Retrieving the imperial: Empire and international relations

Millennium: Journal of International Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 109-127

  Barkawi, Tarak ^a   Laffey, Mark ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141902508     PISSN: 03058298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/03058298020310010601     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
2. The quote is from Malcolm Bull, 'You Can't Build a New Society with a Stanley Knife', London Review of Books 23, no. 19 (2001), [www.lrb.co.uk/v23/ n19/bull2319.htm] (29 April 2002).
3. But see Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin, 'Gems and Baubles in Empire', Historical Materialism, forthcoming.
4. Published in March, 2000, Empire has sold 52,865 copies (as of March 18, 2002) and was being translated into 10 languages; compare with Alexander Wendt's Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), which has sold 5760 copies, and the Cambridge University Press International Relations Series (75 titles) approximately 160,000 copies, according to marketing staff at Harvard and Cambridge.
5. See, for instance, Paolo Virno and Michael Hardt, eds., Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
6. Hardt and Negri, Empire, xii.
7. Yongjin Zhang, 'System, Empire and State in Chinese International Relations', Review of International Studies 27, special issue (2001): 43.
8. Michael Cox, Tim Dunne, and Ken Booth, 'Introduction: Empires, Systems and States: Great Transformations in International Polities', Review of International Studies 27, special issue (2001): 6-7, emphasis in original.
9. John Agnew and Stuart Corbridge, Mastering Space: Hegemony, Territory and International Political Economy (London: Routledge, 1995), Chapter 4.
10. Stephen D. Krasner, 'Rethinking the Sovereign State Model', Review of International Studies 27, special issue (2001): 17.
11. Andreas Osiander, 'Before Sovereignty: Society and Politics in Ancien. Regime Europe', Review of International Studies 27, special issue (2001): 119.
12. Krasner, 'Rethinking the Sovereign State Model', 17.
13. Martin Shaw provides one set of answers to this question in his Theory of the Global State: Globality as Unfinished Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
14. Agnew and Corbridge, Mastering Space, 94.
15. Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London: Verso, 1993).
16. See, for instance, Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization 46, 2 (1992): 391-425.
17. On isomorphism, see Arjun Appadurai, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1996).
18. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, 49.
19. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, Ibid., 45.
20. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 120-24.
21. See also Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1944).
22. See, for instance, C.L.R. James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint l'Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution (New York: Random House, 1963).
23. See, for instance, Siba N. Grovogui, 'Postcolonial Criticism: International Reality and Modes of Inquiry', in Power, Postcolonialism and International Relations: Reading Race, Gender and Class, eds. Geeta Chowdhry and Sheila Nair (London: Routledge, 2002), 33-55.
24. Appadurai, Modernity at Large, Chapter 5.
25. See, for instance, John Comaroff and Jean Comaroff, Ethnography and the Historical Imagination (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992)
26. and Brace Cumings, Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations at the End of the Century (Chapel Hill, NC: Duke University Press, 1999).
27. See, for instance, Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence (Boston: Little and Brown, 1977)
28. and David Held et al., Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999).
29. Quoted in Emily Eakin, 'What is the Next Big Idea? Buzz is Growing for "Empire"', New York Times, 7 July 2001 [http://www.pastforward.org/ hardt/ nytimes.1.rtf] (2 May 2002). In IR, Empire is usefully compared with the work of Michael Dillon and Julian Reid.
30. See, for instance, their 'Global Liberal Governance: Biopolitics, Security and War', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 30, no. 1 (2001): 41-66.
31. Compare, for instance, with Robert Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10, no. 2 (1981): 126-55
32. and Neil Brenner, 'Beyond State-Centrism? Space, Territoriality, and Geographical Scale in Globalization Studies', Theory and Society 28, no. 1 (1999): 39-78.
33. See R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
34. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 224-25.
35. Capital 'constantly operates through the reconfiguration of the boundaries of the inside and the outside. Indeed, capital does not function within the confines of a fixed territory and population, but always overflows its borders and internalizes new spaces'; in Hardt and Negri, Empire, ibid., 221-22.
36. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 332-33.
37. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 307.
38. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 307-08.
39. See also Bob Jessop, 'Post-Fordism and the State', inPost-Fordism: A Reader, ed. Ash Amin (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1994), 251-79.
40. Hardt and Negri, Empire, xi-xii, 333, emphasis in original.
41. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 333.
42. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 166-67.
43. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 332-36, 198; see also 466-67 n.4.
44. See, respectively, Robert Brenner, 'The Economics of Global Turbulence', New Left Review, no. 229 (1998): 1-265
45. and Randall Germain, The International Organization of Credit: States and Global Finance in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
46. This is the autonomist influence in Empire. See, for instance, Alex Callinicos, 'Toni Negri in Perspective', International Socialism Journal 92, (2001) [www.isj1text.ble.org.uk/pubs/isj92] (2 May 2002).
47. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 30.
48. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 76-77.
49. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 43.
50. Heikki Patomäki, After International Relations: Critical Realism and the (Re)Construction of World Politics (London: Routledge, 2002), 70. Most constructivist work can be located in one or the other of these camps.
51. See, for instance, Antonio Callari and David Ruccio, eds., Postmodern Materialism and the Future of Marxist Theory, (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1996)
52. and Fredric Jameson and Masao Miyoshi, eds., The Cultures of Globalization, (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998).
53. For instance, compare this with Robert Cox, 'Social Forces, States, and World Orders'.
54. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 22-42.
55. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919-1939, 2d ed., (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), 145.
56. Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches and Bases: A Feminist Introduction to International Relations (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1989), 197.
57. Ahiwa Ong, Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999).
58. Compare with Hardt and Negri, Empire, 190-95.
59. Jacqui True, 'Expanding Markets and Marketing Gender: The Integration of the Post-Socialist Czech Republic", Review of International Political Economy 6, no. 3 (1999): 360-89.
60. Gender is almost entirely absent in Empire, although see Hardt and Negri, Empire, 171.
61. See, for instance, Jutta Weldes et al., eds., Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities and the Production of Danger (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
62. Miriam R. Jackson, 'The Kent State Legacy and "The Business at Hand"', in Kent State/May 4: Echoes Through a Decade, ed. Scott L. Bills (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1988), 177-86.
63. On Vietnam as an imperial war, see for instance, Bruce Cumings, 'The Wicked Witch of the West is Dead: Long Live the Wicked Witch of the East', in The End of the Cold War: Its Meaning and Implications, ed. Michael J. Hogan, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 87-101.
64. Jutta Weldes and Mark Laffey, 'Learning to Live with US Imperialism and Its Discontents: The Politics of Public Memory at Kent State, 1970-2001' (paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, 24-27 March 2002).
65. Scott L. Bills, 'Empire, Imaginative Geography, and the May 4th Movement', Peace and Change 21, no. 2 (1996): 202.
66. Kai Bird and Lawrence Lifschultz, eds., Hiroshima's Shadow: Writings on the Denial of History and the Smithsonian Controversy, (Stony Creek, CM: The Pamphleteer's Press, 1998)
67. and Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire (London: Little, Brown & Co., 2000).
68. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 70.
69. Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
70. For instance, David Held, Democracy and the Global Order: From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
71. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson, The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).
72. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 115.
73. See also Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
74. See, for instance, Roxanne Lynn Doty, 'The Bounds of "Race" in International Relations', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 22, no. 3 (1993): 443-61.
75. Gilroy, The Black Atlantic, Chapter 2.
76. See also Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World (London: Verso, 2001).
77. Barry Buzan and Richard Little, 'Reconceptualizing Anarchy: Structural Realism Meets World History', European Journal of International Relations 2, no. 4 (1996): 403-38. Compare with Hardt and Negri, Empire, xii.
78. See, for instance, David Williams, 'Aid and Sovereignty: Quasi-States and the International Financial Institutions', Review of International Studies 26, no. 4 (2000): 557-73.
79. See James Petras, 'Empire with Imperialism' [www.rebelion.org/petras/ english/negri010102.htm] (29 April 2002) and Panitch and Gindin, 'Gems and Baubles'.
80. Said quoted in Hardt and Negri, Empire, 146.
81. Hardt and Negri mention but never discuss international finance; compare with Peter Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington's Faustian Bid for World Dominance (London: Verso, 1999).
82. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 180-82.
83. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., Section 2.5.
84. Hardt and Negri, Empire, Ibid., 179.
85. Ronald H. Spector, After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam (New York: The Free Press, 1993).
86. William Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
87. See Tarak Barkawi and Mark Laffey, 'The Imperial Peace: Democracy, Force and Globalization', European Journal of International Relations 5, no. 4 (1999): 403-34.
88. See, for instance, Martin Shaw, 'The State of Globalization', Review of International Political Economy 4, no. 3 (1997): 497-513.
89. See Anthony Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981): 122-26.
90. Compare with Hardt and Negri, Empire, 229-31.
91. See, for instance, Martin van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: The Free Press, 1991).
92. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 345.
93. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 345. Ibid.
94. Emily Eakin, '"It Takes an Empire," Say Several US Thinkers', International Herald Tribune, 2 April 2002, 1, 9.
95. Emily Eakin, International Herald Tribune, Quoted in ibid., 1.
96. William Appleman Williams, 'The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Polity', Pacific Historical Review 24, (1955): 379-95.
97. Hardt and Negri, Empire, 160, 163.
98. See also Daniel T. Rodgers, 'Exceptionalism', in Imagined Histories: American Historians Interpret the Past, eds. Anthony Molho and Gordon S. Wood (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998): 21-40.
99. But see the passing reference to Native American genocide and slavery in Hardt and Negri, Empire, 177.
100. Compare with John G. Ikenberry, 'American Power and the Empire of Capitalist Democracy', Review of International Studies 27, special issue (2001): 191-212.
101. Stanley Hoffman, 'An American Social Science: International Relations', Daedalus 106, no. 3 (1977): 41-60
102. and Steve Smith, 'The Discipline of International Relations: Still an American Social Science?', British Journal of Politics and International Relations 2, no. 3 (2000): 374-402.
103. Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987), Chapter 2.
104. Slavoj Zizek quoted in Eakin, 'What is The Next Big Idea?'.