Immune response to MMTV Infection

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 12, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 1594-1609

  Acha Orbea, Hans ^a   Shakhov, Alexander N ^a   Finke, Daniela ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

B cell; Cancer; Germinal center; Infection; Integration; Mouse strain; Neutralization; Provide a number of key words for indexing purposes.MMTV; Review; Superantigen; T cell; T cell receptor; Transmission

Indexed keywords

MOUSE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS;

EID: 34249801484     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/2172     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Brodsky, F. M.: Stealth, sabotage and exploitation. Immunol Rev, 168, 5-11 (1999)
2. Crisp, D. Transpl Proc Soc London, 5, 348 (1854)
3. Staff of the Roscoe B Jackson Memorial Laboratory: The existence of nonchromosomal influence in the incidence of mammary tumors in mice. Science, 78, 465-466 (1933)
4. Bittner, J. J.: Some possible effects on nursing on the mammary gland tumor incidence in mice. Science, 34, 162 (1936)
5. Bernhard, W.: Electron microscopy of tumor cells and tumor viruses. A review. Cancer Res, 18, 491-509 (1958)
6. Tsubura, A., M. Inaba, S. Imai, A. Murakami, N. Oyaizu, R. Yasumizu, Y. Ohnishi, H. Tanaka, S. Morii & S. Ikehara: Intervention of T-cells in transportation of mouse mammary tumor virus (milk factor) to mammary gland cells in vivo. Cancer Res, 48, 6555-9 (1988)
7. Acha-Orbea, H.: Superantigens of mouse mammary tumour virus: implications for diabetes? Diabetes Metab Rev, 12, 111-9 (1996)
8. Acha-Orbea, H., D. Finke, A. Attinger, S. Schmid, N. Wehrli, S. Vacheron, I. Xenarios, L. Scarpellino, K. M. Toellner, I. C. MacLennan & S. A. Luther: Interplays between mouse mammary tumor virus and the cellular and humoral immune response, Immunol Rev, 168, 287-303 (1999)
9. Luther, S. A. & H. Acha-Orbea: Mouse mammary tumor virus: immunological interplays between virus and host. Adv Immunol, 65, 139-243 (1997)
10. Bentveltzen, P. & J. Hilgers: Murine mammary tumors. In: Viral oncology. Ed: G. Klein. Raven Press, New York (1980)
11. Nandi, N. & C. M. McGrath: Mammary neoplasms in mice. Adv. Cancer Res., 17, 353-414 (1973)
12. Coffin, J. M.: Retroviridae and their replication. In: Virology. Eds: B. N. Fields&D. M. Knipe. Raven Press, New York (1996)
13. Held, W., G. A. Waanders, A. N. Shakhov, L. Scarpellino, H. Acha-Orbea & H. R. MacDonald: Superantigen-induced immune stimulation amplifies mouse mammary tumor virus infection and allows virus transmission. Cell, 74, 529-40 (1993)
14. Vacheron, S., S. A. Luther & H. Acha-Orbea: Preferential infection of immature dendritic cells and B cells by mouse mammary tumor virus. J Immunol, 168, 3470-6 (2002)
15. Mustafa, F., M. Lozano & J. P. Dudley: C3H mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen function requires a splice donor site in the envelope gene. J Virol, 74, 9431 -40 (2000)
16. Indik, S., W. H. Gunzburg, B. Salmons & F. Rouault: A novel, mouse mammary tumor virus encoded protein with Rev-like properties. Virology, 337, 1-6 (2005)
17. Held, W., A. N. Shakhov, S. Izui, G. A. Waanders, L. Scarpellino, H. R. MacDonald & H. Acha-Orbea: Superantigen-reactive CD4+ T cells are required to stimulate B cells after infection with mouse mammary tumor virus. J Exp Med, 111, 359-66 (1993)
18. Imai, S., J. Morimoto, Y. Tsubura, Y. Iwai, M. Okumoto, Y. Takamori, A. Tsubura & J. Hilgers: Tissue and organ distribution of mammary tumor virus antigens in low and high mammary cancer strain mice. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol, 19, 1011-9 (1983)
19. Waanders, G. A., A. N. Shakhov, W. Held, O. Karapetian, H. Acha-Orbea & H. R. MacDonald: Peripheral T cell activation and deletion induced by transfer of lymphocyte subsets expressing endogenous or exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus. J Exp Med, 177, 1359-66 (1993)
20. Wajjwalku, W., M. Takahashi, O. Miyaishi, J. Lu, K. Sakata, T. Yokoi, S. Saga, M. Imai, M. Matsuyama & M. Hoshino: Tissue distribution of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) antigens and new endogenous MMTV loci in Japanese laboratory mouse strains. Jpn J Cancer Res, 82, 1413-20 (1991)
21. Moore, D. H. & J. A. Holben: Observations on the question of horizontal transmission of mouse mammary tumor virus. Cancer Res, 38, 2455-7 (1978)
22. Morimoto, J., S. Imai, Y. Tsubura & J. Hilgers: Horizontal transmission of the mouse mammary tumor virus in cage mates of the same and opposite sex of low and high mammary cancer strain mice. Jikken Dobutsu, 34, 141-6 (1985)
23. Indik, S., W. H. Gunzburg, B. Salmons & F. Rouault: Mouse mammary tumor virus infects human cells. Cancer Res, 65, 6651-9 (2005)
24. Brandt-Carlson, C., J. S. Butel & D. Wheeler: Phylogenetic and structural analyses of MMTV LTR ORF sequences of exogenous and endogenous origins. Virology, 193, 171-85 (1993)
25. Held, W., A. N. Shakhov, G. Waanders, L. Scarpellino, R. Luethy, J. P. Kraehenbuhl, H. R. MacDonald & H. Acha-Orbea: An exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus with properties of Mis-1a (Mtv-7). J Exp Med, 175, 1623-33 (1992)
26. Maillard, I., K. Erny, H. Acha-Orbea & H. Diggelmann: A V beta 4-specific superantigen encoded by a new exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus. Eur J Immunol, 26, 1000-6 (1996)
27. Papiernik, M., C. Pontoux & S. Gisselbrecht: Acquired Mis-1a-like clonal deletion in Mls-1b mice. J Exp Med, 175, 453-60 (1992)
28. Choi, Y., P. Marrack & J. W. Kappler: Structural analysis of a mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen. J Exp Med, 175, 847-52 (1992)
29. Dickson, C., R. Smith & G. Peters: In vitro synthesis of polypeptides encoded by the long terminal repeat region of mouse mammary tumour virus DNA. Nature, 291, 511-3 (1981)
30. Donehower, L. A., B. Fleurdelys & G. L. Hager: Further evidence for the protein coding potential of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat: nucleotide sequence of an endogenous proviral long terminal repeat. J Virol, 45, 941-9 (1983)
31. Knight, A. M., G. B. Harrison, R. J. Pease, P. J. Robinson & P. J. Dyson: Biochemical analysis of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat product. Evidence for the molecular structure of an endogenous superantigen. Eur J Immunol, 22, 879-82 (1992)
32. Korman, A. J., P. Bourgarel, T. Meo & G. E. Rieckhof: The mouse mammary tumour virus long terminal repeat encodes a type II transmembrane glycoprotein. Embo J, 11, 1901-5 (1992)
33. Lambert, J. F., H. Acha-Orbea, E. Kolb & H. Diggelmann: The 3′ half of the mouse mammary tumor virus orf gene is not sufficient for its superantigen function in transgenic mice. Mol Immunol, 30, 1399-404 (1993)
34. Yazdanbakhsh, K., C. G. Park, G. M. Winslow & Y. Choi: Direct evidence for the role of COOH terminus of mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen in determining T cell receptor V beta specificity. J Exp Med, 178, 737-41 (1993)
35. Hsu, P. N., P. Wolf Bryant, N. Sutkowski, B. McLellan, H. L. Ploegh & B. T. Huber: Association of mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen with MHC class II during biosynthesis. JImmunol, 166, 3309-14 (2001)
36. Winslow, G. M., P. Marrack & J. W. Kappler: Processing and major histocompatibility complex binding of the MTV7 superantigen. Immunity, 1, 23-33 (1994)
37. Winslow, G. M., M. T. Scherer, J. W. Kappler & P. Marrack: Detection and biochemical characterization of the mouse mammary tumor virus 7 superantigen (Mis-1a). Cell, 71, 719-30 (1992)
38. Winslow, G. M., T. Cronin, D. Mix & M. Reilly: Redundant proteolytic activation of a viral superantigen. Mol Immunol, 35, 897-903 (1998)
39. Acha-Orbea, H., L. Scarpellino, A. N. Shakhov, W. Held & H. R. MacDonald: Inhibition of mouse mammary tumor virus-induced T cell responses in vivo by antibodies to an open reading frame protein. J Exp Med, 176, 1769-72 (1992)
40. Mohan, N., D. Mottershead, M. Subramanyam, U. Beutner & B. T. Huber: Production and characterization of an Mis-1-specific monoclonal antibody. J Exp Med, 177, 351-8 (1993)
41. Catron, D. M., A. A. Itano, K. A. Pape, D. L. Mueller & M. K. Jenkins: Visualizing the first 50 hr of the primary immune response to a soluble antigen. Immunity, 21, 341-7 (2004)
42. Mempel, T. R., S. E. Heenrickson & U. H. von Andrian: T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph node occurs in three distinct phases. Nature, 427, 154-159 (2004)
43. MacLennan, I. C., A. Gulbranson-Judge, K. M. Toellner, M. Casamayor-Palleja, E. Chan, D. M. Sze, S. A. Luther & H. A. 44. Acha-Orbea: The changing preference of T and B cells for partners as T-dependent antibody responses develop. Immunol Rev, 156, 53-66 (1997)
44. McHeyzer-Williams, M., L. McHeyzer-Williams, J. Panus, R. Pogue-Caley, G. Bikah, D. Driver & M. Eisenbraun: Helper T-cell-regulated B-cell immunity. Microbes Infect, 5, 205-12 (2003)
45. Pasare, C. & R. Medzhitov: Control of B-cell responses by Toll-like receptors. Nature, 438, 364-8 (2005)
46. Lanzavecchia, A.: Antigen-specific interaction between T and B cells. Nature, 314, 537-9 (1985)
47. Okada, T., M. J. Miller, I. Parker, M. F. Krummel, M. Neighbors, S. B. Hartley, A. O'Garra, M. D. Cahalan & J. G. Cyster: Antigen-engaged B cells undergo chemotaxis toward the T zone and form motile conjugates with helper T cells. PLoS Biol, 3, e150 (2005)
48. Bevilacqua, G., A. Marchetti & R. Biondi: Ultrastructural features of the intestinal absorption of mouse mammary tumor virus in newborn BALB/cfRIII mice. Gastroenterology, 96, 139-45 (1989)
49. Hainaut, P., C. Francois, C. M. Calberg-Bacq, D. Vaira & P. M. Osterrieth: Peroral infection of suckling mice with milk-borne mouse mammary tumour virus: uptake of the main viral antigens by the gut. J Gen Virol, 64 (Pt 12), 2535-48 (1983)
50. Karapetian, O., A. N. Shakhov, J. P. Kraehenbuhl & H. Acha-Orbea: Retroviral infection of neonatal Peyer's patch lymphocytes: the mouse mammary tumor virus model. J Exp Med, 180, 1511-6 (1994)
51. Ardavin, C., F. Luthi, M. Andersson, L. Scarpellino, P. Martin, H. Diggelmann & H. Acha-Orbea: Retrovirus-induced target cell activation in the early phases of infection: the mouse mammary tumor virus model. J Virol, 71, 7295-9 (1997)
52. Burzyn, D., J. C. Rassa, D. Kim, I. Nepomnaschy, S. R. Ross & I. Piazzon: Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of dendritic cells by a retrovirus. J Virol, 78, 576-84 (2004)
53. Rassa, J. C., J. L. Meyers, Y. Zhang, R. Kudaravalli & S. R. Ross: Murine retroviruses activate B cells via interaction with toll-like receptor 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99, 2281-6 (2002)
54. Jude, B. A., Y. Pobezinskaya, J. Bishop, S. Parke, R. M. Medzhitov, A. V. Chervonsky & T. V. Golovkina: Subversion of the innate immune system by a retrovirus. Nat Immunol, 4, 573-8 (2003)
55. Ross, S. R., J. J. Schofield, C. J. Farr & M. Bucan: Mouse transferrin receptor 1 is the cell entry receptor for mouse mammary tumor virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99, 12386-90 (2002)
56. Golovkina, T. V., J. Dzuris, B. van den Hoogen, A. B. Jaffe, P. C. Wright, S. M. Cofer & S. R. Ross: A novel membrane protein is a mouse mammary tumor virus receptor. J Virol, 72, 3066-71 (1998)
57. Dyson, P. J., J. Elliott, A. N. Antoniou & K. T. Corley: Efficient presentation of endogenous superantigen by H-2 Aq. Eur J Immunol, 28, 1034-9 (1998)
58. Held, W., G. A. Waanders, H. R. MacDonald & H. Acha-Orbea: MHC class II hierarchy of superantigen presentation predicts efficiency of infection with mouse mammary tumor virus. Int Immunol, 6, 1403-7 (1994)
59. Festenstein, H.: Pertinent features of M locus determinants including revised nomenclature and strain distribution. Transplantation, 18, 555-557 (1974)
60. Abe, R. & R. Hodes: T cell recognition of minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens. Annu. Rev. Immunol, 7, 683-708 (1989)
61. Woodland, D., M. P. Happ, J. Bill & E. Palmer: Requirement for cotolerogenic gene products in the clonal deletion of I-E reactive T cells. Science, 247, 964-7 (1990)
62. Acha-Orbea, H. & E. Palmer: Mls-a retrovirus exploits the immune system. Immunol Today, 12, 356-61 (1991)
63. Acha-Orbea, H., A. N. Shakhov, L. Scarpellino, E. Kolb, V. Muller, A. Vessaz-Shaw, R. Fuchs, K. Blochlinger, P. Rollini, J. Billotte & et al.: Clonal deletion of V beta 14-bearing T cells in mice transgenic for mammary tumour virus. Nature, 350, 207-11 (1991)
64. Choi, Y., J. W. Kappler & P. Marrack: A superantigen encoded in the open reading frame of the 3′ long terminal repeat of mouse mammary tumour virus. Nature, 350, 203-7 (1991)
65. Dyson, P. J., A. M. Knight, S. Fairchild, E. Simpson & K. Tomonari: Genes encoding ligands for deletion of V beta 11 T cells cosegregate with mammary tumour virus genomes. Nature, 349, 531-2 (1991)
66. Marrack, P., E. Kushnir & J. Kappler: A maternally inherited superantigen encoded by a mammary tumour virus. Nature, 349, 524-6 (1991)
67. Woodland, D. L., M. P. Happ, K. J. Gollob & E. Palmer: An endogenous retrovirus mediating deletion of alpha beta T cells? Nature, 349, 529-30 (1991)
68. Frankel, W. N., C. Rudy, J. M. Coffin & B. T. Huber: Linkage of Mis genes to endogenous mammary tumour viruses of inbred mice. Nature, 349, 526-8 (1991)
69. Kappler, J. W., N. Roehm & P. Marrack: T cell tolerance by clonal elimination in the thymus. Cell, 49, 273-280 (1987)
70. Kappler, J. W., U. D. Staerz, J. White & P. Marrack: Self-tolerance eliminates T cells specific for Mis-modified products of the major histocompatibility complex. Nature, 332, 35-30 (1988)
71. Kappler, J. W., T. Wade, J. White, W. Kushnir, M. Blackman, J. Bill, N. Roehm & P. Marrack: A T cell Vbeta segment that imparts reactivity to a class II major histocokmpatibility complex product. Cell, 49, 263-271 (1987)
72. McDonald, H. R., R. Schneider, R. K. Lees, R. C. Howe, H. A. Acha-Orbea, H. Festenstein, R. M. Zinkernagel & H. Hengartner: T cell receptor Vbeta use predicts reactivity to Mlsa-encoding antigens. Nature, 332, 40-45 (1988)
73. Baribaud, F., I. Maillard, S. Vacheron, T. Brocker, H. Diggelmann & H. Acha-Orbea: Role of dendritic cells in the immune response induced by mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen. J Virol, 73, 8403-10 (1999)
74. Luther, S. A., I. Maillard, F. Luthi, L. Scarpellino, H. Diggelmann & H. Acha-Orbea: Early neutralizing antibody response against mouse mammary tumor virus: critical role of viral infection and superantigen-reactive T cells. J Immunol, 159, 2807-14 (1997)
75. Beutner, U., E. Kraus, D. Kitamura, K. Rajewsky & B. T. Huber: B cells are essential for murine mammary tumor virus transmission, but not for presentation of endogenous superantigens. JExp Med, 179, 1457-66 (1994)
76. Penninger, J. M., M. W. Schilham, E. Timms, V. A. Wallace & T. W. Mak: T cell repertoire and clonal deletion of Mtv superantigen-reactive T cells in mice lacking CD4 and CDS molecules. Eur J Immunol, 25, 2115-8 (1995)
77. Golovkina, T. V., A. Chervonsky, J. P. Dudley & S. R. Ross: Transgenic mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen expression prevents viral infection. Cell, 69, 637-45 (1992)
78. Chervonsky, A. V., J. Xu, A. K. Barlow, M. Khery, R. A. Flavell & C. A. Janeway, Jr.: Direct physical interaction involving CD40 ligand on T cells and CD40 on B cells is required to propagate MMTV. Immunity, 3, 139-46 (1995)
79. Luther, S. A., A. Gulbranson-Judge, H. Acha-Orbea & I. C. MacLennan: Viral superantigen drives extrafollicular and follicular B cell differentiation leading to virus-specific antibody production. J Exp Med, 185, 551-62 (1997)
80. Ardavin, C., P. Martin, I. Ferrero, I. Azcoitia, F. Anjuere, H. Diggelmann, F. Luthi, S. Luther & H. AchaOrbea: B cell response after MMTV infection: extrafollicular plasmablasts represent the main infected population and can transmit viral infection. J Immunol, 162, 2538-45 (1999)
81. Finke, D., F. Baribaud, H. Diggelmann & H. Acha-Orbea: Extrafollicular plasmablast B cells play a key role in carrying retroviral infection to peripheral organs. J Immunol, 166, 6266-75 (2001)
82. Finke, D., S. A. Luther & H. Acha-Orbea: The role of neutralizing antibodies for mouse mammary tumor virus transmission and mammary cancer development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, 199-204 (2003)
83. Dzuris, J. L., T. V. Golovkina & S. R. Ross: Both T and B cells shed infectious mouse mammary tumor virus. J Virol, 71, 6044-8 (1997)
84. Papiernik, M., M. do Carmo Leite-de-Moraes, C. Pontoux, A. M. Joret, B. Rocha, C. Penit & M. Dy: T cell deletion induced by chronic infection with mouse mammary tumor virus spares a CD25-positive, IL-10-producing T cell population with infectious capacity. J Immunol, 158, 4642-53 (1997)
85. Peters, G., C. Kozak & C. Dickson: Mouse mammary tumor virus integration regions int-1 and int-2 map on different mouse chromosomes. Mol Cell Biol, 4, 375-8 (1984)
86. Nusse, R., A. van Ooyen, D. Cox, Y. K. Fung & H. Varmus: Mode of proviral activation of a putative mammary oncogene (int-1) on mouse chromosome 15. Nature, 307, 131-6 (1984)
87. Nusse, R., A. Brown, J. Papkoff, P. Scambler, G. Shackleford, A. McMahon, R. Moon & H. Varmus: A new nomenclature for int-1 and related genes: the Wnt gene family. Cell, 64, 231 (1991)
88. van Ooyen, A. & R. Nusse: Structure and nucleotide sequence of the putative mammary oncogene int-1; proviral insertions leave the protein-encoding domain intact. Cell, 39, 233-40 (1984)
89. Popken-Harris, P., N. Kirchhof, B. Harrison & L. F. Harris: Gene expression array analyses predict increased protooncogene expression in MMTV induced mammary tumors. Virus Res (2006)
90. Katoh, M.: WNT and FGF gene clusters (review). Int J Oncol, 21, 1269-73 (2002)
91. Peters, G., A. E. Lee & C. Dickson: Concerted activation of two potential proto-oncogenes in carcinomas induced by mouse mammary tumour virus. Nature, 320, 628-31 (1986)
92. Katz, E., M. H. Lareef, J. C. Rassa, S. M. Grande, L. B. King, J. Russo, S. R. Ross & J. G. Monroe: MMTV Env encodes an ITAM responsible for transformation of mammary epithelial cells in three-dimensional culture. J Exp Med, 201, 431-9 (2005)
93. Ball, J. K., L. O. Arthur & G. A. Dekaban: The involvement of a type-B retrovirus in the induction of thymic lymphomas. Virology, 140, 159-72 (1985)
94. Ball, J. K., H. Diggelmann, G. A. Dekaban, G. F. Grossi, R. Semmler, P. A. Waight & R. F. Fletcher: Alterations in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat of an infectious thymotropic type B retrovirus. J Virol, 62, 2985-93 (1988)
95. Bhadra, S., M. M. Lozano & J. P. Dudley: Conversion of mouse mammary tumor virus to a lymphomagenic virus. J Virol, 79, 12592-6 (2005)
96. Gunzburg, W. H. & B. Salmons: Factors controlling the expression of mouse mammary tumour virus. Biochem J, 283 (Pt 3), 625-32 (1992)
97. Tsiagbe, V. K., T. Yoshimoto, J. Asakawa, S. Y. Cho, D. Meruelo & G. J. Thorbecke: Linkage of superantigen-like stimulation of syngeneic T cells in a mouse model of follicular center B cell lymphoma to transcription of endogenous mammary tumor virus. Embo J, 12, 2313-20 (1993)
98. Zhang, D. J., V. K. Tsiagbe, C. Huang & G. J. Thorbecke: Control of endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen expression in SJL lymphomas by a promoter within the env region. J Immunol, 157, 3510-7 (1996)
99. Golovkina, T. V., J. A. Prescott & S. R. Ross: Mouse mammary tumor virus-induced tumorigenesis in sag transgenic mice: a laboratory model of natural selection. J Virol, 67, 7690-4 (1993)
100. Held, W., G. A. Waanders, A. N. Shakhov, L. Scarpellino, H. Acha-Orbea & H. R. MacDonald: Superantigen-induce immune stimueation amplifies mouse mammary tumor virus infecction and allows virus transmission. Cell, 74, 529-540 (1993)
101. Beutner, U., B, McLellan, E. Kraus & B. T. Huber: Lack of MMTV superantigen presentation in MHC class II-deficient mice. Cell Immunol, 168, 141-7 (1996)
102. Penninger, J. M., V. A. Wallace, E. Timms & T. W. Mak: Maternal transfer of infectious mouse mammary tumor retroviruses does not depend on clonal deletion of superantigen-reactive V beta 14+ T cells. Eur J Immunol, 24, 1102-8 (1994)
103. Pobezinskaya, Y., A. V. Chervonsky & T. V. Golovkina: Initial stages of mammary tumor virus infection are superantigen independent. J Immunol, 172, 5582-7 (2004)
104. Dzuris, J. L., W. Zhu, D. Kapkov, T. V. Golovkina & S. R. Ross: Expression of mouse mammary tumor virus envelope protein does not prevent superinfection in vivo or in vitro. Virology, 263, 418-26 (1999)
105. Case, L. K., A. Purdy & T. V. Golovkina: Molecular and cellular basis of the retrovirus resistance in I/LnJ mice. J Immunol, 175, 7543-9 (2005)
106. Purdy, A., L. Case, M. Duvall, M. Overstrom-Coleman, N. Monnier, A. Chervonsky & T. Golovkina: Unique resistance of I/LnJ mice to a retrovirus is due to sustained Interferon gamma-dependent production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. J Exp Med, 197, 233-43 (2003)
107. MacDearmid, C. C., L. K. Case, C. L. Starling & T. V. Golovkina: Gradual elimination of retroviruses in YBR/Ei mice. J Virol, 80, 2206-15 (2006)
108. Luther, S., A. N. Shakhov, I. Xenarios, S. Haga, S. Imai & H. Acha-Orbea: New infectious mammary tumor virus superantigen with V beta-specificity identical to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Eur J Immunol, 24, 1757-64 (1994)
109. Shakhov, A. N., H. Wang, H. Acha-Orbea, R. J. Pauley & W. Z. Wei: A new infectious mammary tumor virus in the milk of mice implanted with C4 hyperplastic alveolar nodules. Eur J Immunol, 23, 2765-9 (1993)
110. Garside, P., E. Ingulli, R. R. Merica, J. G. Johnson, R. J. Noelle & M. K. Jenkins: Visualization of specific B and T lymphocyte interactions in the lymph node. Science, 281, 96-9 (1998)
111. Ignatowicz, L., J. Kappler & P. Marrack: The effects of chronic infection with a superantigen-producing virus. J Exp Med, 175, 917-23 (1992)
112. Matsuzawa, A., H. Nakano, S. Sakamoto, T. Yoshimoto & H. Nariuchi: Dramatic hyperplasia of mtv-2+ lymph node grafts in mtv-2- recipients and selective stimulation of V beta 14+ T cells in recipients' lymph nodes in the DDD mouse. J Immunol, 154, 1644-52 (1995)
113. Nishio, M., L. Xu, M. Sasaki, S. Haga, M. Okumoto, N. Mori, N. H. Sarkar, H. Acha-Orbea, J. Enami & S. Imai: Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus from JYG Chinese Wild Mice: Absence of Bacterial Insertion Sequences in the Cloned Viral gag Gene. Breast Cancer, 1, 89-94 (1994)
114. Yoshimoto, T., H. Nagase, H. Nakano, A. Matsuzawa & H. Nariuchi: A V beta 8.2-specific superantigen from exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus carried by FM mice. Eur J Immunol, 24, 1612-9 (1994)
115. Theodorou, V., M. Boer, B. Weigelt, J. Jonkers, M. van der Valk & J. Hilkens: Fgf10 is an oncogene activated by MMTV insertional mutagenesis in mouse mammary tumors and overexpressed in a subset of human breast carcinomas. Oncogene, 23, 6047-55 (2004)