A quantitative study on the role of gravity waves in driving the tropical Stratospheric Semiannual Oscillation

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 112, Issue 12, 2007, Pages

  Antonita, T Maria ^a   Ramkumar, Geetha ^a   Kumar, Karanam Kishore ^a   Appu, K S ^b   Nambhoodiri, K V S ^a  

^a INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION   (India)

^b Department of Physics   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; GRAVITY WAVES; METEOROLOGICAL RADAR; METEOROLOGY; OPTICAL RADAR; UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

AIR TEMPERATURE; EASTERLY WAVE; GRAVITY WAVE; SEMIANNUAL OSCILLATION; STRATOSPHERE; WIND MEASUREMENT;

ASIA; EURASIA; GADANKI; INDIA; KERALA; SOUTH ASIA; TAMIL NADU; THIRUVANANTHAPURAM;

EID: 34547829068     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2006JD008250     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Alexander, M. J., and K. H. Rosenlof (2003), Gravity wave forcing in the stratosphere: Observational constraints from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite and implications for parameterization in global models, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D19), 4597, doi:10.1029 /2003JD003373.
2. Alexander, M. J., and R. A. Vincent (2000), Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: A model study of seasonal and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,983-17,994.
3. Amodei, M., S. Pawson, A. A. Scaife, U. Langematz, W. Lathoz D. M. Li and P. Simon (2001), The SAO and Kelvin waves in the EuroGRIPS GCMS and the UK Met, Office analyses, Ann. Geophys., 19, 99-114.
4. Beatty, T. J., C. A. Hostetler, and C. S. Gardner (1992), Lidar observations of gravity waves and their spectra near the mesopause and stratopause at Arecibo, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 477-496.
5. Beres, J. H., M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton (2004), A method of specifying the gravity wave spectrum above convection based on latent heating properties and background wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 61, 324-327.
6. Beres, J. H., R. R. Garcia, B. A. Boville, and F. Sassi (2005), Implementation of a gravity wave source spectrum parameterization dependent on the properties of convection in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10108, doi:10.109/2004JD005504.
7. Deepa, V, G. Ramkumar, and B. V. Krishna Murthy (2006), Gravity waves observed from the Equatorial Wave Studies (EWS) campaign during 1999 and 2000 and their role in the generation of stratospheric semiannual oscillations, Ann. Geophys., 24, 2481-2491.
8. Delisi, D. P., and T. J. Dunkerton (1988), Seasonal variation of the Semiannual Oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2772-2787.
9. Devarajan, M., P. R. Parameswaran, C. A. Reddy, and C. R. Reddy (1984), Accuracy of stratospheric wind measurements using chaff releases from RH-200 rockets, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 13, 48-55.
10. Dhaka, S. K., R. K. Choudhary, S. Malik, Y. Shibagaki, M. D. Yamanaka, and S. Fukao (2002), Observable signatures of a convectively generated wave field over the tropics using Indian MST radar at Gadanki (13.48°N, 79.18°E), Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(18), 1872, doi:0.1029/2002GL014745.
11. Dunkerton, T. J. (1981), On the inertial instability of the equatorial middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2354-2364.
12. Dunkerton, T. J. (1997), The role of gravity waves in the quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,053-26,076.
13. Dutta, G., B. Bapiraju, P. Balasubramanyam, and H. Aleem Basha (1990), VHF Radar observations of gravity waves at a low latitude, Ann. Geophys., 17, 1012-1019.
14. Eckermann, S., I. Hirota, and W. Hocking (1995), Gravity wave and equatorial wave morphology of the stratosphere derived from long-term rocket soundings, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 149-186.
15. Fritts, D. C., and M. J. Alexander (2003), Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere, Rev. Geophys., 41(1), 1003, doi:10.1029/2001RG000106.
16. Fritts, D. C., and R. A. Vincent (1987), Mesospheric momentum flux studies at Adelaide, Australia: Observations and a gravity wave-tidal interaction model, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 605-619.
17. Fritts, D. C., and L. Yuan (1989), Measurement of momentum fluxes near the summer mesopause at Poker Flat, Alaska, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2569-2579.
18. Fritts, D. C., T. Tsuda, T. E. Van Zandt, S. A. Smith, T. Sato, S. Fukao, and S. Kato (1990), Studies of velocity fluctuations in the lower atmosphere using the MU radar. II: Momentum fluxes and energy densities, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 51-66.
19. Garcia, R. R., T. J. Dunkerton, R. S. Lieberman, and R. A. Vincent (1997), Climatology of the semiannual oscillation of the tropical middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,019-26,032.
20. Hirota, I. (1978), Equatorial waves in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere in relation to the semi annual oscillation of the zonal wind, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 714-722.
21. Hirota, I. (1984), Climatology of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere, J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys., 46, 767-773.
22. Hitchman, M. H., and C. B. Leovy (1988), Estimation of Kelvin wave contribution to the semiannual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1462-1475.
23. Hitchman, M. H., K. W. Bywaters, D. C. Fritts, L. Coy, E. Kudeki, and F. Suruchu (1992), Mean winds and momentum fluxes over Jicamarca, Peru, during June and August 1987, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2372-2383.
24. Holton, J. R. (1975), The dynamic meteorology of the stratosphere and mesosphere, Meteorol. Mongr. Ser. vol. 37, 216 pp., Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass.
25. Holton, J. R., and W. M. Wehrbein (1980), A numerical model of the zonal mean circulation of the middle atmosphere, Pure Appl. Geophys., 118, 284-306.
26. Hopkins, R. H. (1975), Evidence of polar-tropical coupling in upper stratospheric zonal wind anomalies, J. Atmos, Sci., 32, 712-719.
27. Horinouchi, T., et al. (2003), Tropical cumulus convection and upward propagating waves in middle-atmospheric GCMs, J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 2765-2782.
28. Jackson, D. R., and L. J. Gray (1994), Simulation of the semi-annual oscillation of the equatorial middle atmosphere using the Extended UGAMP General Circulation Model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 1559-1588.
29. Krishna Murthy, B. V., K. Satheesan, K. Parameswaran, M. N. Sasi, G. Ramkumar, Y. Bhavanikumar, K. Raghunath, and M. Krishnaiah (2002), Equatorial waves in temperature in the altitude range 4 to 70 km, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 819-838.
30. Kumar, K. K. (2006), VHF radar observations of convectively generated gravity waves: Some new insights, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L01815, doi:10.1029/2005GL024109.
31. Lindzen, R. S. (1984), Gravity waves in the mesosphere, in Dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere, edited by J. R. Holton and T. Matsuno, pp. 3-18, Terra, Tokyo.
32. Mahlman, J. D.., and L. J. Umschield (1984), Dynamics of the middle atmosphere: Successes and problems of the GFDL "SKYHI" general circulation model, in Dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere, edited by J. R. Holton and T. Matsuno, pp. 501-525, Terra, Tokyo.
33. Murayama, Y., T. Tsuda, and S. Fukao (1994), Seasonal variation of gravity wave activity observed with MU radar, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 23,057-23,069.
34. Parameswaran, K., et al. (2000), Altitude profiles of temperature from 4 to 80 km over the tropics from MST Radar and Lidar, J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys., 62, 1327-1337.
35. Rajeev, K., K. Parameswaran, M. N. Sasi, G. Ramkumar, and B. V. Krishna Murthy (2003), Rayleigh lidar observations of quasi-sinusoidal waves in the tropical middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D24), 4749, doi:10.1029/2003JD003682.
36. Ramkumar, G., T. M. Antonita, Y. Bhavani Kumar, H. Venkata Kumar, and D. Narayana Rao (2006), Seasonal variation of gravity waves in the Equatorial Middle Atmosphere: Results from ISRO's Middle Atmospheric Dynamics (MIDAS) program, Ann. Geophys., 24, 2471-2480.
37. Ray, E. A., M. J. Alexander, and J. R. Holton (1998), An analysis of the structure and forcing of the equatorial SAO in zonal wind, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1759-1774.
38. Reddy, C. A., C. R. Reddy, and K. G. Mohan Kumar (1986), Zonal wind components in the stratosphere and troposphere over India, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 112, 811-823.
39. Reed, R. J. (1966), Zonal wind behavior in the equatorial stratosphere and lower mesosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 4223-4233.
40. Reid, I. M., and R. A. Vincent (1987), Measurements of mesospheric gravity wave momentum fluxes and mean flow acceleration at Adelaide, Australia, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 49, 443-460.
41. Sasi, M. N. (1994), A reference atmosphere for the Indian equatorial zone, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 23, 299-312.
42. Sasi, M. N., et al. (2003), A study of equatorial wave characteristics using rockets, balloons, lidar and radar, Adv. Space Res., 32, 813-818.
43. Sassi, F., and R. R. Garcia (1997), The role of equatorial waves forced by convection in the tropical semi-annual oscillation, J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1925-1942.
44. Sassi, F., R. R. Garcia, and B. A. Boville (1993), The stratopause semiannual oscillation in the NCAR Community Climate Model, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3608-3624.
45. Scaife, A., N. Butchart, C. Warner, and R. Swinbank (2002), Impact of a spectral gravity wave parameterization on the stratosphere in the met office, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1473-1489.
46. Sivakumar, V., P. B. Rao, and M. Krishnaiah (2003), Lidar measurements of stratosphere-mesosphere thermal structure at a low latitude: Comparison with satellite data and models, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D11), 4342, doi:10.1029/2002JD003029.
47. Sivakumar, V., P. B. Rao, and H. Bencherif (2006), Lidar observations of middle atmospheric gravity wave activity over a low-latitude site (Gadanki, 13.5°N, 79.2°E), Ann. Geophys., 24, 823-834.
48. Tsuda, T., Y. Murayama, M. Yamamoto, S. Kato, and S. Fukao (1990), Seasonal variation of momentum flux in the mesosphere observed with the MU radar, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 725-728.
49. Tsuda, T., M. Nishida, C. Rocken, and R. H. Ware (2000), A global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the GPS occultation data (GPS/MET), J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7257-7273.
50. Vincent, R. A., and M. J. Alexander (2000), Gravity waves in the tropical lower stratosphere: An observational study of seasonal and inter annual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,971-17,982.
51. Wilson, R., M. L. Chanin, and A. Hauchecorne (1991a), Gravity waves in the middle atmosphere observed by Rayleigh lidar: 1. Case studies, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 5153-5167.
52. Wilson, R., M. L. Chanin, and A. Hauchecorne (1991b), Gravity waves in the middle atmosphere observed by Rayleigh lidar: 2. Climatology, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 5169-5183.