS; CHEMICAL RESISTANCE; COMPOSITE MATERIALS; DENTAL PROSTHESES; FRACTURE FIXATION; JOINTS (ANATOMY);

KETONES;

BIOMATERIAL; POLYARYLETHERKETONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BONE PROSTHESIS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; COMPOSITE MATERIAL; COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH; GENOTOXICITY; KNEE PROSTHESIS; MATERIALS TESTING; METAL IMPLANTATION; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; NONHUMAN; ORTHOPEDIC EQUIPMENT; POLYMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; TISSUE ENGINEERING; TOTAL HIP PROSTHESIS;

BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS; HUMANS; KETONES; POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS; PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 34548021405     PISSN: 01429612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.07.013     Document Type: Review

References (199)

1. Williams D.F., McNamara A., and Turner R.M. Potential of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fibre-reinforced PEEK in medical applications. J Mater Sci Lett 6 (1987) 188
2. May R. Polyetheretherketones. In: Mark H.F., Bikales N.M., Overberger C.G., Menges G., and Kroschiwitz J.I. (Eds). Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering (1988), Wiley, New York 313-320
3. Rigby R.B. Polyetheretherketone. In: Margolis J.M. (Ed). Engineering thermoplastics: properties and applications (1985), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 299-314
4. Skinner H.B. Composite technology for total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res Oct 235 (1988) 224-236
5. Brown S.A., Hastings R.S., Mason J.J., and Moet A. Characterization of short-fibre reinforced thermoplastics for fracture fixation devices. Biomaterials 11 8 (1990) 541-547
6. Liao K. Performance characterization and modeling of a composite hip prosthesis. Exp Tech (1994) 33-38
7. Maharaj G.R., and Jamison R.D. Intraoperative impact: characterization and laboratory simulation on composite hip prostheses. In: Jamison R.D., and Gilbertson L.N. (Eds). STP 1178: composite materials for implant applications in the human body: characterization and testing (1993), ASTM, Philadelphia 98-108
8. Kelsey D.J., Springer G.S., and Goodman S.B. Composite implant for bone replacement. J Compos Mater 31 16 (1997) 1593-1632
9. Corvelli A.A., Biermann P.J., and Roberts J.C. Design, analysis, and fabrication of a composite segmental bone replacement implant. J Adv Mater (1997) 2-8
10. Williams D. New horizons for thermoplastic polymers. Med Device Technol 12 4 (2001) 8-9
11. Toth J.M., Wang M., Estes B.T., Scifert J.L., Seim III H.B., and Turner A.S. Polyetheretherketone as a biomaterial for spinal applications. Biomaterials 27 3 (2006) 324-334
12. Brantigan J.W., Neidre A., and Toohey J.S. The Lumbar I/F Cage for posterior lumbar interbody fusion with the variable screw placement system: 10-year results of a Food and Drug Administration clinical trial. Spine J 4 6 (2004) 681-688
13. Brantigan J.W., Steffee A.D., Lewis M.L., Quinn L.M., and Persenaire J.M. Lumbar interbody fusion using the Brantigan I/F cage for posterior lumbar interbody fusion and the variable pedicle screw placement system: two-year results from a Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption clinical trial. Spine 25 11 (2000) 1437-1446
14. Akhavan S., Matthiesen M.M., Schulte L., Penoyar T., Kraay M.J., Rimnac C.M., et al. Clinical and histologic results related to a low-modulus composite total hip replacement stem. J Bone Jt Surg Am 88 6 (2006) 1308-1314
15. Glassman A.H., Crowninshield R.D., Schenck R., and Herberts P. A low stiffness composite biologically fixed prosthesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 393 (2001) 128-136
16. Karrholm J., Anderberg C., Snorrason F., Thanner J., Langeland N., Malchau H., et al. Evaluation of a femoral stem with reduced stiffness. A randomized study with use of radiostereometry and bone densitometry. J Bone Jt Surg Am 84-A 9 (2002) 1651-1658
17. Wang A., Lin R., Stark C., and Dumbleton J.H. Suitability and limitations of carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites as bearing surfaces for total joint replacements. Wear 225-229 (1999) 724-727
18. Jones E., Wang A., and Streicher R. Validating the limits for a PEEK composite as an acetabular wear surface. Soc Biomater Annu Meeting (2001) 27
19. Joyce T.J., Rieker C., and Unsworth A. Comparative in vitro wear testing of PEEK and UHMWPE capped metacarpophalangeal prostheses. Biomed Mater Eng 16 1 (2006) 1-10
20. Manley M., Ong K., Kurtz S.M., Rushton N., and Field R.E. Biomechanics of a PEEK horseshoe-shaped cup: comparisons with a predicate deformable cup. Transactions of the 53rd Orthopedic Research Society 32 (2007) 1717
21. Shucong Y., Hariram K.P., Kumar R., Philip C., and Aik K.K. In vitro apatite formation and its growth kinetics on hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone biocomposites. Biomaterials (2005)
22. Yu S., Hariram Kithva P., Kumar R., Cheang P., and Aik Khor K. In vitro apatite formation and its growth kinetics on hydroxyapatite/polyetheretherketone biocomposites. Biomaterials 26 15 (2005) 2343-2352
23. Fan J.P., Tsui C.P., Tang C.Y., and Chow C.L. Influence of interphase layer on the overall elasto-plastic behaviors of HA/PEEK biocomposite. Biomaterials 25 23 (2004) 5363-5373
24. Tan K.H., Chua C.K., Leong K.F., Cheah C.M., Cheang P., Abu Bakar M.S., et al. Scaffold development using selective laser sintering of polyetheretherketone-hydroxyapatite biocomposite blends. Biomaterials 24 18 (2003) 3115-3123
25. Abu Bakar M.S., Cheng M.H.W., Tang S.M., Yu S.C., Liao K., Tan C.T., et al. Tensile properties, tension-tension fatigue and biological response of polyetheretherketone-hydroxyapatite composites for load-bearing orthopedic implants. Biomaterials 24 13 (2003) 2245-2250
26. Ha S.W., Kirch M., Birchler F., Eckert K.L., Mayer J., Wintermantel E., et al. Surface activation of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and formation of calcium phosphate coatings by precipitation. J Mater Sci Mater Med 8 11 (1997) 683-690
27. Kemmish DJ. United States Patent No. 6,909,015. 2003.
28. Attwood T.A., Dawson P.C., Freeman J.L., Hog L.R., Rose J.B., and Staniland P.A. Synthesis and properties of polyaryletherketones. Polymer 22 (1981) 1096
29. Blundell D.J., and Osborn B.N. The morphology of poly(aryl-ether-ketone). Polymer 24 (1983) 953
30. Ballara A., Trotignon J.P., and Verdu J. Skin-core structure of polyetheretherketone injection-moulded parts from DSC measurements. J Mater Sci Lett 5 (1986) 706-708
31. Dawson P.C., and Blundell D.J. X-ray data for poly(aryl-ether-ketones). Polymer 21 5 (1980) 577-578
32. Kumar S., and Anderson D.P. Crystallization and morphology of poly(aryl-ether-etherketone). Polymer 27 (1986) 329
33. Olley R.H., and Bassett D.C. Permanganic etching of PEEK. Polymer 27 (1986) 344-348
34. Cebe P., and Hong S.D. Crystallization behaviour of polyetheretherketone. Polymer 27 8 (1986) 1183-1192
35. Mijovic J., and Gsell T.C. Calorimetric study of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its carbon fiber composite. SAMPE Q 21 2 (1990) 42-46
36. Kemmish D.J., and Hay J.N. The effect of physical ageing on the properties of amorphous PEEK. Polymer 26 6 (1985) 905-912
37. Atkinson J.R., Hay J.N., and Jenkins M.J. Enthalpic relaxation in semi-crystalline PEEK. Polymer 43 (2002) 731-735
38. Jenkins M.J., Hay J.N., and Terrill N.J. Structure evolution in melt crystallized PEEK. Polymer 44 (2003) 6781-6787
39. Blundell D.J. On the interpretation of multiple melting peaks in polyetheretherketone. Polymer 28 (1987) 2248-2251
40. Waddon A.J., Hill M.J., Keller A., and Blundell D.J. On the crystal texture of linear polyaryls (PEEK, PEK, and PPS). J Mater Sci 22 (1987) 1773-1784
41. Mehmet-Alkan A.A., and Hay J.N. The crystallinity of poly(ether-ether-ketone). Polymer 33 16 (1992) 3527-3530
42. Mehmet-Alkan A.A., and Hay J.N. The crystallinity of PEEK composites. Polymer 34 16 (1993) 3529-3531
43. Velisaris C.N., and Seferis J.C. Heat transfer effects on the processing-structure relationships of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) based composites. Polym Eng Sci 28 9 (1988) 583-591
44. Velisaris C.N., and Seferis J.C. Crystallization kinetics of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) matrices. Polym Eng Sci 26 22 (1986) 1574-1581
45. Ostberg G.M.K., and Seferis J.C. Annealing effects on the crystallinity of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its carbon fiber composite. J Appl Polym Sci 33 (1987) 29-39
46. Seferis J.C. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) processing-structure and properties studies for a matrix in high performance composites. Polym Compos 7 3 (1986) 158-169
47. Tung C.M., and Dynes P.J. Morphological characterization of polyetheretherketone-carbon fiber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 33 (1987) 505-520
48. Small R.W.H. A method for direct assessment of the crystalline/amorphous ratio of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in carbon fibre composites by wide angle X-ray diffraction. Eur Polym J 22 9 (1986) 699-701
49. Chalmers J.M., Gaskin W.F., and Mackenzie M.W. Crystallinity in PAEK plaques studied by multiple internal reflection spectroscopy. Polym Bull 11 (1984) 433-435
50. Kong Y., and Hay J.N. The measurement of the crystallinity of polymers by DSC. Polymer 43 (2002) 3873-3878
51. Cebe P., Chung S.Y., and Hong S.D. Effect of thermal history on mechanical properities of polyetheretherketone below the glass transition temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 33 (1987) 487-503
52. Jonas A., Legras R., and Issi J.P. DSC and infrared crystallinity determinations of poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone). Polymer 32 (1991) 3365-3370
53. Cheng S.Z.D., MY C., and Wunderlich B. Glass transition and melting behavior of poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneoxy-1,4-phenylenecarbonyl-1,4-phenylene). Macromolecules 19 (1986) 1868-1876
54. Hay J.M., Langford J.I., and Lloyd J.R. Variation in unit cell parameters of aromatic polymers with crystallization temperature. Polymer 30 (1989) 489-493
55. Stober E.J., Seferis J.C., and Keenan J.D. Characterization and exposure of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) to fluid environments. Polymer 25 (1984) 1845-1852
56. Searle O.B., and Pfeiffer R.H. Victrex poly(ethersulfone) (PES) and Victrex poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK). Polym Eng Sci 25 8 (1985) 474-476
57. Boinard E., Pethrick R.A., and McFarlane C.J. The influence of thermal history on the dynamic mechanical and dielectric studies of polyetheretherketone exposed to water and brine. Polymer 41 (2000) 1063-1076
58. Meyer M.R., Friedman R.J., Del Schutte H., and Latour R.A. Long-term durability of the interface in FRP composites after exposure to simulated physiologic saline environments. J Biomed Mater Res 28 10 (1994) 1221-1231
59. Kwarteng K.B., and Stark C. Carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (APC-2/AS-4) composites for orthopaedic implants. SAMPE Q (1990) 10-14
60. Zhang G., Latour R.A., Kennedy J.M., Del Schutte H., and Friedman R.J. Long-term compressive property durability of carbon fibre-reinforced polyetheretherketone composite in physiological saline. Biomaterials 17 8 (1996) 781-789
61. Hay J.N., and Kemmish D.J. Thermal decomposition of poly(aryl ether keter ketones). Polymer 28 (1987) 2047-2051
62. Buggy M., and Carew A. Effect of thermal ageing on carbon fibre-reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Part II: morphological changes. J Mater Sci 29 2255-2259 (1994)
63. Buggy M., and Carew A. Effect of thermal ageing on carbon fibre-reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Part I: static and dynamic flexural properties. J Mater Sci 29 1925-1929 (1994)
64. Cole K.C., and Casella I.G. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopic study of thermal degradation in poly(ether ether ketone)-carbon composites. Polymer 34 4 (1993) 740-745
65. Cole K.C., and Casella I.G. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of thermal degradation in films of poly(etheretherketone). Thermochim Acta 211 (1992) 209-228
66. Jahan M.S., Wang C., Schwartz G., and Davidson J.A. Combined chemical and mechanical effects on free radicals in UHMWPE joints during implantation. J Biomed Mater Res 25 8 (1991) 1005-1017
67. Sasuga T., and Hagiwara M. Radiation deterioration of several aromatic polymers under oxidative conditions. Polymer 28 11 (1987) 1915-1921
68. Li H.M., Fouracre R.A., Given M.J., Banford H.M., Wysocki S., and Karolczak S. Effects on polyetheretherketone and polyethersulfone of electron and gamma irradiation. Dielect Elect Insulation IEEE Trans 6 3 (1999) 295-303
69. Sasuga T., and Hagiwara M. Molecular motions of non-crystalline poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) PEEK and influence of electron beam irradiation. Polymer 26 (1985) 501-505
70. Sasuga T., Hagiwara N., Yoshida K., and Hagiwara M. Degradation in tensile properties of aromatic polymers by electron beam irradiation. Polymer 26 7 (1985) 1039-1045
71. Hegazy E.A., Sasuga T., Nishii M., and Seguchi T. Irradiation effects on aromatic polymers: 1. Gas evolution by gamma irradiation. Polymer 33 14 (1992) 2897-2903
72. Hegazy E.A., Sasuga T., Nishii M., and Seguchi T. Irradiation effects on aromatic polymers: 2. Gas evolution during electron-beam irradiation. Polymer 33 14 (1992) 2904-2910
73. Hegazy E.A., Sasuga T., Nishii M., and Seguchi T. Irradiation effects on aromatic polymers: 3. Changes in thermal properties by gamma irradiation. Polymer 33 14 (1992) 2904-2910
74. Vaughan A.S., and Stevens G.C. Irradiation and the glass transition in PEEK. Polymer 42 21 (2001) 8891-8895
75. Vaughan A.S., and Stevens G.C. On crystallization, morphology and radiation effects in poly(ether ether ketone). Polymer 36 8 (1995) 1531-1540
76. Vaughan A.S., and Stevens G.C. On radiation effects in poly(ethylene terephthalate): a comparison with poly(ether ether ketone). Polymer 36 8 (1995) 1541-1547
77. Kumar S., and Adams W.W. Electron beam damage in high temperature polymers. Polymer 31 1 (1990) 15-19
78. Kurtz S.M., Muratoglu O.K., Evans M., and Edidin A.A. Advances in the processing, sterilization, and crosslinking of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene for total joint arthroplasty. Biomaterials 20 18 (1999) 1659-1688
79. Jones D.P., Leach D.C., and Moore D.R. Mechanical properties of poly(ether-ether-ketone) for engineering applications. Polymer 26 (1985) 1385-1393
80. Karger-Kocsis J., and Friedrich K. Temperature and strain-rate effects on the fracture toughness of polyetheretherketone and its short glass-fibre reinforced composite. Polymer 27 (1986) 1753-1760
81. Lin S.H., Ma C.C.M., and Tai N.H. Mechanical properties and morphology of different carbon fiber lengths in reinforced polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites. J Adv Mater 28 2 (1996) 56-62
82. Hamdan S., and Swallowe G.M. Strain-rate and temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of polyetherketone and polyetheretherketone. J Mater Sci 31 (1996) 1415-1423
83. Cady C.M., Blumenthal W.R., Gray III G.T., and Idar D.J. Determining the constitutive response of polymeric materials as a function of temperature and strain rate. J Phys IV France 110 (2003) 27-32
84. Rae P.J., Brown E.N., and Orler E.B. The mechanical properties of poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) with emphasis on the large compressive strain response. Polymer 48 (2007) 598-615
85. Chivers R.A., and Moore D.R. The effect of molecular weight and crystallinity on the mechanical properties of injection moulded poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) resin. Polymer 35 1 (1994) 110-116
86. Cebe P., Chung S.Y., and Hong S. Effect of thermal history on mechanical properties of polyetheretherketone below the glass transition temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 33 (1987) 487-503
87. Brillhart M., and Botsis J. Fatigue fracture behavior of PEEK, 2: effects of thickness and temperature. Polymer 33 (1992) 5225-5232
88. Brillhart M., and Botsis J. Fatigue fracture behavior of PEEK, 1: effects of load level. Polymer 32 (1991) 1605-1611
89. Nisitani H., Noguchi H., and Kim Y.H. Evaluation of fatigue strength of plain and notched specimens of short carbon-fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone in comparison with polyetheretherketone. Eng Fract Mech 43 5 (1992) 685-705
90. Tang S.M., Cheang P., AbuBakar M.S., Khor K.A., and Liao K. Tension-tension fatigue behavior of hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone composites. Int J Fatigue 26 (2004) 49-57
91. Akay M., and Aslan N. An estimation of fatigue life for a carbon fibre/poly ether ether ketone hip joint prosthesis. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H] 209 2 (1995) 93-103
92. Wenz L.M., Merritt K., Brown S.A., Moet A., and Steffee A.D. In vitro biocompatibility of polyetheretherketone and polysulfone composites. J Biomed Mater Res 24 2 (1990) 207-215
93. Petillo O., Peluso G., Ambrosio L., Nicolais L., Kao W.J., and Anderson J.M. In vivo induction of macrophage Ia antigen (MHC class II) expression by biomedical polymers in the cage implant system. J Biomed Mater Res 28 5 (1994) 635-646
94. Hunter A., Archer C.W., Walker P.S., and Blunn G.W. Attachment and proliferation of osteoblasts and fibroblasts on biomaterials for orthopaedic use. Biomaterials 16 4 (1995) 287-295
95. Morrison C., Macnair R., MacDonald C., Wykman A., Goldie I., and Grant M.H. In vitro biocompatibility testing of polymers for orthopaedic implants using cultured fibroblasts and osteoblasts. Biomaterials 16 13 (1995) 987-992
96. Cook S.D., and Rust-Dawicki A.M. Preliminary evaluation of titanium-coated PEEK dental implants. J Oral Implantol 21 3 (1995) 176-181
97. Lin T.W., Corvelli A.A., Frondoza C.G., Roberts J.C., and Hungerford D.S. Glass PEEK composite promotes proliferation and osteocalcin production of human osteoblastic cells. J Biomed Mater Res 36 2 (1997) 137-144
98. Katzer A., Marquardt H., Westendorf J., Wening J.V., and von Foerster G. Polyetheretherketone-cytotoxicity and mutagenicity in vitro. Biomaterials 23 8 (2002) 1749-1759
99. Macnair R., Wilkinson R., MacDonald C., Goldie I., Jones D.B., and Grant M.H. Application of confocal laser scanning microscopy to cytocompatibility testing of potential orthopaedic materials in immortalised osteoblast-like cell lines. Cells Mater 6 1-3 (1996) 71-78
100. Scotchford C.A., Garle M.J., Batchelor J., Bradley J., and Grant D.M. Use of a novel carbon fibre composite material for the femoral stem component of a THR system: in vitro biological assessment. Biomaterials 24 26 (2003) 4871-4879
101. Jockish K.A., Brown S.A., Bauer T.W., and Merritt K. Biological response to chopped-carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK. J Biomed Mater Res 26 2 (1992) 133-146
102. Abu Bakar M.S., Cheang P., and Khor K.A. Tensile properties and microstructural analysis of spheroid hydroxyapatite-poly (etheretherketone) biocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A345 (2003) 55-63
103. Abu Bakar M.S., Cheang P., and Khor K.A. Thermal processing of hydroxyapatite reinforced polyetheretherketone composites. J Mater Process Technol 89-90 (1999) 462-466
104. Abu Bakar M.S., Cheang P., and Khor K.A. Mechanical properties of injection molded hydroxyapatite-polyetheretherketone biocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 63 (2003) 421-425
105. Petrovic L., Pohle D., Munstedt H., Rechtenwald T., Schlegel K.A., and Rupprecht S. Effect of betaTCP filled polyetheretherketone on osteoblast cell proliferation in vitro. J Biomed Sci 13 1 (2006) 41-46
106. Meenan B.J., McClorey C., and Akay M. Thermal analysis studies of poly(etheretherketone)/hydroxyapatite biocomposite mixtures. J Mater Sci Mater Med 11 8 (2000) 481-489
107. Ha S., Mayer J., Koch B., and Wintermantel E. Plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coating on carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite materials. J Mater Sci 5 (1994) 481-484
108. Ha S.W., Gisep A., Mayer J., Wintermantel E., Gruner H., and Wieland M. Topographical characterization and microstructural interface analysis of vacuum-plasma-sprayed titanium and hydroxyapatite coatings on carbon fibre-reinforced poly(etheretherketone). J Mater Sci Mater Med 8 (1997) 891-896
109. 2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 11 7 (2002) 767-786
110. Noiset O., Schneider Y.J., and Marchand-Brynaert J. Fibronectin adsorption or/and covalent grafting on chemically modified PEEK film surfaces. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 10 6 (1999) 657-677
111. Schroder K., Meyer-Plath A., Keller D., and Ohl A. On the applicability of plasma assisted chemical micropatterning to different polymeric biomaterials. Plasmas Polym 7 2 (2002) 103-125
112. Briem D., Strametz S., Schroder K., Meenen N.M., Lehmann W., Linhart W., et al. Response of primary fibroblasts and osteoblasts to plasma treated polyetheretherketone (PEEK) surfaces. J Mater Sci Mater Med 16 7 (2005) 671-677
113. Tan K.H., Chua C.K., Leong K.F., Naing M.W., and Cheah C.M. Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional poly(ether-ether-ketone)/-hydroxyapatite biocomposite scaffolds using laser sintering. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H-J Eng Med 219 3 (2005) 183-194
114. Uhthoff H.K., Poitras P., and Backman D.S. Internal plate fixation of fractures: short history and recent developments. J Orthop Sci 11 2 (2006) 118-126
115. Lane W.A. Some remarks on the treatment of fractures. Br Med J (1895) 861-863
116. Tayton K., and Bradley J. How stiff should semi-rigid fixation of the human tibia be? A clue to the answer. J Bone Jt Surg Br 65 3 (1983) 312-315
117. Tayton K., Johnson-Nurse C., McKibbin B., Bradley J., and Hastings G. The use of semi-rigid carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic plates for fixation of human fractures. Results of preliminary trials. J Bone Jt Surg Br 64 1 (1982) 105-111
118. Pemberton D.J., Evans P.D., Grant A., and McKibbin B. Fractures of the distal femur in the elderly treated with a carbon fibre supracondylar plate. Injury 25 5 (1994) 317-321
119. Pemberton D.J., McKibbin B., Savage R., Tayton K., and Stuart D. Carbon-fibre reinforced plates for problem fractures. J Bone Jt Surg Br 74 1 (1992) 88-92
120. Baker D., Kadambande S.S., and Alderman P.M. Carbon fibre plates in the treatment of femoral periprosthetic fractures. Injury 35 6 (2004) 596-598
121. Bradley J.S., Hastings G.W., and Johnson-Nurse C. Carbon fibre reinforced epoxy as a high strength, low modulus material for internal fixation plates. Biomaterials 1 1 (1980) 38-40
122. Howard C.B., Tayton K.J., and Gibbs A. The response of human tissues to carbon reinforced epoxy resin. J Bone Jt Surg Br 67 4 (1985) 656-658
123. Gillett N., Brown S.A., Dumbleton J.H., and Pool R.P. The use of short carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic plates for fracture fixation. Biomaterials 6 2 (1985) 113-121
124. Heiner A.D., Brown S.A., and Davy D.T. Effects of mechanical testing device variables on polymer composite femoral stem strains. Biomaterials 17 23 (1996) 2211-2217
125. Wintermantel E., Mayer J., Blum J., Eckert K.L., Luscher P., and Mathey M. Tissue engineering scaffolds using superstructures. Biomaterials 17 2 (1996) 83-91
126. Huang Z., and Fujihara K. Stiffness and strength design of composite bone plates. Compos Sci Technol 65 (2005) 73-85
127. Ramakrishna S., Mayer J., Wintermantel E., and Leong K. Biomedical applications of polymer-composite materials: a review. Compos Sci Technol 61 (2001) 1189-1224
128. Fujihara K., Huang Z.M., Ramakrishna S., Satknanantham K., and Hamada H. Feasibility of knitted carbon/PEEK composites for orthopedic bone plates. Biomaterials 25 17 (2004) 3877-3885
129. Fujihara K., Huang Z.M., Ramakrishna S., Satknanantham K., and Hamada H. Performance study of braided carbon/PEEK composite compression bone plates. Biomaterials 24 15 (2003) 2661-2667
130. Mendenhall S. 2005 trauma update. Orthop Network News 17 2 (2006) 15-18
131. Zura R.D., and Browne J.A. Current concepts in locked plating. J Surg Orthop Adv 15 3 (2006) 173-176
132. Papakostidis C., Grotz M.R., Papadokostakis G., Dimitriou R., and Giannoudis P.V. Femoral biologic plate fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 450 (2006) 193-202
133. Cordey J., Perren S.M., and Steinemann S.G. Stress protection due to plates: myth or reality? A parametric analysis made using the composite beam theory. Injury 31 Suppl. 3 (2000) C1-C13
134. McMillin C., 1993. Evaluation of PEKEKK composites for spine implants. In: 38th international SAMPE symposium, 1993, p. 591-8.
135. Brantigan J.W., Steffee A.D., and Geiger J.M. A carbon fiber implant to aid interbody lumbar fusion. Mechanical testing. Spine 16 6 Suppl. (1991) S277-S282
136. Brantigan J.W., and Steffee A.D. A carbon fiber implant to aid interbody lumbar fusion. Two-year clinical results in the first 26 patients. Spine 18 14 (1993) 2106-2107
137. Brantigan J.W., McAfee P.C., Cunningham B.W., Wang H., and Orbegoso C.M. Interbody lumbar fusion using a carbon fiber cage implant versus allograft bone. An investigational study in the Spanish goat. Spine 19 13 (1994) 1436-1444
138. Videbaek T.S., Christensen F.B., Soegaard R., Hansen E.S., Hoy K., Helmig P., et al. Circumferential fusion improves outcome in comparison with instrumented posterolateral fusion: long-term results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine 31 25 (2006) 2875-2880
139. Santos E.R., Goss D.G., Morcom R.K., and Fraser R.D. Radiologic assessment of interbody fusion using carbon fiber cages. Spine 28 10 (2003) 997-1001
140. Cho D.Y., Lee W.Y., and Sheu P.C. Treatment of multilevel cervical fusion with cages. Surg Neurol 62 5 (2004) 378-385 discussion 385-376
141. Cho D.Y., Lee W.Y., Sheu P.C., and Chen C.C. Cage containing a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic (Triosite) for the treatment of cervical spondylosis. Surg Neurol 63 6 (2005) 497-503 [discussion 494-503]
142. Cho D.Y., Liau W.R., Lee W.Y., Liu J.T., Chiu C.L., and Sheu P.C. Preliminary experience using a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage in the treatment of cervical disc disease. Neurosurgery 51 6 (2002) 1343-1349 [discussion 1349-1350]
143. Mastronardi L., Ducati A., and Ferrante L. Anterior cervical fusion with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cages in the treatment of degenerative disc disease. Preliminary observations in 36 consecutive cases with a minimum 12-month follow-up. Acta neurochirurgica 148 3 (2006) 307-312 [discussion 312]
144. Sekerci Z, Ugur A, Ergun R, Sanli M. Early changes in the cervical foraminal area after anterior interbody fusion with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage containing synthetic bone particulate: a prospective study of 20 cases. Neurol Res, 2006.
145. Spruit M., Falk R.G., Beckmann L., Steffen T., and Castelein R.M. The in vitro stabilising effect of polyetheretherketone cages versus a titanium cage of similar design for anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Eur Spine J 14 8 (2005) 752-758
146. Kettler A., Schmoelz W., Kast E., Gottwald M., Claes L., and Wilke H.J. In vitro stabilizing effect of a transforaminal compared with two posterior lumbar interbody fusion cages. Spine 30 22 (2005) E665-E670
147. Ferguson S.J., Visser J.M., and Polikeit A. The long-term mechanical integrity of non-reinforced PEEK-OPTIMA polymer for demanding spinal applications: experimental and finite-element analysis. Eur Spine J 15 2 (2006) 149-156
148. Bartels R.H., Donk R.D., and Feuth T. Subsidence of stand-alone cervical carbon fiber cages. Neurosurgery 58 3 (2006) 502-508 [discussion 502-508]
149. Tullberg T. Failure of a carbon fiber implant. A case report. Spine 23 16 (1998) 1804-1806
150. Togawa D., Bauer T.W., Brantigan J.W., and Lowery G.L. Bone graft incorporation in radiographically successful human intervertebral body fusion cages. Spine 26 24 (2001) 2744-2750
151. Rivard C.H., Rhalmi S., and Coillard C. In vivo biocompatibility testing of PEEK polymer for a spinal implant system: a study in rabbits. J Biomed Mater Res 62 4 (2002) 488-498
152. Senegas J. Mechanical supplementation by non-rigid fixation in degenerative intervertebral lumbar segments: the Wallis system. Eur Spine J 11 Suppl. 2 (2002) S164-S169
153. NIH Consensus Statement: Total Hip Replacement. National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference, 1994 〈http://consensus.nih.gov/〉.
154. NIH Consensus Statement: Total Knee Replacement. National Institutes of Health Technology Assessment Conference, 2003 〈http://consensus.nih.gov/〉.
155. Morscher E.W., and Dick W. Cementless fixation of "isoelastic" hip endoprostheses manufactured from plastic materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res 176 (1983) 77-87
156. Andrew T.A., Flanagan J.P., Gerundini M., and Bombelli R. The isoelastic, noncemented total hip arthroplasty. Preliminary experience with 400 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res 206 (1986) 127-138
157. Jakim I., Barlin C., and Sweet M.B. RM isoelastic total hip arthroplasty. A review of 34 cases. J Arthroplasty 3 3 (1988) 191-199
158. Homsy C.A., Cain T.E., Kessler F.B., Anderson M.S., and King J.W. Porous implant systems for prosthesis stabilization. Clin Orthop Relat Res 89 (1972) 220-235
159. Bryan W.J., McCaskill B.L., and Tullos H.S. Hip endoprosthesis stabilization with a porous low modulus stem coating: factors influencing stabilization. Clin Orthop Relat Res 157 (1981) 125-132
160. Goosen J.H., Castelein R.M., Runne W.C., Dartee D.A., and Verheyen C.C. Long-term results of a soft interface- (Proplast-) coated femoral stem. Acta Orthop 77 4 (2006) 585-590
161. Magee F.P., Weinstein A.M., Longo J.A., Koeneman J.B., and Yapp R.A. A canine composite femoral stem. An in vivo study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 235 (1988) 237-252
162. Allcock S., and Ali M.A. Early failure of a carbon-fiber composite femoral component. J Arthroplasty 12 3 (1997) 356-358
163. Spector M., Cheal E.J., Jamison R., Alter S., Madsen N., Strait L., et al. Composite materials for hip replacement prostheses. In: 22nd international SAMPE technical conference, vol. 22, 1990, p. 1119-30.
164. Huiskes R., Weinans H., and van Rietbergen B. The relationship between stress shielding and bone resorption around total hip stems and the effects of flexible materials. Clin Orthop Relat Res 274 (1992) 124-134
165. Wright T.M., and Goodman S.B. Implant wear (2001), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, Rosemont, IL
166. Maharaj G.R., and Jamison R.D. Creep testing of a composite material human hip prosthesis. In: Jamison R.D., and Gilbertson L.N. (Eds). STP 1178: composite materials for implant applications in the human body: characterization and testing (1993), ASTM, Philadelphia 86-97
167. Yildiz H., Chang F., and Goodman S. Composite hip prosthesis design, II: simulation. J Biomed Mater Res 39 (1996) 102-119
168. Yildiz H., Ha S., and Chang F. Composite hip prosthesis design, I: analysis. J Biomed Mater Res 39 (1996) 92-101
169. Srinivasan S., de Andrade J.R., Biggers Jr. S.B., and Latour Jr. R.A. Structural response and relative strength of a laminated composite hip prosthesis: effects of functional activity. Biomaterials 21 19 (2000) 1929-1940
170. Akay M., and Aslan N. Numerical and experimental stress analysis of a polymeric composite hip joint prosthesis. J Biomed Mater Res 31 2 (1996) 167-182
171. Turner T.M., Sumner D.R., Urban R.M., Igloria R., and Galante J.O. Maintenance of proximal cortical bone with use of a less stiff femoral component in hemiarthroplasty of the hip without cement. An investigation in a canine model at six months and two years. J Bone Jt Surg Am 79 9 (1997) 1381-1390
172. Harvey E.J., Bobyn J.D., Tanzer M., Stackpool G.J., Krygier J.J., and Hacking S.A. Effect of flexibility of the femoral stem on bone-remodeling and fixation of the stem in a canine total hip arthroplasty model without cement. J Bone Jt Surg Am 81 1 (1999) 93-107
173. Voss H., and Friedrich K. On the wear behaviour of short-fibre-reinforced PEEK composites. Wear 116 (1987) 1-18
174. Stolarski T.A. Tribology of polyetheretherketone. Wear 158 (1992) 71-78
175. Lu Z., and Friedrich K. On sliding friction and wear of PEEK and its composites. Wear 181-183 (1995) 624-631
176. Polineni V.K., Wang A., Essner A., Lin R., Chopra A., Stark C., et al. Characterization of carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK composite for use as a bearing material in total hip replacements (1998), ASTM, West Conshohocken
177. Howling G.I., Sakoda H., Antonarulrajah A., Marrs H., Stewart T.D., Appleyard S., et al. Biological response to wear debris generated in carbon based composites as potential bearing surfaces for artificial hip joints. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 67 2 (2003) 758-764
178. Davim J.P., Marques N., and Baptista A.M. Effect of carbon fibre reinforcement in the frictional behaviour of PEEK in a water lubricated environment. Wear 251 (2001) 1100-1104
179. Davim J.P., and Marques N. Evaluation of tribological behaviour of polymeric materials for hip prostheses application. Tribol Lett 11 2 (2001) 91-94
180. Charnley J. Tissue reaction to the polytetraflouroethyene. Lancet II (1963) 1379
181. Kurtz S.M. The UHMWPE handbook: ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in total joint replacement (2004), Academic Press, New York
182. Muratoglu O.K., and Kurtz S.M. Alternative bearing surfaces in hip replacement. In: Sinha R. (Ed). Hip replacement: current trends and controversies (2002), Marcel Dekker, New York 1-46
183. Wright T.M., Rimnac C.M., Faris P.M., and Bansal M. Analysis of surface damage in retrieved carbon fiber-reinforced and plain polyethylene tibial components from posterior stabilized total knee replacements. J Bone Jt Surg [Am] 70 9 (1988) 1312-1319
184. Wright T.M., Astion D.J., Bansal M., Rimnac C.M., Green T., Insall J.N., et al. Failure of carbon fiber-reinforced polyethylene total knee-replacement components: a report of two cases. J Bone Jt Surg [Am] 70 6 (1988) 926-932
185. Busanelli L., Squarzoni S., Brizio L., Tigani D., and Sudanese A. Wear in carbon fiber-reinforced polyethylene (poly-two) knee prostheses. Chir Organ Mov 81 3 (1996) 263-267
186. Connelly G.M., Rimnac C.M., Wright T.M., Hertzberg R.W., and Manson J.A. Fatigue crack propagation behavior of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. J Orthop Res 2 2 (1984) 119-125
187. Flöck J., Friedrich K., and Yuan Q. On the friction and wear behavior of PAN- and pitch-carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites. Wear 225-229 (1999) 304-311
188. Scholes S.C., and Unsworth A. The wear properties of CFR-PEEK-OPTIMA articulating against ceramic assessed on a multidirectional pin-on-plate machine. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H] 221 3 (2007) 281-289
189. Clarke I.C., Manaka M., Green D.D., Williams P., Pezzotti G., Kim Y.H., et al. Current status of zirconia used in total hip implants. J Bone Jt Surg Am 85-A Suppl. 4 (2003) 73-84
190. Pace N., Spurio S., and Rizzato G. Clinical trial of a new CF-PEEK acetabular insert in hip arthroplasty. Hip Int 14 2 (2004) 132-133
191. Pace N., Marinelli M., Spurio S., and Di Matteo R. Primary total hip arthroplasty with carbon fibre reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone composite acetabular cup component 36 months results. Trans Int Soc Technol Arthroplasty (ISTA) 18 (2005) P2-P6
192. Pace N., Marinelli M., and Di Matteo R. Elemental and histological analysis of a retrieved PEEK composite-ceramic bearing couple, 28 months after implantation. Trans Int Soc Technol Arthroplasty (ISTA) 18 (2005) P13
193. Manley M.T., Ong K.L., and Kurtz S.M. The potential for bone loss in acetabular structures following THA. Clin Orthop Relat Res 453 (2006) 246-253
194. Field R.E., and Rushton N. Five-year clinical, radiological and postmortem results of the Cambridge Cup in patients with displaced fractures of the neck of the femur. J Bone Jt Surg Br 87 10 (2005) 1344-1351
195. Field R.E., Cronin M.D., Singh P.J., Burtenshaw C., and Rushton N. Bone remodeling around the Cambridge cup: a DEXA study of 50 hips over 2 years. Acta Orthop 77 5 (2006) 726-732
196. Brooks R.A., Jones E., Storer A., and Rushton N. Biological evaluation of carbon-fibre-reinforced polybutyleneterephthalate (CFRPBT) employed in a novel acetabular cup. Biomaterials 25 17 (2004) 3429-3438
197. Bartel D.L., Burstein A.H., Toda M.D., and Edwards D.L. The effect of conformity and plastic thickness on contact stresses in metal-backed plastic implants. J Biomech Eng 107 3 (1985) 193-199
198. Dumbleton J., and Manley M.T. Hydroxyapatite-coated prostheses in total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Jt Surg Am 86-A 11 (2004) 2526-2540
199. Bao Q.B., Songer M., Pimenta K., Werner D., Reyes-Sanchez A., Balsano M., et al. Nubac intradiscal arthroplasty: preclinical studies and preliminary safety and efficacy evaluations. SAS J 1 1 (2007) 36-45