Sex hormone replacement therapy and modulation of vascular function in cardiovascular disease

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 777-789

  Koledova, Vera V ^a   Khalil, Raouf A ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcium; Coronary artery disease; Endothelium; Estrogen; Hypertension; Nitric oxide; Progesterone; Testosterone; Vascular smooth muscle

Indexed keywords

CELERIN; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN PLUS MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; COUMESTROL; DAIDZEIN; DIETHYLSTILBESTROL; EQUOL; ESTRADIOL; ESTRADIOL BENZOATE; ESTRADIOL CIPIONATE; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; ESTRIOL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; ESTRONE SULFATE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS LEVONORGESTREL; GENISTEIN; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; GYNODIOL; IDOXIFENE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MIFEPRISTONE; PHYTOESTROGEN; PREMPAC; PREMPAK; PROGESTERONE; RALOXIFENE; SEX HORMONE; STEROL DERIVATIVE; TAMOXIFEN; TESTOSTERONE; TOREMIFENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ATHEROGENESIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BIOTRANSFORMATION; BREAST CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CYTOSKELETON; DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; ESTROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; ESTROGEN THERAPY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FIRST PASS EFFECT; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GINKGO BILOBA; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; LIVER METABOLISM; LOW DRUG DOSE; MENOPAUSAL SYNDROME; MODULATION; MONOTHERAPY; NONHUMAN; POSTMENOPAUSE; PREMENOPAUSE; PREVALENCE; RED CLOVER; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASODILATATION; WOMEN'S HEALTH; YAM;

ANIMALS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CYTOSKELETON; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS; ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED (USP); ETHINYL ESTRADIOL; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; MENOPAUSE; MITOCHONDRIA; POSTMENOPAUSE; PROGESTERONE; PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES; TESTOSTERONE; VASODILATION;

EID: 34447309302     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: 17448344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.4.777     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Orshal JM, Khalil RA. Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 286, R233-R249 (2004).
2. Mendelsohn ME. Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature. Am. J. Cardiol. 90, 3F-6F (2002).
3. Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences. Science 308, 1583-1587 (2005).
4. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE et al. Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 335, 453-461 (1996).
5. Rosano GM, Sarrel PM, Poole-Wilson PA et al. Beneficial effect of oestrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in women with coronary artery disease. Lancet 342, 133-136 (1993).
6. Dubey RK, Imthurn B, Zacharia LC et al. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: what went wrong and where do we go from here? Hypertension 44, 789-795 (2004).
7. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy. Heart and estrogen/ progestin replacement study follow up (HERS II). JAMA 288, 49-57 (2002).
8. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 280, 605-613 (1998).
9. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the women's health initiative radomized controlled trial. JAMA 288, 321-333 (2002).
10. Herrington DM, Reboussin DM, Klein KP et al. The estrogen replacement and atherosclerosis (ERA) study: study design and baseline characteristics of the cohort. Control Clin. Trials 21, 257-285 (2000).
11. Register TC, Adams MR, Golden DL et al. Conjugated equine estrogens alone, but not in combination with medroxyprogesterone acetate, inhibit aortic connective tissue remodeling after plasma lipid lowering in female monkeys. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18, 1164-1171 (1998).
12. Head KA. Estriol: safety and efficacy. Altern. Med. Rev. 3, 101-113 (1998).
13. Beck V, Rohr U, Jungbauer A. Phytoestrogens derived from red clover: an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy? J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 94, 499-518 (2005).
14. Koh KK, Shin MS, Sakuma I et al. Effects of conventional or lower doses of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24, 1516-1521 (2004).
15. Ho JY, Chen MJ, Sheu WH et al. Differential effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen on atherosclerotic vascular disease risk markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Hum. Reprod. 21, 2715-2720 (2006).
16. Zhu Y, Bian Z, Lu P et al. Abnormal vascular function and hypertension in mice deficient in estrogen receptor β. Science 295, 505-508 (2002).
17. Figtree G, McDonald D, Watkins H et al. Truncated estrogen receptor α 46-kDa isoform in human endothelial cells. Circulation 107, 120-126 (2003).
18. Flouriot G, Griffin C, Kenealy M et al. Differentially expressed messenger RNA isoforms of the human estrogen receptor-α gene are generated by alternative splicing and promoter usage. Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 1939-1954 (1998).
19. Wynne FL, Payne JA, Cain AE et al. Age-related reduction in estrogen receptor-mediated mechanism of vascular relaxation in female spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 43, 405-412 (2004).
20. Bolego C, Vegeto E, Pinna C et al. Selective agonists of estrogen receptor isoforms: new perspectives for cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 26, 2192-2199 (2006).
21. Tsang SY, Yao X, Chan FL et al. Estrogen and tamoxifen modulate cerebrovascular tone in ovariectomized female rats. Hypertension 44, 78-82 (2004).
22. Sun J, Huang YR, Harrington WR et al. Antagonists selective for estrogen receptor α. Endocrinology 143, 941-947 (2002).
23. Mosca L, Barrett-Connor E, Wenger NK et al. Design and methods of the Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) study. Am. J. Cardiol. 88, 392-395 (2001).
24. Barrett-Connor E, Mosca L, Collins P et al. Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) Trial Investigators. Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 125-137 (2006).
25. Sun J, Meyers MJ, Fink BE et al. Novel ligands that function as selective estrogens or antiestrogens for estrogen receptor-α or estrogen receptor-β. Endocrinology 140, 800-804 (1999).
26. Harrington WR, Sheng S, Barnett DH et al. Activities of estrogen receptor α- and β-selective ligands at diverse estrogen responsive gene sites mediating transactivation or transrepression. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 206, 13-22 (2003).
27. Dubey RK, Gillespie DG, Imthurn B et al. Phytoestrogens inhibit growth and MAP kinase activity in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 33, 177-182 (1999).
28. Barchiesi F, Jackson EK, Gillespie DG et al. Methoxyestradiols mediate estradiol-induced antimitogenesis in human aortic SMCs. Hypertension 39, 874-879 (2002).
29. 2+ entry mechanisms of coronary vasoconstriction. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19, 1034-1040 (1999).
30. Kauser K, Rubanyi GM. Gender difference in endothelial dysfunction in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 25, 517-523 (1995).
31. Chen Z, Yuhanna IS, Galcheva-Gargova Z et al. Estrogen receptor a mediates the nongenomic activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by estrogen. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 401-406 (1999).
32. Pare G, Krust A, Karas RH et al. Estrogen receptor-α mediates the protective effects of estrogen against vascular injury. Circ. Res. 90, 1087-1092 (2002).
33. Kublickiene K, Svedas E, Landgren BM et al. Small artery endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women: in vitro function, morphology, and modification by estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 6113-6122 (2005).
34. Darblade B, Pendaries C, Krust A et al. Estradiol alters nitric oxide production in the mouse aorta through the α, but not β. estrogen receptor. Circ. Res. 90, 413-419 (2002).
35. Nilsson BO, Ekblad E, Heine T et al. Increased magnitude of relaxation to oestrogen in aorta from oestrogen receptor β knock-out mice. J. Endocrinol. 166, R5-R9 (2000).
36. Widder J, Pelzer T, von Poser-Klein C et al. Improvement of endothelial dysfunction by selective estrogen receptor-α stimulation in ovariectomized SHR. Hypertension 42, 991-996 (2003).
37. Chambliss KL, Yuhanna IS, Anderson RG et al. ERβ has nongenomic action in caveolae. Mol. Endocrinol. 16, 938-946 (2002).
38. Forte P, Kneale BJ, Milne E et al. Evidence for a difference in nitric oxide biosynthesis between healthy women and men. Hypertension 32, 730-734 (1998).
39. 2+-independent activation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase/Hsp90 involving ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation in human endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 27335-27345 (2006).
40. Haynes MP, Sinha D, Russell KS et al. Membrane estrogen receptor engagement activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase via the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway in human endothelial cells. Circ. Res. 87, 677-682 (2000).
41. Hernandez I, Delgado JL, Diaz J et al. 17β-estradiol prevents oxidative stress and decreases blood pressure in ovariectomized rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279, R1599-R1605 (2000).
42. Barber DA, Miller VM. Gender differences in endothelium-dependent relaxations do not involve NO in porcine coronary arteries. Am. J. Physiol. 273, H2325-H2332 (1997).
43. Egan KM, Lawson JA, Fries S et al. COX-2-derived prostacyclin confers atheroprotection on female mice. Science 306, 1954-1957 (2004).
44. Bilsel AS, Moini H, Tetik E et al. 17β-estradiol modulates endothelin-1 expression and release in human endothelial cells. Cardiovasc. Res. 46, 579-584 (2000).
45. Dubey RK, Jackson EK, Keller PJ et al. Estradiol metabolites inhibit endothelin synthesis by an estrogen receptor-independent mechanism. Hypertension 37, 640-644 (2001).
46. David FL, Carvalho MH, Cobra AL et al. Ovarian hormones modulate endothelin-1 vascular reactivity and mRNA expression in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Hypertension 38, 692-696 (2001).
47. Collins P, Rosano GM, Sarrel PM et al. 17β-estradiol attenuates acetylcholine-induced coronary arterial constriction in women but not men with coronary heart disease. Circulation 92, 24-30 (1995).
48. Nickenig G, Strehlow K, Wassmann S et al. Differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on AT1 receptor gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 102, 1828-1833 (2000).
49. Dean SA, Tan J, O'Brien ER et al. 17β-estradiol downregulates tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme and ang II type 1 receptor in female rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 288, R759-R766 (2005).
50. Salamanca DA, Khalil RA. Protein kinase C isoforms as specific targets for modulation of vascular smooth muscle function in hypertension. Biochem. Pharmacol. 70, 1537-1547 (2005).
51. l in vascular smooth muscle cells of female rat. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 278, C834-C844 (2000).
52. l during inhibition of coronary smooth muscle contraction by 17β-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 291, 44-52 (1999).
53. 2+ efflux from female porcine coronary arterial smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 276, H926-H934 (1999).
54. Kanashiro CA, Khalil RA. Gender-related distinctions in protein kinase C activity in rat vascular smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 280, C34-C45 (2001).
55. Somlyo AP, Somlyo AV. Signal transduction by G-proteins, rho-kinase and protein phosphatase to smooth muscle and non-muscle myosin II. J. Physiol. 522, 177-185 (2000).
56. Lee DL, Webb RC, Jin L. Hypertension and RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling in the vasculature: highlights from the recent literature. Hypertension 44(6), 796-799 (2004).
57. Noma K, Oyama N, Liao JK. Physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 290, C661-C668 (2006).
58. Chrissobolis S, Budzyn K, Marley PD et al. Evidence that estrogen suppresses rho-kinase function in the cerebral circulation in vivo. Stroke 35, 2200-2205 (2004).
59. Simoncini T, Scorticati C, Mannella P et al. Estrogen receptor α interacts with Gα13 to drive actin remodeling and endothelial cell migration via the RhoA/Rho kinase/moesin pathway. Mol. Endocrinol. 20, 1756-1771 (2006).
60. Cid MC, Esparza J, Schnaper HW et al. Estradiol enhances endothelial cell interactions with extracellular matrix proteins via an increase in integrin expression and function. Angiogenesis 3, 271-280 (1999).
61. Wingrove CS, Garr E, Godsland IF et al. 17β-oestradiol enhances release of matrix metalloproteinase-2 from human vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1406, 169-174 (1998).
62. Gao H, Liang M, Bergdahl A et al. Estrogen attenuates vascular expression of inflammation associated genes and adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells. Inflamm. Res. 55, 349-353 (2006).
63. Geraldes P, Gagnon S, Hadjadj S et al. Estradiol blocks the induction of CD40 and CD40L expression on endothelial cells and prevents neutrophil adhesion: an ER α-mediated pathway. Cardiovasc. Res. 71, 566-573 (2006).
64. Arenas IA, Armstrong SJ, Xu Y et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular angiotensin II in estrogen-deficient rats. Hypertension 48, 497-503 (2006).
65. Arnal JF, Gourdy P, Elhage R et al. Estrogens and atherosclerosis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 150, 113-117 (2004).
66. Duckles SP, Krause DN, Stirone C et al. Estrogen and mitochondria: a new paradigm for vascular protection? Mol. Interv. 6, 26-35 (2006).
67. Mikkola TS, Clarkson TB. Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function. Cardiovasc. Res. 53, 605-619 (2002).
68. Naftolin F, Taylor HS, Karas R et al. The Women's Health Initiative could not have detected cardioprotective effects of starting hormone therapy during the menopausal transition. Fertil. Steril. 81, 1498-1501 (2004).
69. Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE et al. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 166, 357-365 (2006).
70. Harman SM, Brinton EA, Cedars M et al. KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study. Climacteric 8, 3-12 (2005).
71. Minshall RD, Pavcnik D, Browne DL et al. Nongenomic vasodilator action of progesterone on primate coronary arteries. J. Appl. Physiol. 92, 701-708 (2002).
72. Wassmann K, Wassmann S, Nickenig G. Progesterone antagonizes the vasoprotective effect of estrogen on antioxidant enzyme expression and function. Circ. Res. 97, 1046-1054 (2005).
73. Sunday L, Tran MM, Krause DN et al. Estrogen and progestagens differentially modulate vascular proinflammatory factors. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 291, E261-E267 (2006).
74. Adams MR, Register TC, Golden DL et al. Medroxyprogesterone acetate antagonizes inhibitory effects of conjugated equine estrogens on coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 17, 217-221, (1997).
75. Wynne FL, Khalil RA. Testosterone and coronary vascular tone: implications in coronary artery disease. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 26, 181-186 (2003).
76. + channel activation. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 2742-2750 (2001).
77. Honda H, Unemoto T, Kogo H. Different mechanisms for testosterone-induced relaxation of aorta between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 34, 1232-1236 (1999).
78. Norata GD, Tibolla G, Seccomandi PM et al. Dihydrotestosterone decreases tumor necrosis factor-α and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human endothelial cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91, 546-554 (2006).
79. Song D, Arikawa E, Galipeau D et al. Androgens are necessary for the development of fructose-induced hypertension. Hypertension 43, 667-672 (2004).
80. Reckelhoff JF. Sex steroids, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension: unanswered questions and some speculations. Hypertension 45, 170-174 (2005).
81. Montague CR, Hunter MG, Gavrilin MA et al. Activation of estrogen receptor-α reduces aortic smooth muscle differentiation. Circ. Res. 99, 477-84 (2006).
82. Zhai P, Eurell TE, Cooke PS et al. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in estrogen receptor-knockout and wild-type mice. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 278, H1640-H1647 (2000).
83. Wang M, Crisostomo P, Wairiuko GM et al. Estrogen receptor-α mediates acute myocardial protection in females. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 290, H2204-H2209 (2006).
84. Hinojosa-Laborde C, Craig T, Zheng W et al. Ovariectomy augments hypertension in aging female Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertension 44, 405-409 (2004).
85. Khalil RA. Sex hormones, vascular function and the outcome of hormone replacement therapy in cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol. 3(3), 283-300 (2007).