Current studies on the progression of coronary calcification;Aktuelle studien zur progression koronarer kalzifikationen

MMW-Fortschritte der Medizin

Volumn 149, Issue 27-28 SUPPL., 2007, Pages 75-84

  Möhlenkamp, Stefan ^a,c   Schmermund, Axel ^a   Budde, Thomas ^b   Erbel, Raimund ^c  

^a CARDIOANGIOLOGISCHES CENTRUM BETHANIEN   (Germany)

^b ALFRIED KRUPP KRANKENHAUS   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ESSEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Arteriosclerosis; Coronary calcium progression; Risk stratification

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CALCIFICATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY CALCIFICATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; HEART DEATH; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; OBESITY; REVIEW;

AGE FACTORS; AGED; CALCINOSIS; CAUSE OF DEATH; CORONARY ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; DEATH, SUDDEN, CARDIAC; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; RISK; SEX FACTORS; TOMOGRAPHY, SPIRAL COMPUTED; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 34547236576     PISSN: 14383276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Wilson, P. W., D'Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., et al.: Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97 (1998), 1837-1847.
2. Assmann, G., Cullen, P., Schulte, H.: Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 105 (2002), 310-315.
3. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur. Heart. J. 24 (2003), 1601-1610.
4. Schmermund, A., Erbel, R.: New concepts of primary prevention require rethinking. Med. Klin. 96 (2001), 261-269.
5. Erbel, R., Siffert, W., Möhlenkamp, S., et al.: Prävention der KHK durch Risikostratifizierung - eine neue Sichtweise mit Konsequenzen für die Gesundheitsfürsorge. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 128 (2003), 330-336.
6. Conroy, R. M., Pyorala, K., Fitzgerald, A. P., et al.: Estimation of 10-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE Project. Eur. Heart J. 24 (2003), 987-1003.
7. Grundy, S. M., Pasternack, R., Greenland, P., et al.: AHA/ACC scientific statement: assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations. Circulation 100 (1999), 1481-1492.
8. 4S Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344 (1994), 1383-1389.
9. Sheperd, J., Cobbe, S. M., Ford, I., et al.: Prevention of coronary heart diseases with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 333 (1995), 1301-1307.
10. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur. Heart J. 24 (2003), 1601-1610.
11. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panelon detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (ATP III). 3rd Report. Circulation 106 (2002), 3143-3421.
12. Budoff, M. J., Achenbach, S., Blumenthal, R. S., et al.: Assessment of CAD by cardiac CT: A scientific statement from the AHA committee on cardiovascular imaging and intervention, council on cardiovascular radiology and intervention, and committee on cardiac imaging, council on clinical cardiology. Circulation 114 (2006), 1761-1791.
13. Naghavi, M., Falk, E., Hecht, H. S., et al.: From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient - Part III: Executive summary of the Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force Report. Am. J. Cardiol. 98 (2A) (2006), 2H-15H.
14. Falk, E.: Unstable angina with fatal outcome: dynamic coronary thrombosis leading to infarction and/or sudden death: autopsy evidence of recurrent mural thrombosis with peripheral embolization culminating in total vascular occlusion. Circulation 71 (1985), 699-708.
15. Fuster, V., Badimon, J. J., Badimon, L.: Clinical-pathological correlations of coronary disease progression and regression. Circulation 86 (Suppl. 6) (1992), III1-11.
16. Glagov, S., Weisenberg, E., Zarins, C. K., et al.: Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N. Engl. J. Med. 316 (1987), 1371-1375.
17. Virmani, R., Kolodgie, F. D., Burke, A. P., Farb, A., Schwartz, S. M.: Lessons from sudden coronary death. A comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20 (2000), 1262-1275.
18. Burke, A. P., Kolodgie, F. D., Farb, A., et al.: Healed plaque ruptures and sudden coronary death: evidence that subclinical rupture has a role in plaque progression. Circulation 103 (2001), 934-940.
19. Bostrom, K. I.: Cell differentiation in vascular calcification. Z. Kardiol. 89 (Suppl. 2) (2000), 69-74.
20. Canfield, A. E., Doherty, M. J., Wood, A. C., et al.: Role of pericytes in vascular calcification: a review. Z. Kardiol. 89 (Suppl. 2) (2000), 20-27.
21. Erbel, R., Budde, T., Kerkhoff, G., et al.: Understanding the pathophysiology of the arterial wall: which method should we choose? Electron-beam computed tomography. Eur. Heart. J. 4 (2002), F47-F53.
22. Pletcher, M. J., Tice, J. A., Pignone, M., Browner, W. S.: Using the CAC score to predict coronary heart disease events: a systematic reviewand meta-analysis. Arch. Intern. Med. 164 (2004), 1285-1292.
23. Shaw, L. J., Ragii, P., Schisterman, E., et al.: Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and CAC screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology 22 (2003), 826-833.
24. Kondos, G. T., Hoff, J. A., Sevrukov, A., et al.: Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: a 37-month follow-up of 5635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-risk adults. Circulation 107 (2003), 2571-2576.
25. Greenland, P., LaBree, L., Azen, S. P., et al.: CAC score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 291 (2004), 210-215.
26. Arad, Y., Goodman, K. J., Roth, M., et al.: Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, CRP, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46 (2005), 158-165.
27. Vliegenthart, R., Oudkerk, M., Hofmann, A., et al.: Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation 112 (2005), 572-577.
28. LaMonte, M. J., FitzGerald, S. J., Church, T. S., et al.: CAC score and CHD events in a large cohort of asymptomatic men and women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 162 (2005), 1-9.
29. Taylor, A. J., Bindeman, J., Feuerstein, I., et al.: Coronary calcium independently predicts incident premature coronary heart disease over measured cardiovascular risk factors. Mean three-year outcomes in the Prospective Army Coronary Calcium (PACC) project. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46 (2005), 807-814.
30. Waters, D., Craven, T. E., Lesperance, J.: Prognostic significance of progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 87 (1993), 1067-1075.
31. Schmermund, A., Baumgart, D., Möhlenkamp, S., et al.: Natural history and topographic pattern of progression of coronary calcification in symptomatic patients - An EBCT study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21 (2001), 421-426.
32. Birgelen, C. von, Hartmann, M., Mintz, G. S., et al.: Relation between progression and regression of atherosclerotic left main CAD and serum cholesterol levels as assessed with serial long-term (> or = 12 months) follow-up intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 108 (2003), 2757-2762.
33. Detrano, R. C., Anderson, M., Nelson, J., et al.: Coronary calcium measurements: Effect of CT scanner type and calcium measure on rescan reproducibility - MESA study. Radiology 236 (2005), 477-484.
34. Kajinami, K., Seki, H., Takekoshi, N., Mabuchi, H.: Quantification of coronary artery calcification using UFCT: reproducibility of measurements. Coron. Art. Dis. 4 (1993), 1103-1108.
35. Bielak, L. F., Kaufmann, R. B., Moll, P. P., et al.: Small lesions in the heart identified at EBCT: calcification or noise? Radiology 192 (1994), 631-636.
36. Shields, J. P., Mielke, C. H., Rockwood, T. H., et al.: Reliability of EBCT to detect coronary artery calcification. Am. J. Card. Imaging 9 (1995), 62-66.
37. Devries, S., Wolfkiel, C., Shah, V., et al.: Reproducibility of the measurement of coronary calcium with UFCT. Am. J. Cardiol. 75 (1995), 973-975.
38. Wang, S., Detrano, R. C., Seed, A., et al.: Detection of coronary calcification with EBCT: evaluation of interexamination reproducibility and comparison of three image-acquisition protocols. Am. Heart J. 132 (1996), 550-558.
39. Mao, S., Baksheshi, H., Lu, B., et al.: Effect of ECG triggering on reproducibility of coronary artery calcium scoring. Radiology 220 (2001), 707-711.
40. Achenbach, S., Ropers, D., Möhlenkamp, S., et al.: Variability of repeated coronary artery calcium measurements by EBT. Am. J. Cardiol. 87 (2001), 210-213.
41. Ohnesorge, B., Flohr, T., Fischbach, R., et al.: Reproducibility of coronary calcium quantification in repeat examinations with retrospectively ECG-gated multisection spiral CT. Eur. Radiol. 12 (2002), 1532-1540.
42. Möhlenkamp, S., Behrenbeck, T. R., Pump, H., et al.: Reproducibility of two coronary calcium quantification algorithms in patients with different degrees of calcification. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging 17 (2001), 133-142.
43. Bland, J. M., Altman, D. G.: Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Stat. Methods Med. Res. 8 (1999), 135-160.
44. Sevrukov, A. B., Bland, J. M., Kondos, G. T.: Serial EBCT measurements of CAC: has your patient's calcium score actually changed? Am. J. Roentgenol. 185 (2005), 1546-1553.
45. Raggi, P., Cooil, B., Ratti, C., et al.: Progression of CAC and occurrence of myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Hypertension 46 (2005), 238-243.
46. Hokanson, J. E., MacKenzie, T., Kinney, G., et al.: Evaluating changes in CAC: An analytic method that accounts for interscan variability. Am. J. Roentgenol. 182 (2004), 1327-1332.
47. Bielak, L. F., Sheedy, P. F., Peyser, P. A.: Coronary artery calcification measured at EBCT: agreement in dual scan runs and change over time. Radiology 218 (2001), 224-229.
48. Gopal, A., Nasir, K., Liu, S. T., et al.: Coronary calcium progression rates with a zero initial score by EBT. Intern. J. Cardiol. 117 (2007), 227-231.
49. Raggi, P., Cooil, B., Shaw, L., et al.: Progression of coronary calcium on serial EBT scanning is greater in patients with future myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 92 (2003), 827-829.
50. Raggi, P., Callister, T. Q., Shaw, L. J.: Progression of CAC and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24 (2004), 1272-1277.
51. Shemesh, J., Koren-Morag, N., Apter, S., et al.: Accelerated progression of coronary calcification: four-year follow-up in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Radiology 233 (2004), 201-209.
52. Callister, T. Q., Raggi, P., Cooil, B., et al.: Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by EBCT. N. Engl. J. Med. 339 (1998), 1972-1978.
53. Budoff, M. J., Lane, K. L., Bakhsheshi, H., et al.: Rates of progression of coronary calcium by EBT. Am. J. Cardiol. 86 (2000), 8-11.
54. Schmermund, A.: Progression of coronary calcium. Herz 26 (2001), 278-286.
55. Budoff, M. J., Raggi, P.: Coronary artery disease progression assessed by EBCT. Am. J. Cardiol. 88 (Suppl.) (2001), 46E-50E.
56. Hecht, H. S., Harman, S. M.: Comparison of the effects of atorvastatin versus simvastatin on subclinical atherosclerosis in primary prevention as determined by electron beam tomography. Am. J. Cardiol. 91 (2003), 42-45.
57. Hecht, H. S., Harman, S. M.: Relation of aggressiveness of lipid-lowering treatment to changes in calcified plaque burden by EBT. Am. J. Cardiol. 92 (2003), 334-336.
58. Budoff, M. J., Yu, D., Nasir, K., et al.: Diabetes and progression of coronary calcium under the influence of statin therapy. Am. Heart J. 149 (2005), 695-700.
59. Achenbach, S., Ropers, D., Pohle, K., et al.: Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of CAC: a prospective evaluation. Circulation 106 (2002), 1077-1082.
60. Raggi, P., Davidson, M., Callister, T. Q., et al.: Aggressive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Beyond endorsed lipid lowering with EBT scanning (BELLES). Circulation 112 (2005), 563-571.
61. Arad, Y., Spadaro, L. A., Roth, M., et al.: Treatment of asymptomatic adults with elevated coronary calcium scores with atorvastatin, vitamin C, and vitamin E. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 46 (2005), 166-172.
62. Schmermund, A., Achenbach, S., Budde, T., et al.: Intensive dose atorvastatin therapy does not attenuate the progression of coronary calcification compared with standard dose atorvastatin therapy over twelve months: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation 113 (2006), 427-437.
63. Houslay, E. S., Cowell, S. J., Prescott, R. J., et al. on behalf of the Scottish Aortic Stenosis and Lipid Lowering Therapy, Impact on Regression (SALTIRE) Trial Investigators: Progressive coronary calcification despite intensive lipid-lowering treatment: a randomised controlled trial. Heart 92 (2006), 1207-1212.
64. Kronmal, R. A., McClelland, R. L., Detrano, R. et al.: Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 115 (2007), 2722-2730.
65. Snell-Bergeon, J. K., Hokanson, J. E., Jensen, L., et al.: Progression of CAC in type 1 diabetes: The importance of glycemic control. Diabetes Care 26 (2003), 2923-2928.
66. Cassidy, A. E., Bielak, L. F., Zhou, Y., et al.: Progression of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. Does obesity make a difference? Circulation 111 (2005), 1877-1882.
67. Tan, S., Hahn, S., Janssen, O. E.: Insulin resistance syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome: implications for diagnosis and treatment. Panminerva Med. 48 (2006), 211-217.
68. Talbott, E. O., Zborowski, J. V., Rager, J. R., et al.: Predictors of progression of CAC in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Am. Heart Assoc. 2006 (abstract).
69. Braun, J., Oldendorf, M., Moshage, W., et al.: EBCT in the evaluation of cardiac calcification in chronic dialysis patients. Am. J. Kidn. Dis. 27 (1996), 394-401.
70. Goodman, W. G., Goldin, J., Kuizon, B. D., et al.: Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (2000), 1478-1483.
71. Raggi, P., Boulay, A., Chasan-Tabr, S., et al.: Cardiac calcification in adult hemodialysis patients. A link between end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular disease? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39 (2002), 695-701.
72. Merjanian, R., Budoff, M., Adler, S., et al.: Coronary artery, aortic wall and valvular calcification in non-dialyzed patients with type 2 diabetes and renal disease. Kidney Int. 64 (2003), 263-271.
73. Mehrotra, R., Budoff, M. J., Christenson, P., et al.: Determinants of CAC in diabetics with and without nephropathy. Kidney Int. 66 (2004), 2022-2031.
74. Fox, C. S., Larson, M. G., Keyes, M. J., et al.: Kidney function is inversely associated with CAC in men and women free of cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study. Kidney Int. 66 (2004), 2017-2021.
75. Chertow, G. M., Burke, S. K., Raggi, P.: Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 62 (2002), 245-252.
76. Nitta, K., Akiba, T., Suzuki, H., et al.: Effects of cyclic intermittent etidronate therapy on coronary artery calcification in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 44 (2004), 680-688.
77. Mehrotra, R., Budoff, M. J., Hokanson, J. E., et al.: Progression of coronary artery calcification in diabetics with and without chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 68 (2005), 1258-1266.
78. Valmadrid, C. T., Klein, R., Moss, S. E., et al.: The risk of cardiovascular disease mortality associated with microalbuminuria and gross proteinuria in persons with older-onset diabetes mellitus. Arch. Intern. Med. 160 (2000), 1093-1100.
79. Tamashiro, M., Iseki, K., Sunagawa, O., et al.: Significant association between the progression of CAC and dyslipidemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 38 (2001), 64-69.
80. Stompor, T., Pasowisz, M., Sulowisz, W., et al.: Trends and dynamics of changes in calcification score over the 1-year observation period in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 44 (2004), 517-528.
81. Rasouti, M. L., Nasir, K., Blumenthal, R. S., et al.: Plasma homocysteine predicts progression of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 181 (2005), 159-165.
82. Budoff, M. J., Takasu, J., Flores, F. R., et al.: Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using aged garlic extract in patients receiving statin therapy: a preliminary study. Prev. Med. 39 (2004), 985-991.
83. Motro, M., Shemesh, J.: Calcium channel blocker nifedipine slows down progression of coronary calcification in hypertensive patients compared with diuretics. Hypertension 37 (2001), 1410-1413.
84. Nicholls, S. J., Tuzcu, E. M., Wolski, K., et al.: Coronary artery calcification and changes in atheroma burden in response to established medical therapies. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 49 (2007), 263-270.
85. Bild, D. E., Bluemke, D. A., Burke, G. L., et al.: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: Objectives and Design. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156 (2002), 871-881.
86. Möhlenkamp, S., Moebus, S., Schmermund, A., et al. für die Heinz Nixdorf Recall Studiengruppe: Analyse des natürlichen Verlaufs der Koronargefäßverkalkung und Identifizierung ihrer Determinanten - Rationale des 2. Teils der Heinz Nixdorf Recall Studie. Herz 32 (2007), 108-120.